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19-485: The analog in European (Latin-based) typography (expanding or contracting letters to improve spacing) is sometimes called expansion , and falls within microtypography . Kasheeda is considerably easier and more flexible, however, because Arabic–Persian scripts feature prominent horizontal strokes, whose lengths are accordingly flexible. For example, al-ḥamdu and Raḥīm with and without kasheeda may look like

38-489: A ligature ). Some calligraphers who were paid by the page used an inordinate number of kasheeda to stretch content over more pages. The branding of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar applies kasheeda to Latin script , connecting the bottom of the "t" and the second "a" in the host country's name. This typography -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This writing system –related article

57-513: A document looks beautiful, but you might not be able to tell exactly why: good micro-typographic practice tries to reduce all potential irritations that might disturb a reader. Several methods can be used. The following methods are not usually considered part of microtypography, but are important to it. Adobe Indesign provides microtypography and is based on the Hz program developed by Hermann Zapf and Peter Karow. As of August 2007 , InDesign

76-474: Is a TeX typesetting engine using Unicode and supporting modern font technologies such as OpenType , Graphite and Apple Advanced Typography (AAT). It was originally written by Jonathan Kew and is distributed under the X11 free software license . The last change to the source code was made on January 20, 2020, and there has been no further development since then. Initially developed for Mac OS X only, it

95-405: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Microtypography Microtypography is a range of methods for improving the readability and appearance of text, especially justified text. The methods reduce the appearance of large interword spaces and create edges to the text that appear more even. Microtypography methods can also increase reading comprehension of text, reducing

114-401: Is also present. XeTeX even allows raw OpenType feature tags to be passed to the font. Microtypography is also supported. XeTeX also supports typesetting mathematics using Unicode fonts that contain special mathematical features, such as Cambria Math or Asana Math as an alternative to the traditional mathematical typesetting based on TeX font metrics. XeTeX processes input in two stages. In

133-421: Is available for Apple Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Scribus provides limited microtypography in the form of glyph extensions and optical margins. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, various BSD flavours, and others. The pdfTeX extension of TeX , developed by Hàn Thế Thành , incorporates microtypography. It is available for most operating systems. As of June 2022 , pdfTeX

152-510: Is bundled with TeX Live , MacTeX , MiKTeX and Lyx (see the History below for dates and versions). The following is an example of XeLaTeX source and rendered output. The typeface used is OFL -licensed font Linux Libertine . The text is to be processed by the command xelatex . XeTeX also supports right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic . One way of rendering Arabic in XeTeX is to use

171-484: Is not available. GNU TeXmacs support microtypography features such as expansion, protrusion, kerning and tracking. Robin Williams suggests methods for achieving protrusion with word processors and desktop publishing packages that do not make it directly available. XeTeX XeTeX ( / ˈ z iː t ɛ x / ZEE -tekh or / ˈ z iː t ɛ k / ; see also Pronouncing and writing "TeX" )

190-612: Is not feasible for most basic fonts, which merely use a completely flat underscore -like (or string-like) stroke for kashida. In addition to letter spacing and justification, calligraphers also use kasheeda for emphasis and as book or chapter titles. In modern Arabic mathematical notation , kasheeda appears in some operation symbols that must stretch to accommodate associated contents above or below. Kasheeda generally only appears in one word per line, and one letter per word. Furthermore, experts recommend kasheeda only between certain combinations of letters (typically those that cannot form

209-400: Is not fully compatible with XeTeX , an extension of TeX that makes it easier to use many typographic features of OpenType fonts (in 2010, support for protrusion was added to it. ). pdfTeX is almost fully supported (except for the adjustment of interword spacing and of kerning) with LuaTeX , yet another extension of TeX which offers all of the benefits of XeTeX (and some others). For LaTeX ,

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228-564: Is now available for all major platforms. It natively supports Unicode and the input file is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding by default. XeTeX can use any fonts installed in the operating system without configuring TeX font metrics , and can make direct use of advanced typographic features of OpenType , AAT and Graphite technologies such as alternative glyphs and swashes , optional or historic ligatures , and variable font weights. Support for OpenType local typographic conventions ( locl tag)

247-650: The microtype package provides an interface to the pdfTeX microtypographic extensions; ConTeXt , another typesetting system based on TeX, offers both microtypographical features such as expansion and protrusion (a.k.a. hanging punctuation) and OpenType support through LuaTeX . Heirloom troff , an OpenType-compatible (and open-source) version of UNIX troff , supports protrusion, kerning and tracking. The word-processing packages OpenOffice.org Writer and Microsoft Office Word do not, as of August 2015 , support microtypography. They allow pair kerning and have limited support for ligaturing , but automatic ligaturing

266-487: The cognitive load of reading. Micro-typography is the art of enhancing the appearance and readability of a document while exhibiting a minimum degree of visual obtrusion. It is concerned with what happens between or at the margins of characters, words or lines. Whereas the macro-typographical aspects of a document (i.e., its layout) are clearly visible even to the untrained eye, micro-typographical refinements should ideally not even be recognisable. That is, you may think that

285-443: The default driver is xdvipdfmx on all platforms. As of version 0.9999, xdv2pdf is no longer supported and its development has been discontinued. XeTeX works well with both LaTeX and ConTeXt macro packages. Its LaTeX counterpart is invoked as xelatex . It is usually used with the fontspec package, which provides a configurable interface for font selection, and allows complex font choices to be named and later reused. XeTeX

304-523: The first stage XeTeX outputs an extended DVI ( xdv ) file, which is then converted to PDF by a driver. In the default operating mode the xdv output is piped directly to the driver without producing any user-visible intermediate files. It is possible to run just the first stage of XeTeX and save the xdv , although as of July 2008 there are no viewers capable of displaying the intermediate format. Two backend drivers are available to generate PDF from an xdv file: Starting from version 0.997,

323-416: The following: The terms Kasheeda and Tatweel can also refer to a character that represents this elongation ( ـ ) or to one of a set of glyphs of varying lengths that implement this elongation in a font . The Unicode standard assigns code point U+0640 as Arabic Tatweel . The kasheeda can take a subtle downward curvature in some calligraphic styles and handwriting. However, the curvilinear stroke

342-744: The package arabxetex. In order to do so, the Arabic is placed inside the following: The following code illustrates this: In bibliographic files (see below the BibTeX example) you can use Unicode entities and call them with their native scripting, for example \cite{Ekstrøm}, instead of a transliterated ASCII form like \cite{Ekstrom} which is mandatory using the pdfTeX engine. XeTeX was initially released for Mac OS X only in April 2004 with built-in AAT and Unicode support. In 2005 support for OpenType layout features

361-629: Was first introduced. During BachoTeX 2006 a version for Linux was announced, which was ported to Microsoft Windows by Akira Kakuto a few months later, and finally included into TeX Live 2007 for all major platforms. XeTeX is also supported by LyX since version 2.0 and shipped with MiKTeX since version 2.7. As of the inclusion in TeX Live , XeTeX supports most macro packages written for LaTeX , OpenType , TrueType and PostScript fonts without any specific setup procedure. Version 0.998 announced at BachoTeX 2008 supports Unicode normalization via

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