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37-603: The reserve is surrounded by territory of the Rural Municipality of Yellowhead , in whose northeastern portion it lies. The KOFN also two smaller reserves: IR 61A, which is located within Riding Mountain National Park, on the northwest shore of Clear Lake ; and IR 61B, which is located between the two other reserves by Bottle Lake. The reserve was established around Riding Mountain House ,

74-584: A colony in 1858, also worked to establish many reserves on the mainland during his tenure, though most of these were overturned by successor colonial governments and later royal commissions once the province joined Confederation in 1871. In 1867, legislative jurisdiction over "Indians and Lands reserved for the Indians" was assigned to the Parliament of Canada through the Constitution Act, 1867 ,

111-420: A fact which has led many to be abandoned, or used only seasonally (as a trapping territory , for example). Statistics Canada counts only those reserves which are populated (or potentially populated) as "subdivisions" for the purpose of the national census . For the 2011 census, of the more than 3,100 Indian reserves across Canada, there were only 961 Indian reserves classified as census subdivisions (including

148-659: A major part of Canada's Constitution (originally known as the British North America Act ), which acknowledged that First Nations had special status. Separate powers covered "status and civil rights on the one hand and Indian lands on the other." In 1870, the newly formed Dominion government acquired Rupert's Land , a vast territory in British North America consisting mostly of the Hudson Bay drainage basin that had been controlled by

185-466: A simple shelter in which a trapper can stay while moving around his territory. Trappers' cabins are a cultural icon of fur regions, and an important part of the national mythos of countries and regions such as Canada and Alaska , and among groups such as the Métis . Before European colonisation, determining where a particular family or band could hunt, fish, and gather without encroaching on others to

222-405: A single government is responsible for more than one reserve. In 2003, 60 percent of status Indians lived on reserves. Of the 637,660 First Nations people who reported being Registered Indians, nearly one-half (49.3%) lived on an Indian reserve. This proportion varies across the country. Many reserves have no resident population; typically they are small, remote, non-contiguous pieces of land,

259-817: A trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company that operated from 1860 until 1895. The Keeseekoowenin Ojibway, also known as Riding Mountain Band, signed Treaty 2 with the Government of Canada on 21 August 1871. The group takes their name from Keeseekoowenin , who was Chief when they moved to the reserve in 1875. In 1935, the Sovereign Okanase Indian Nation, known as the Clear Water Lake Indian Tribe, were burned out of

296-426: A trust agreement with CMHC, and lenders can receive loans to build or repair houses. In other programs, loans to residents of reserves are guaranteed by the federal government. Provinces and municipalities may expropriate reserve land if specifically authorized by a provincial or federal law. Few reserves have any economic advantages, such as resource revenues. The revenues of those reserves that do are held in trust by

333-845: A very important role in public policy stakeholder consultations, particularly when reserves are located in areas that have valuable natural resources with potential for economic development. Beginning in the 1970s, First Nations gained "recognition of their constitutionally protected rights." First Nations' rights are protected by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 . By 2002, (Valiente) First Nations had already "finalised 14 comprehensive land claims and self-government agreements, with numerous others, primarily in northern Canada and British Columbia, at different stages of negotiations." Land claims and self-government agreements are "modern treaties" and therefore hold constitutional status. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA), "places aboriginal participation on par with federal ministers and

370-521: A year. These are "public water systems managed by the federal government". There were also 18 communities that had "water issues for between two and 12 months." According to statistics gathered by Health Canada and the First Nations Health Authority , in 2015, there were "162 drinking water advisories in 118 First Nation communities". In October 2015, Neskantaga First Nation reported that its "20-year boil-water advisory"

407-447: Is administered under the province's Wildlife Act . Lines cannot be sold, inherited, or handed down, but are awarded through a points system, where preference is given to people with a close family relationship to the previous lineholder, a history of using that trapline with the permission of the previous lienholder, and residency near the territory. As of 2013 Ontario has more than 2,800 registered traplines on Crown land . Since

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444-939: Is an example of a reserve created in modern times. Another multi-band reserve of the Sto:lo peoples is Grass Indian Reserve No. 15 , which is located in the City of Chilliwack and is shared by nine bands. After the Royal Proclamation of 1763 but before Confederation in 1867, the Upper Canada Treaties (1764–1862 Ontario) and the Douglas Treaties (1850–1854 British Columbia) were signed. "Some of these pre-confederation and post-confederation treaties addressed reserve lands, hunting, fishing, trapping rights, annuities and other benefits." Governor James Douglas of British Columbia, which formally became

481-884: Is defined by the Indian Act as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty , that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band ." Reserves are areas set aside for First Nations , one of the major groupings of Indigenous peoples in Canada , after a contract with the Canadian state (" the Crown "), and are not to be confused with Indigenous peoples' claims to ancestral lands under Aboriginal title . A single "band" (First Nations government) may control one reserve or several, while other reserves are shared between multiple bands. In 2003,

518-618: Is situated south of Riding Mountain National Park , in a valley setting with the Little Saskatchewan River flowing through it. The second reserve (IR 61A) is located within the park, on the northwest shore of Clear Lake . The third, called Bottle Lake 61B, is located in between the two other reserves. Indian reserve In Canada, an Indian reserve ( French : réserve indienne ) or First Nations reserve ( French : réserve des premières nations )

555-744: The Anishinaabe and the Swampy Cree tribes. Treaty 1 First Nations comprise the Brokenhead Ojibway Nation , Fort Alexander ( Sagkeeng First Nation ), Long Plain First Nation , Peguis First Nation , Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation , Sandy Bay First Nation and Swan Lake First Nation . The rights and freedoms of Canada's First Nations people have been governed by the Indian Act since its enactment in 1876 by

592-688: The Department of Indian and Northern Affairs stated there were 2,300 reserves in Canada, comprising 28,000 km (11,000 sq mi). According to Statistics Canada in 2011, there are more than 600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada and 3,100 Indian reserves/First Nations reserves across Canada. Examples include the Driftpile First Nation , which like many bands, has only one reserve, Driftpile River 150 . The Bear River First Nation , who govern Bear River 6 , Bear River 6A and Bear River 6B , are one of many examples where

629-503: The Hudson's Bay Company under its Charter with the British Crown from 1670 to 1870. Numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The Dominion of Canada promised Britain to honour the provisions of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 to "negotiate with its Amerindians for the extinguishment of their title and the setting aside of reserves for their exclusive use." This promise led to

666-497: The Kashechewan First Nation reserve's drinking water and chlorine levels had to be increased to 'shock' levels, causing skin problems and eventually resulting in an evacuation of hundreds of people from the reserve and costing approximately $ 16 million." Trapline In the fur trade , a trapline is a route along which a trapper sets traps for their quarry. Trappers traditionally move habitually along

703-543: The Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations the right to "determine whether any purpose for which lands in a reserve are used is for the use and benefit of the band." Title to land within the reserve may be transferred to only the band or to individual band members. Reserve lands may not be seized legally, nor is the personal property of a band or a band member living on a reserve subject to "charge, pledge, mortgage, attachment, levy, seizure distress or execution in favour or at

740-721: The Numbered Treaties . Between 1871 and 1921, through Numbered Treaties with First Nations, the Canadian government gained large areas of land for settlers and for industry in Northwestern Ontario , Northern Canada and in the Prairies . The treaties were also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties. Treaty 1 is an agreement established August 3, 1871, between the Crown and various First Nations in southeastern Manitoba , including

777-599: The 2001 Paix des braves agreement, trapline territories have been used as the basis for forestry and mining planning in the Eeyou Istchee territory , in Quebec . Indigenous peoples have not always welcomed the regulation of the fur industry by provincial authorities, and the assignment of trapping territories by the provincial Crown implies that the land is ultimately the property of the province, to be disposed of at its will, rather than subject to comanagement under

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814-663: The Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 42 near Muncey, Ontario , which was formerly shared between them and the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation as a single parcel of land. Some reserves are shared by multiple bands, whether as fishing camps or educational facilities such as Pekw'Xe:yles , a reserve on the Fraser River used by 21 Indian bands that was formerly St. Mary's Indian Residential School and

851-674: The Clear Water Lake Indian Territory of current-day Riding Mountain National Park and relocated within the Indian Reserve (IR) 61. In 1994, a land claim settlement awarded Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation the IR 61A to the location on the boundaries of the National Park. The Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation has 3 separate reserve lands. The main reserve, Keeseekoowenin 61 (IR 61A),

888-482: The Parliament of Canada. The provisions of Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 , provided Canada's federal government exclusive authority to legislate in relation to "Indians and Lands Reserved for Indians". Wikwemikong Unceded Reserve on Manitoulin Island is subject to the Indian Act provisions governing reserves even though its lands were never ceded to the Crown by treaty. The Indian Act gives

925-464: The instance of any person other than an Indian or a band". While the act was intended to protect the Indian holdings, the limitations make it difficult for the reserves and their residents to obtain financing for development and construction, or renovation. To answer this need, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has created an on-reserve housing loan program. Members of bands may enter into

962-489: The minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada . Reserve lands and the personal property of bands and resident band members are exempt from all forms of taxation except local taxation. Corporations owned by members of First Nations are not exempt, however. This exemption has allowed band members operating in proprietorships or partnerships to sell heavily taxed goods, such as cigarettes, on their reserves at prices considerably lower than those at stores off

999-489: The point of over- harvesting was the main preoccupation of indigenous governance in the subarctic and other non-farming regions. Councils were convened to reconcile disputes and warfare was always a possibility. When European traders began exporting bulk amounts of fur to Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the trapping territories of the subarctic became much more commercially valuable and disputes intensified. In Canada formal trapping territories assigned by

1036-553: The primary system for setting harvest guidelines and managing furbearing animals". It is an offence to trap an animal on a registered trapline that does not belong to you in BC. Manitoba has had registered traplines since 1940; they were brought in at that time to stop a wave of new arrivals in Northern Manitoba from trapping out an area that was already overharvested by the local, mostly First Nations , population. The system

1073-605: The provinces in the National Advisory Committee." Among other things, CEPA clarified the term "aboriginal land" in 3 (1): "The definitions in this subsection apply in this Act. "aboriginal land" means (a) reserves, surrendered lands and any other lands that are set apart for the use and benefit of a band and that are subject to the Indian Act ." Under sections 46–50 of the CEPA, Environment and Climate Change Canada 's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)

1110-591: The reserves. Most reserves are self-governed, within the limits already described, under guidelines established by the Indian Act . Due to treaty settlements, some Indian reserves are now incorporated as villages, such as Gitlaxt'aamiks , British Columbia, which like other Nisga'a reserves was relieved of that status by the Nisga'a Treaty . Similarly, the Indian reserves of the Sechelt Indian Band are now Indian government districts. Indian reserves play

1147-446: The route to set and check the traps, in so doing become skilled at traversing remote terrain, and become experts in the geography of the local area. Because of this traditional knowledge , traplines are not only of interest to trappers themselves but to researchers and others (governments, corporations) interested in local history, biology, and topography. The assignment of particular trapline territories to individuals in band societies

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1184-775: The six reserves added for 2011). Some reserves that were originally rural were gradually surrounded by urban development. Montreal, Vancouver and Calgary are examples of cities with urban Indian reserves . One band Chief and Council commonly administer more than one reserve, such as the Beaver Lake Cree Nation with two reserves or the Lenape people (in Canada incorporated as the Munsee-Delaware Nation ), who occupy Munsee-Delaware Nation Indian Reserve No. 1. This consists of three non-contiguous parcels of land totalling 1,054 ha (2,600 acres) within

1221-415: The state are typically called " registered traplines " (RTLs), though each province administers its own system; they have been common across Canada since the 1930s. Alberta's registered traplines were once exactly that: lines which followed a creek or other feature, but in the 1960s they were switched to a system of trapping territories. In British Columbia "the registered trapline system continues to be

1258-404: The terms of the treaties. Furthermore, having to apply to provincial authorities to distribute traplines removes control of the process from local Indigenous forms of governance, and institutionalizes a non-Indigenous presence on traditional lands. Nevertheless, as registered traplines provide Aboriginal peoples with legal rights to a piece of land off-reserve, a potential economic livelihood, and

1295-407: Was "the longest running drinking water advisory in Canada." Shoal Lake 40 First Nation was under an 18-year boil water advisory. By 2006, nearly 100 Indian reserves had boil-water advisories and many others had substandard water. Ḵwiḵwa̱sut'inux̱w Ha̱xwa'mis First Nation , on Vancouver Island , had a boil-water advisory beginning in 1997. In October 2005, "high E. coli levels were found in

1332-636: Was initiated. NPRI is the inventory of "pollutants released, disposed of and sent for recycling by facilities across the country". The NPRI is used by First Nation administrations on reserves, along with other research tools, to monitor pollution. For example, NPRI data showed the Aamjiwnaang First Nation in Sarnia, Ontario, was "ground zero for Ontario's heaviest load of air pollution." By December 21, 2017, there were 67 long-term boil-water advisories that had been in effect for longer than

1369-410: Was traditionally handled by group consensus, and occasionally violence and warfare. In the present-day trapline assignment is typically formalized and controlled by the state. Formalized trapline territory boundaries now form the basis for many major land-use projects in fur-rich regions. One of the entitlements that goes along with possessing a trap territory is the right to erect a trapper's cabin :

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