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104-531: The agreement, signed on 21 April 2010 in Kharkiv , Ukraine, by Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and ratified by the parliaments of the two countries on 27 April 2010, aroused much controversy in Ukraine. The treaty was effectively a continuation of the lease provisions that were part of the 1997 Black Sea Fleet Partition Treaty between the two states. Shortly after

208-419: A National Guard base. According to SBU investigator Vasyliy Vovk, Russian covert forces were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilise the otherwise calm city of Kharkiv. On 8 January 2015 five men wearing balaclavas broke into an office of Station Kharkiv, a volunteer group aiding refugees from Donbas . On 22 February an improvised explosive device killed four people and wounded nine during

312-538: A Russian flag on the Kharkiv Regional State Administration Building. On 6 April 2014 pro-Russian protestors occupied the building and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the " Kharkiv People's Republic ". Doubts arose about their local origin as they had initially targeted the city's Opera and Ballet Theatre before recognising their mistake. Kharkiv's mayor, Hennadiy "Gepa" Kernes , elected in 2010 as

416-488: A "controlled democracy" in Ukraine, and as a means to this tried to "destroy" main opposition party BYuT, but both have denied this charges. In November 2011, the participation of blocs of political parties in parliamentary elections was banned. The People's Self-Defense Political Party merged with All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" . "Fatherland" and Reforms and Order Party (with People's Movement of Ukraine ) announced to compete one single party list during

520-616: A $ 15 billion loan). Payments increased annually since then: in August 2011, Ukraine paid Russia $ 350 per 1,000 cubic metres; in November 2011, it paid $ 400 per 1,000 cubic meters; and in January 2013, it paid $ 430 per 1,000 cubic metres. In August 2011, Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated that Ukraine seeks to reduce imports of Russian natural gas by two-thirds (compared with 2010) by 2016. The treaty allowed Russia to station

624-528: A Russian voivode from Chuhuiv 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the east. The first appointed voivode from Moscow was Voyin Selifontov in 1656, who began to build a local ostrog (fort). In 1658, a new voivode, Ivan Ofrosimov, commanded the locals to kiss the cross in a demonstration of loyalty to Tsar Alexis . Led by their otaman Ivan Kryvoshlyk, they refused. However, with the election of a new otaman, Tymish Lavrynov, relations appear to have been repaired,

728-549: A coalition government between these two seemed to become a reality. But early June talks to build a broad coalition to address the economic crisis collapsed; Yulia Tymoshenko accused PoR leader Viktor Yanukovych of betrayal. At that time, Ukrainian President Viktor Yuschenko showed little enthusiasm for a BYuT–PoR coalition. Although unrelated to these developments, American analyst Ryan Renicker asserted that allegations of Tymoshenko's alleged wrongdoings are unsubstantiated and misguided. Official documents from both

832-672: A failure to reach an agreement the proposed coalition collapsed following the decision of the Socialist Party of Ukraine to support the formation of the "anti-crisis coalition" with Party of Regions and the Communist Party of Ukraine . During the 2007 parliamentary elections , the BYuT consisted of: The Ukrainian Republican Party "Sobor" was part of the Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc in this election. In

936-477: A further 30,000 residents, among them suspected Soviet partisans and, after a brief period of toleration, Ukrainian nationalists. 80,000 people died of hunger, cold and disease. 60,000 were forcibly transported to Germany as slave workers ( Ostarbeiter ). Among these was Boris Romanchenko . The 96-year-old survivor of forced labor at the Buchenwald , Peenemünde , Dora and Bergen Belsen concentration camps

1040-477: A further 5-year renewal (to 2047). The agreement put a cap on the scale of price hikes; but the main unfavourable terms for Ukraine of the 2009 gas contract remained in place. "We have indeed reached an unprecedented agreement," the Russian president stated. "The rent [for the naval base] will be increased by an amount equivalent to that of the [gas price] discount." The agreement was subject to approval by both

1144-658: A limited number of troops in Crimea, 25,000 maximum. In summer of 2014, the General Prosecutor of Ukraine opened a criminal case against Viktor Yanukovych on several charges following an investigation into the former president's signing of the Kharkiv Accords. In July 2022, Ukrainian law enforcement stated that former Foreign Minister Konstiantyn Hryshchenko and former Justice Minister Oleksandr Lavrynovych were under suspicion of high treason for signing

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1248-590: A major centre of industry, trade, and of Ukrainian culture in Sloboda Ukraine. At the beginning of the 20th century the city had a predominantly Russian population, but as industrial expansion drew in further labor from the distressed countryside, and as the Soviet Union moderated previous restrictions on Ukrainian cultural expression, by the eve of World War II Ukrainians had become its largest ethnic group. From December 1919 to January 1934, Kharkiv

1352-481: A march commemorating the Euromaidan victims . The authorities launched an 'anti-terrorist operation'. Further bombings targeted army fuel tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a Ukrainian flag in the city centre. On 23 September 2015, 200 people in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor Mykhailo Dobkin , and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their way through

1456-894: A mining engineer and served as a party functionary in Kharkiv. He led the Communists to victory in Kharkiv and across the country in the parliamentary election held in the Ukrainian SSR in March 1990. The election was relatively free, but occurred well before organised political parties had time to form, and did not arrest the decline in the CPSU's legitimacy. This was accelerated by the intra-party coup attempt against President Mikhail Gorbachev and his reforms on 18 August 1991, during which Ivashko temporarily replaced Gorbachev as CPSU General Secretary. The National University of Kharkiv

1560-399: A pro-Ukrainian rally in the central square. Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv for joining Russia. From early November until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and

1664-797: A resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR promising further democratic reform. In the event, the only demand fulfilled was the removal of the Communist Prime Minister. In the 1 December 1991 Referendum on the Act of Declaration of Independence , on a turnout of 76 percent 86 percent of the Kharkiv Oblast approved separate Ukrainian statehood. During the 1990s post-Soviet aliyah , many Jews from Kharkiv emigrated to Israel or to Western countries. The city's Jewish population, 62,800 in 1970, dropped to 50,000 by

1768-662: Is populism . The BYuT had advocated the following positions: Late May was marked with another story on a boring subject – betrayal, conspiracy, coup d'état, the usurpation of power and other terrible things. This has already become a political characteristic of Ukraine. Our Ukraine has been the main ally of the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT) during the Orange Revolution and in its aftermath. Relations with arch-rival Party of Regions (PoR) has always been sour but at times seemed to improve. In 2009

1872-524: Is the second-largest city in Ukraine . Located in the northeast of the country, it is the largest city of the historic region of Sloboda Ukraine . Kharkiv is the administrative centre of Kharkiv Oblast and Kharkiv Raion . It had a population, before the Russian invasion, of 1,421,125 (2022 estimate). Kharkiv was founded in 1654 as a fortress, and within the Russian Empire grew to become

1976-742: The Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet . The State Duma unanimously approved the unilateral dissolution of these Russian-Ukrainian agreements with 433 members of parliament voting on 31 March 2014. Taras Kuzio , a British-born expert on Ukrainian politics, criticized the treaty. He stated that the bill was forced through Ukraine's legislature without parliamentary debate or public discourse, and after ignoring votes against it within three important committees (two of which had negative majorities). He argued that

2080-505: The 1937–38 Stalinist purges . During World War II , Kharkiv was the focus of major battles. The city was captured by Nazi Germany on 24 October 1941. A disastrous Red Army offensive failed to recover the city in May 1942. It was retaken ( Operation Star ) on 16 February 1943, but lost again to the Germans on 15 March 1943. 23 August 1943 saw a final liberation . On the eve of

2184-616: The Azarov Government as an independent MP in April 2010. On 16 March, a shadow government including BYuT was established. It late May 2010, BYuT deputies had to submit new applications for faction membership. On 26 June 2010 the Political Council Presidium of All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" expelled Oleksandr Feldman , a Verkhovna Rada deputy of the BYuT faction, from the party because he had joined

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2288-763: The Constituent Assembly after its first sitting, the Tsentralna Rada in Kyiv proclaimed the independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR). Bolsheviks withdrew from Tsentralna Rada and formed their own Rada (national council) in Kharkiv. By February 1918 their forces had captured much of Ukraine . They made Kharkiv the capital of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic . Six weeks later, under

2392-486: The Crimean War , in 1860–61, a hromada was established in the city, one of a network of secret societies that laid the groundwork for the appearance of a Ukrainian national movement. Its most prominent member was the philosopher, linguist and pan-slavist activist Oleksandr Potebnia . Members of a student hromada in the city included the future national leaders Borys Martos and Dmytro Antonovych , and reputedly were

2496-546: The Khmelnytsky uprising against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth saw the brief establishment of an independent Cossack Hetmanate . In 1654 in the midst of this period of turmoil for Right-bank Ukraine , groups of people came onto the banks of Lopan and Kharkiv rivers where they resurrected and fortified an abandoned settlement. There is a folk etymology that connects the name of both

2600-515: The Russian and Ukrainian parliaments. Both parliaments ratified the agreement on 27 April 2010. Ratification in the Ukrainian parliament proved controversial, and several disturbances occurred during the process. In one incident, several eggs were thrown towards the speaker , Volodymyr Lytvyn , by deputies . During a contentious voting session, half of the deputies (legislators) belonging to

2704-831: The Russian Constituent Assembly election held in November 1917, the Bolsheviks who had seized power in Petrograd and Moscow received just 10.5 percent of the vote in the Governorate , compared to 73 percent for a bloc of Russian and Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries. Commanding worker, rather than peasant, votes, within the city itself the Bolsheviks won a plurality. When in Petrograd Lenin's Council of People's Commissars disbanded

2808-1068: The Russia–Ukraine border . The city remains under intermittent Russian fire , with reports that almost a quarter of the city was destroyed by April 2024. De-jure: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] RT / RI 1654–1789 De-facto: [REDACTED] Kharkiv Regiment 1654–1789 [REDACTED] Russian Empire 1789–1917 [REDACTED] Russian Provisional Government Mar–Nov 1917 [REDACTED] UPR Nov-–Dec 1917 [REDACTED] UPRS Dec 1917 – Apr 1918 [REDACTED] Ukrainian People's Republic / Ukrainian State Apr 1918 – Jan 1919 [REDACTED] PWPGU / [REDACTED] UkSSR 1919 Jan–Jun [REDACTED] ARSR 1919 Jun–Dec [REDACTED] UkSSR Dec 1919 – Dec 1922 [REDACTED] USSR 1922–1941 [REDACTED] Third Reich 1941–1943 [REDACTED] USSR Feb–Mar 1943 [REDACTED] Third Reich Mar–Sep 1943 [REDACTED] USSR 1943–1991 [REDACTED] Ukraine 1991–present The earliest historical references to

2912-503: The Ukrainian Parliament . Other notable BYuT deputies were Soviet dissident Levko Lukyanenko and former UNA-UNSO leader Andriy Shkil . BYuT had intended to include more representatives from the education sector into its voting lists. According to Tymoshenko: "Certain branches and sectors have powerful lobbies. And there are only three to four lobbyists who represent the spheres of education and health care in

3016-594: The Ukrainian language , mandating it for all schools. In practice the share of secondary schools teaching in the Ukrainian language remained lower than the ethnic Ukrainian share of the Kharkiv Oblast 's population. The Ukrainization policy was reversed, with the prosecution in Kharkiv in 1930 of the Union for the Freedom of Ukraine . Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported. In 1932 and 1933,

3120-615: The Union of Right Forces , said that Russia needed the Black Sea fleet in Crimea for war with Georgia and asked rhetorically if war with Georgia was worth $ 40 billion. In June 2010, Ukraine paid Gazprom around $ 234 per 1,000 cubic metres. However, Ukrainian consumers experienced a 50% increase in household natural gas utility prices in July 2010 (a key demand of the International Monetary Fund in exchange for

3224-673: The Urals with all their equipment, and became the heart of Red Army 's tank programs (particularly, producing the T-34 tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and became central elements of the post-war Soviet military industrial complex . Houses and factories were rebuilt, and much of the city's center was reconstructed in the style of Stalinist Classicism . Kharkiv's Jewish community revived after World War II: by 1959 there were 84,000 Jews living in

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3328-503: The Verkhovna Rada [Ukrainian parliament]. Therefore some sectors lack financing, while others have excessive funding". According to Tymoshenko, representatives of business had no dominant influence on decision making in her political force. "Business is represented in the parliament, but it doesn't shape politics this is what distinguishes my political force from the Party of Regions for instance." Several billionaires have been members of

3432-620: The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in March 2014, Russia unilaterally terminated the treaty on 31 March 2014. In 1997, Russia and Ukraine agreed to end the dispute over the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet by signing the Partition Treaty, establishing two independent national fleets and dividing armaments and bases between them. Ukraine also agreed to lease major parts of its new bases in Sevastopol to

3536-450: The parliamentary elections on 30 March 2002, the alliance comprised the following liberal and nationalist member parties: The bloc won 7.2% of the popular vote and 22 out of 450 seats. This result was better than expected, because BYuT had limited access to the media and limited support from local authorities. The alliance supported Viktor Yushchenko during the Ukrainian presidential election of 2004 , and played an active role in

3640-630: The parliamentary elections in March 2012 . On 7 April 2012 Arseniy Yatsenyuk announced his party Front for Change would join them on this (single) party list. On 15 March 2012, the Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party was expelled from the bloc for alleged "cooperation with the presidential administration and the ruling regime "; the day before the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party party-leader Natalia Korolevska had been expelled from

3744-622: The "Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko- Batkivschyna "-faction. The Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party had stated in December 2011 "that we are doing nothing that can harm the Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko... Our task is to collect the most votes in parliament at the 2012 parliamentary elections". On 22 March 2012 the Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party was renamed Party of Natalia Korolevska "Ukraine – Forward!" . "Fatherland" became

3848-716: The "Stability and Reforms" coalition supporting the Azarov Government (17 of these became founding members of Reforms for the Future in February 2011 ). Four joined the Party of Regions faction in October 2010 (followed by five others in March 2011). In early February 2011 seven more deputies were expelled from the faction. On 2 February 2011 party-leader Tymoshenko claimed members of the "Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko-Batkivschyna"-faction had been offered money and places in

3952-527: The "umbrella" party with an election list that included members of Reforms and Order Party , People's Movement of Ukraine , Front of Changes , For Ukraine , People's Self-Defense , Civil Position and Social Christian Party . In July 2012, members of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People joined this list. This list named themselves: United Opposition "Fatherland". During the election

4056-589: The 12th century, the area was part of the territory of the Cumans , and then from the mid 13th century of the Mongol / Tartar Golden Horde . By the early 17th century the area was a contested frontier region with renegade populations that had begun to organise in Cossack formations and communities defined by a common determination to resist both Tatar slavery, and Polish-Lithuanian and Russian serfdom . Mid-century,

4160-523: The BYoT, voted for removal of the Lozinskyi's parliamentary immunity. In October 2009, BYuT endorsed Yulia Tymoshenko , then incumbent Prime Minister , as their candidate for the 2010 Presidential election . She was not elected. In the second round of the election she lost to Viktor Yanukovich while gaining 45.47% of the votes; Yanukovich got 48.95% of the votes so Tymoshenko lost by 3.48%. After

4264-473: The BYuT faction consisted of 97 lawmakers of the original 156 elected in September 2007. On 15 June 2013, Reforms and Order Party and Front for Change merged into "Fatherland". The official ideology of the block is solidarism . But the block includes parties with different ideologies: Pro-Europeanism , liberal nationalism and social democracy . The hostile parties claim that the ideology of BYuT

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4368-622: The BYuT faction in the Verkhovna Rada. In January 2001, President Leonid Kuchma dismissed Tymoshenko from the post of Deputy Prime Minister for fuel and energy sector in the cabinet of Viktor Yushchenko . Following this, and during the Ukraine without Kuchma -protests, Tymoshenko began the loose organisation the National Salvation Committee on 9 February 2001. This organisation later merged into

4472-495: The Euromaidan events and Russian actions in the Crimea and Donbas ruptured relations with Moscow, the Kharkiv region experienced a sharp fall in output and employment. Once a hub of cross border trade, Kharkiv was turned into a border fortress. A reorientation to new international markets, increased defense contracts (after Kyiv, the region contains the second-largest number of military-related enterprises) and export growth in

4576-623: The Intercession Cathedral and Monastery, which became a seat of a local church hierarch, the Protopope . Administrative reforms led to Kharkiv being governed from 1708 from Kyiv , and from 1727 from Belgorod. In 1765 Kharkiv was established as the seat of a separate Sloboda Ukraine Governorate . Kharkiv University was established in 1805 in the Palace of Governorate-General . Alexander Mikolajewicz Mickiewicz, brother of

4680-549: The Kharkiv Pact as well. Of those who did not belong to a faction, only Taras Chornovil , Oleksandr Fomin, and Ihor Rybakov did not support the agreement. On 28 March 2014, one week after the annexation of Crimea by Russia Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted proposals to the State Duma on the termination of the legal effect of a number of Russian-Ukrainian agreements, including the 2010 Kharkiv Pact treaty and

4784-468: The Polish national poet Adam Mickiewicz , was a professor of law in the university, while another celebrity, Goethe , searched for instructors for the school. One of its later graduates was In Ivan Franko , to whom it awarded a doctorate in Russian linguistics in 1906. The streets were first cobbled in the city centre in 1830. In 1844 the 90 metres (300 ft) tall Alexander Bell Tower, commemorating

4888-820: The RUP in Kharkiv, Poltava , Kyiv , Nizhyn , Lubny , and Yekaterinodar repudiated the more extreme elements of Ukrainian nationalism. Adopting the Erfurt Program of German Social Democracy , they restyled themselves the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party (USDLP). This was to remain independent of, and opposed by, the Bolshevik faction of the Russian SDLP . After the February Revolution of 1917,

4992-419: The Russian Black Sea Fleet until 2017. During the presidency of Victor Yushchenko (January 2005 – February 2010) the Ukrainian government declared that the lease would not be extended and that the fleet would have to leave Sevastopol by 2017. Amid several Russia–Ukraine gas disputes , including a halt of natural gas supplies to European countries , the price that Ukraine had to pay for Russian natural gas

5096-405: The Russian share of the population had fallen from almost two-thirds to one third, while the Ukrainian share rose from a quarter to almost half. The Jewish population rose from under 6 percent of the total, to over 15 percent (sustaining a Hebrew secondary school, a popular Jewish university and extensive publication in Yiddish and Hebrew). In the 1920s, the Ukrainian SSR promoted the use of

5200-407: The Soviet Union as fabrications . In 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism. The purges continued into 1938. Blind Ukrainian street musicians Kobzars were also rounded up in Kharkiv and murdered by the NKVD. Confident in his control over Ukraine, in January 1934 Stalin had

5304-414: The Tsar in Moscow granting the community's request (signed by the deans of the new Assumption Cathedral and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity) to establish a local market. At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of whom were local Cossacks. Selifontov had brought with him a Moscow garrison of only 70 soldiers. Defence rested with a local Sloboda Cossack regiment under

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5408-522: The USDLP was the main party in the first Ukrainian government, the General Secretariat of Ukraine . The Tsentralna Rada (central council) of Ukrainian parties in Kyiv authorised the Secretariat to negotiate national autonomy with the Russian Provisional Government . In the succeeding months, as wartime conditions deteriorated, the USDLP lost support in Kharkiv and elsewhere to the Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) which organised both in peasant communities and in disaffected military units. In

5512-437: The Ukraine", and the Malyshev Factory , an enlargement of the old Kharkiv Locomotive Factory, which at its height employed 60,000 workers in the production of heavy equipment. By 1937 the output of Kharkiv's industries was reported as being 35 times greater than in 1913. Since the turn of the century, the influx of new workers from the countryside changed the ethnic composition of Kharkiv. According to census returns, by 1939

5616-428: The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox church, the Church of the Myrrhophores, Saint Demetrius's Church, and the Cossack fortified Church of the Nativity. Under Stalin 's First Five Year Plan , the city underwent intensified industrialisation, led by a number of national projects. Chief among these were the Kharkiv Tractor Factory (HTZ) , described by Stalin as "a steel bastion of the collectivisation of agriculture in

5720-416: The Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the Kharkiv City Council building, with its massive asymmetric tower, and the central department store that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the October Revolution . As new buildings were going up, many of city's historic architectural monuments were being torn down. These included most of the baroque churches: Saint Nicholas's Cathedral of

5824-521: The Verkhovna Rada (parliament) – made during the 2008 Ukrainian political crisis – was never put into action. On 3 July 2009 the Verkhovna Rada terminated the mandate of BYuT deputy Viktor Lozinskyi. At the time there was a criminal proceeding against Lozinskyi who was suspected of deliberately inflicting grave bodily harm causing death; the Prosecutor-General's Office had applied to the Verkhovna Rada for permission to arrest Lozinskyi. 416 out of 444 deputies registered in Parliament, including 133 deputies of

5928-451: The Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT) in November 2001. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe noted at the time that there were physical assaults and harassment of candidates and campaign workers associated with the BYuT, and other opposition parties leading up to the March 2002 election. The BYuT itself complained of campaign-related violations including "an informal 'media blackout,' [and] negatively slanted coverage". At

6032-691: The acting commander of the Ukrainian Internal Forces . On 13 April, some pro-Russian protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration building, but were quickly evicted. Violent clashes resulted in the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian protesters. On 28 April, Kernes was shot by a sniper, a victim, commentators suggested, of his former pro-Russian allies. Relatively peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with "pro-Russian" rallies gradually diminishing and "pro-Ukrainian unity" demonstrations growing in numbers. On 28 September, activists dismantled Ukraine's largest monument to Lenin at

6136-448: The agreement would be fulfilled by Ukraine 's side. According to Yanukovych, the only way out of holding the state budget deficit down, as requested by the International Monetary Fund , while protecting pensioners and minimal wages, was to extend the Russian Navy lease in Crimea in exchange for cheaper natural gas. Opposition members in Ukraine described the agreement as a "sell out of national interests". Boris Nemtsov , former leader of

6240-434: The agreement. The suspicions were filed in absentia, as the two were "hiding abroad". Kharkiv Kharkiv ( / ˈ k ɑːr k ɪ v / KAR -kiv ; Ukrainian: Харків , IPA: [ˈxɑrkiu̯] ), also known as Kharkov ( UK : / ˈ k ɑːr k ɒ v / KAR -kov , US : / ˈ k ɑːr k ɔː f / KAR -kawf ; Russian: Харькoв , IPA: [ˈxarʲkəf] ),

6344-401: The alliance. Nonetheless, BYuT moved into second place with 22.27% of the vote behind Party of Regions with 33% and ahead of Our Ukraine with less than 14% support. BYuT won 129 seats out of 450. Note that after the 2002 merger of the Ukrainian Republican Party "Sobor" and the Ukrainian Republican Party – which then became known as the Ukrainian Republican Party "Sobor" (URP Sobor) –

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6448-414: The capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and, in 1922, this was formally incorporated as a constituent republic of the Soviet Union . A number of prestige construction projects in new officially-approved Constructivist style were completed, among them Derzhprom (Palace of Industry) then the tallest building in the Soviet Union (and the second tallest in Europe), the Red Army Building,

6552-432: The capital of the Ukrainian SSR moved from Kharkiv to Kyiv. During April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish prisoners of Starobilsk camp were executed in the Kharkiv NKVD building, later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in Piatykhatky forest (part of the Katyn massacre ) on the outskirts of Kharkiv. The site also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested and shot in

6656-436: The city of "material and spiritual relics" from the pre-revolutionary era, and its commitment to the new frontiers of Soviet industry and science. The city's machine-and-weapons building prowess was attributed to a forward-looking collaboration between its large-scale industrial enterprises and new research institutes and laboratories. The last Communist Party chief of Ukraine , Vladimir Ivashko , appointed in 1989, trained as

6760-445: The city, including the Morozov Design Bureau , the Malyshev Factory , Khartron , Turboatom , and Antonov . In March and April 2014 security forces and counter-demonstrators defeated efforts by Russian-backed separatists to seize control of the city and regional administration. Kharkiv was a major target for Russian forces in the eastern Ukraine campaign during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine before they were pushed back to

6864-402: The city. However, Soviet anti-Zionism restricted expressions of Jewish religion and culture, and was sustained until the final Gorbachev years (the confiscated Kharkiv Choral Synagogue reopened as a synagogue in 1990). In the Brezhnev-era , Kharkiv was promoted as a "model Soviet city". Propaganda made much of its "youthfulness", a designation broadly used to suggest the relative absence in

6968-448: The coalition supporting the Azarov Government the previous month. On 21 September 2010, another 28 members of the faction were officially expelled because they had joined the majority coalition. On 16 November 2010, the ByuT faction was officially renamed "Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko- Batkivschyna ". By late 2010 the BYuT faction consisted of 113 lawmakers of the original 156 elected in September 2007. Most who left BYuT had become members of

7072-451: The combination of grain seizures and the forced collectivisation of peasant holdings created famine conditions, the Holodomor , driving people off the land and into Kharkiv, and other cities, in search of food. Eye-witness accounts by westerners—among them those of American Communist Fred Beal employed in the Kharkiv Tractor Factory —were cited in the international press but, until the era of Glasnost were consistently denounced in

7176-428: The country from hosting foreign military bases after 2017. The Chairman of the Ukrainian Constitutional Court said on 23 April that only the President and the Cabinet of Ministers can request a court ruling on constitutionality. The Our Ukraine party subsequently called for the impeachment of President Yanukovych for violating the Ukrainian Constitution. Opposition members in Ukraine and Russia expressed doubts that

7280-429: The country, toppling Ukrainian authorities, disrupting the elections, and tearing our country apart". Kernes persuaded the police to storm the regional administration building and push out the separatists. He was allowed to return to his mayoral duties. Police action against the separatists was reinforced by a special forces unit from Vinnytsia directed by Ukrainian Interior Minister Arsen Avakov and Stepan Poltorak

7384-418: The creation of a coalition between his Lytvyn Bloc , BYuT and OU-PSD. Following negotiations, the three parties officially signed the coalition agreement on 16 December. It was unsure if this coalition would stop the snap election although Speaker Volodymyr Lytvyn predicted that the Verkhovna Rada would work until the next scheduled elections in 2012 . President Viktor Yushchenko 's decree to dissolve

7488-447: The economy's services sector helped fuel a recovery, but people's incomes did not return to pre-2014 levels. BYuT Inactive or defunct The Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc ( Ukrainian : Блок Юлії Тимошенко, БЮТ; Blok Yuliyi Tymoshenko, BYuT ) was the name of the bloc of political parties in Ukraine led by Yulia Tymoshenko since 2001. In November 2011, the participation of blocs of political parties in parliamentary elections

7592-498: The election list of the Party of Regions and have been blackmailed into voting for laws introduced by the Azarov Government. In 2011, the faction of BYuT lost 11 more deputies. On 29 December 2011, it consisted of 102 deputies. Alliance leader Tymoshenko was sentenced to seven years in jail in October 2011 on abuse of power charges. Ukrainian President Yanukovych and the Party of Regions have been accused of trying to create

7696-534: The end of the century. The collapse of the Soviet Union disrupted, but did not sever, the ties that bound Kharkiv's heavy industries to the integrated Soviet market and supply chains, and did not diminish dependency on Russian oil, minerals, and gas. In Kharkiv and elsewhere in eastern Ukraine, the limited prospects for securing new economic partners in the West, and concern for the rights of Russian-speakers in

7800-492: The fall of the second Tymoshenko Government on 3 March 2010 (seven BYuT lawmakers had supported the motion of no confidence ) BYuT moved into opposition. On 11 March 2010 BYuT appealed to the Central Election Commission of Ukraine to terminate the parliamentary mandates of six parliamentarians who had joined the new parliamentary coalition . Ten representative of BYuT joined the coalition supporting

7904-542: The first quarter of 2010 and $ 330 in the second quarter. On 21 April 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych signed an agreement in which Russia agreed to a 30% drop in the price of natural gas sold to Ukraine. Russia agreed to this in exchange for permission to extend Russia's lease of a major naval base in the Ukrainian Black Sea port of Sevastopol for an additional 25 years (to 2042) with an option for

8008-504: The first to employ the slogan "Glory to Ukraine!" and its response "Glory on all of earth!". In 1900, the student hromada founded the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP), which sought to unite all Ukrainian national elements, including the growing number of socialists. Following the revolutionary events 1905 in which Kharkiv distinguished itself by avoiding a reactionary pogrom against its Jewish population,

8112-463: The jurisdiction of the Razryad Prikaz , a military agency commanded from Belgorod . The original walls of Kharkiv enclosed today's streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent. There were 10 towers of which the tallest, Vestovska, was some 16 metres (52 ft) high. In 1689 the fortress was expanded to include

8216-480: The list won 62 seats and 25.55% of the votes under the proportional party-list system (falling from 30.71% in 2007 for BYuT ) and another 39 by winning 39 simple-majority constituencies. This gave them a total of 101 seats and 22.67% of the 450 seats in the Ukrainian Parliament. The party lost about 2 million voters compared with BYuT's results in the previous election . By late November 2012

8320-453: The national vote. On 18 December 2007 Yulia Tymoshenko, with a margin of two votes, was elected Prime Minister. During the 2008 Ukrainian political crisis the BYuT–OU-PSD coalition faltered. There were negotiations between BYuT and Party of Regions to form a coalition but after Volodymyr Lytvyn was elected Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) on 9 December 2008, he announced

8424-476: The new national state, combined to promote the interests of political parties and candidates emphasising understanding and cooperation with the Russian Federation . In the new century, these were represented by the Party of Regions and by the presidential ambitions of Victor Yanukovych , which in Kharkiv triumphed in the city council elections of 2006, in the parliamentary elections of 2007 and in

8528-404: The nominee of the Party of Regions , was placed under house arrest. Claiming to have been "prisoner of Yanukovych's system", he now declared his loyalty to acting President Oleksandr Turchynov . In a televised address on 7 April, Turchynov had announced that "a second wave of the Russian Federation's special operation against Ukraine [has] started" with the "goal of destabilising the situation in

8632-399: The occupation, Kharkiv's prewar population of 700,000 had been doubled by the influx of refugees. What remained of the pre-war Jewish population of 130,000, were slated by the Germans for "special treatment": between December 1941 and January 1942, they massacred and buried an estimated 15,000 Jews in a ravine outside of town named Drobytsky Yar . Over their 22 months occupation they executed

8736-487: The opposition. He added that Ukrainian public support was "gained by a lie" that the deal would bring cheaper Russian gas; while in fact, a new July 2010 agreement with the IMF mandated that Ukraine increase utility prices by fifty per cent on 1 August 2010 and another fifty per cent in April 2011. According to former Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko , the agreement violates part of Ukraine's constitution, which forbids

8840-416: The parliamentary elections on 30 September 2007, the bloc won 156 of 450 seats (and thus 30.71% of the total votes ), securing an additional 1.5 million votes (8.24%) in comparison with the 2006 election. Most of this vote swing came as a result of consolidation in regions where BYuT had already been the leading party. Statistics published by Ukraine's Central Electoral Commission indicate that most of

8944-534: The party went through a schism before the 2006 elections. The majority of the party led by Anatoliy Mativienko aligned with Our Ukraine Bloc , while others left the party and stayed with BYuT. After the 2006 elections, Levko Lukyanenko managed to reinstate the original Ukrainian Republican Party. It was widely expected that a coalition between supporters of the Orange Movement would form Ukraine's next government, but after three months of negotiations and

9048-399: The police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The rioters asked the mayor, Hennadiy Kernes , a supporter of the president, to come out. Following recovery from his wounds, Kernes had been re-elected mayor, and was so again in 2020. He died of COVID-19 related complication in December 2020. He was succeeded by Ihor Terekhov of the " Kernes Bloc — Successful Kharkiv ". After

9152-520: The presidential elections of 2010. Although never attaining the level of protest witnessed in Kyiv and in communities further west, following the disputed 2012 Parliamentary elections public opposition to President Yanukovych and his party surfaced in Kharkiv amid accusations of systematic corruption and of sabotaging prospects for new ties to the European Union. The Euromaidan protests in

9256-508: The region are to Scythian and Sarmatian settlement in the 2nd century BC. Between the 2nd to the 6th centuries AD there is evidence of Chernyakhov culture , a multiethnic mix of the Geto - Dacian , Sarmatian , and Gothic populations. In the 8th to 10th centuries the Khazar fortress of Verkhneye Saltovo stood about 25 miles (40 km) east of the modern city, near Staryi Saltiv . During

9360-474: The ruling Party of Regions (PR) were out of their seats blocking the podium. 160 members of PR, including Rinat Akhmetov , who was not present in the session hall voted in favor of ratification. Among the opposition parties, the ratification was approved by nine members of BYuT and seven from Our Ukraine . All 27 members of the Communist Party of Ukraine and the 20 members of the Lytvyn Bloc voted for

9464-468: The settlement and the river to a legendary Cossack founder named Kharko (a diminutive form of the Greek name Chariton , Ukrainian : Харитон , romanized :  Kharyton , or Zechariah , Ukrainian : Захарій , romanized :  Zakharii ). But the river's name is attested earlier than the foundation of the fortress. The settlement reluctantly accepted the protection and authority of

9568-462: The state budget, mostly public servants). But Pro-Yanukovych demonstrations, held near the statue of Lenin in Freedom (previously Dzerzhinsky) Square , were similarly small. In the wake of Yanukovych's ouster in February, there were attempts in Kharkiv to follow the example of separatists in neighbouring Donbas . On 2 March 2014, a Russian "tourist" from Moscow replaced the Ukrainian flag with

9672-466: The swing came from minor parties with some voters turning away from the Socialist Party and to a lesser extent Our Ukraine . On 15 October 2007, Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc agreed to form a majority coalition in the new parliament of the 6th convocation . On 29 November, a coalition was signed between the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc and Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (OU-PSD) which together had received 45% of

9776-725: The treaty terms agreed with the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk , they abandoned the city and ceded the territory to the German-occupied Ukrainian State . After the German withdrawal, the Red Army returned but, in June 1919, withdrew again before the advancing forces of Anton Denikin 's White movement Volunteer . By December 1919 Soviet authority was restored. The Bolsheviks established Kharkiv as

9880-475: The treaty violates the constitution , which bans permanent military bases, and that it was not discussed prior to a vote in the National Security and Defense Council as required by the constitution. Kuzio said that the treaty is illegitimate because it rests on only 220 deputies from three factions; he argued that the remaining twenty-five deputies had been blackmailed, bribed or coerced to defect from

9984-469: The victory over Napoleon I in 1812, was built next to the first Assumption Cathedral (later to be transformed by the Soviet authorities into a radio tower ). A system of running water was established in 1870. In the course of the 19th century, although predominantly Russian speaking, Kharkiv became a centre of Ukrainian culture. The first Ukrainian newspaper was published in the city in 1812. Soon after

10088-559: The widespread acts of civil non-violent protest that became known as the Ukrainian Orange Revolution . In January 2005, Tymoshenko became Prime Minister of Ukraine under Yushchenko's presidency. The party had lost a few seats in 2002 and 2003, but doubled to 40 members of parliament in September 2005. The BYuT entered the parliamentary elections on 26 March 2006, with only Fatherland and Ukrainian Social Democratic Party after both republican parties left

10192-408: The winter of 2013–2014 against then president Viktor Yanukovych consisted of daily gatherings of about 200 protestors near the statue of Taras Shevchenko and were predominantly peaceful. Disappointed at the turnout, an activist at Kharkiv University suggested that his fellow students "proved to be as much of an inert, grey and cowed mass as Kharkiv’s ‘ biudzhetniki ’ " (those whose income derives from

10296-444: Was at the forefront of democratic agitation. In October 1991, a call from Kyiv for an all-Ukrainian university strike to protest Gorbachev's new Union Treaty and to call for new multi-party elections was met with a rally at the entrance to the university attended not only by students and university teachers, but also by a range of public and cultural figures. The protests—the so-called Revolution on Granite —ended on 17 October with

10400-587: Was banned. The core party of the alliance, Batkivshchyna , remained a major force in Ukrainian politics. Founded for the 2002 parliamentary elections , the alliance attracted most of its voters from western Ukrainian ( Ukrainian speaking) provinces ( oblasts ) and from central Ukraine. The alliance had low support in the east and the south of Ukraine (where the Russian language is dominant). though they did recruit several politicians from these Russian-speaking provinces like Crimea ( Lyudmyla Denisova ) and Luhansk Oblast ( Natalia Korolevska ). The alliance

10504-438: Was killed when Russian fire hit his apartment bloc on 18 March 2022. By the time of Kharkiv's liberation in August 1943, the surviving population had been reduced to under 200,000. Seventy percent of the city had been destroyed. According to a New York Time's piece, "The city was more battered than perhaps any other in the Soviet Union save Stalingrad." Before the occupation, Kharkiv's tank industries had been evacuated to

10608-634: Was often associated with the 2004 Orange Revolution (the alliance's leader, Yulia Tymoshenko , was one of the leaders of the Orange Revolution) and thus named "Orange Party" in media publications. The alliance also had prominent members who had been associated with the opponents of the Orange Revolutions (the "Blue camp") including Ivan Kyrylenko , the former faction leader of the Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko (BYuT) in

10712-648: Was raised in 2006 and in 2009. The Prime Minister of Ukraine , Mykola Azarov , and the Energy Minister, Yuriy Boyko , visited Moscow in late March 2010 to negotiate lower gas prices; neither clearly explained what Ukraine was prepared to offer in return. Following these talks Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin stated that Russia was prepared to discuss the revision of the price for natural gas it sells to Ukraine. Mid-April Ukrainian officials stated they are seeking an average price of $ 240–$ 260 per 1000 cubic metres for 2010. Ukraine paid an average of $ 305 in

10816-862: Was the capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport, and industrial centre of Ukraine, with numerous museums, theatres, and libraries, including the Annunciation and Dormition cathedrals, the Derzhprom building in Freedom Square , and the National University of Kharkiv . Industry plays a significant role in Kharkiv's economy, specialised primarily in machinery and electronics . There are hundreds of industrial facilities throughout

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