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39-944: In Accordance to Resolution 117-CT/TƯ issued September 29, 1981 of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam and Resolution 122-CT issued on May 12, 1982 from the Vietnamese Ministry Committee, the term Khmer (as well as its Vietnamese transliteration Khơ Me and Khơ-me ) was sanctioned by the government as the only state-recognized ethnonym of the Khmer Krom people, stated that all other colloquial exonyms previously used by Vietnamese to refer to Khmer people "are incorrect and have negative racial connotations." Both Resolutions declared that any acts of misuse to misspelling that intended to incite and direct hate speech and discrimination toward

78-589: A major legal reform from his palace of Sras-Kev in Kompong Luong on the banks of the Mekong . He codified the laws and traditions into twelve volumes which were not reformed until the reign of King Norodom in 1872. In 1623, Chey Chettha allowed the Vietnamese to set up a custom house at Prey Nokor, in order to collect taxes. This settlement was the start of a major expansion by the Vietnamese beyond

117-486: A member of the 13th Politburo; the plenum approved the resignation, and he was removed from the 13th CC as well. Nguyễn Xuân Phúc , the President of Vietnam and the second-ranked member of the 13th Politburo, voluntarily resigned from all state and party offices at the 3rd Extraordinary Plenary Session on 17 January 2023. Vũ Đức Đam also resigned from his position of Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam . Võ Văn Thưởng

156-584: A safe haven to launch their operations inside Vietnam. The "White Scarves" arrived in Kiri Vong District in 1976, making overture to the Khmer Rouge and appealing to the leader Khieu Samphan directly for assistance. The force was disarmed and welcomed initially. Subsequent orders from the Khmer Rouge leadership however had Samouk Sen arrested, taken to Phnom Penh, tortured, and killed. His force of 67 Khmer Krom fighters were all massacred. During

195-699: Is General Secretary of the Central Committee . The Politburo is a subunit of the Central Committee , the supreme organ on party affairs. The members of the Central Committee, when the Party Congress has ended, freely elects the composition of the Politburo. The number of Politburo members is also decided by the Central Committee membership. Until 1990, there were two different forms of Politburo membership: full and alternate. When

234-753: Is as follows: Sóc Trăng (362,029 people, constituting 30.18% of the province's population and 27.43% of all Khmer in Vietnam), Trà Vinh (318,231 people, constituting 31.53% of the province's population and 24.11% of all Khmer in Vietnam), Kiên Giang (211,282 people, constituting 12.26% of the province's population and 16.01% of all Khmer in Vietnam), An Giang (75,878 people), Bạc Liêu (73,968 people), Bình Dương (65,233 people), Hồ Chí Minh City (50,422 people), Cà Mau (26,110 people), Đồng Nai (23,560 people), Vĩnh Long (22,630 people) each constituting less than 10% of all Khmer in Vietnam. Other estimates vary considerably, with

273-605: Is responsible to the Central Committee, and the Central Committee can question the Politburo. The composition of the Central Military Commission , the leading Party organ on military affairs, is decided by the Politburo. It is the responsibility of the Secretariat (not the Politburo) to ensure the implementation of directives stemming from the Politburo. Before the reforms of Nguyễn Văn Linh during

312-557: The 4th National Congress that "Only with collective decisions made by collective intelligence will we be able to avoid subjectivism that leads to errors and sometimes to dangerous consequences". Hồ's emphasis on the maintenance of unity led the Party to eschew the Communist Party of China 's (CPC) policy of " criticism and self-criticism ". The CPC's criticism and self-criticism policy was used to resolve "internal contradictions";

351-631: The Bassac River . After establishment of the Nguyễn dynasty , emperor Minh Mạng enacted compulsory assimilation policies upon the Khmer such as forcing them to adopt Sino-Vietnamese surnames, culture, and clothing. Minh Mang sinicized ethnic minorities including the Cambodians, in line with Confucianism as he diffused Vietnamese culture with China's Han civilization using the term Han people 漢人 for

390-551: The Khmer Kampuchea-Krom Federation claiming that there are about 7 million Khmer Krom . A significant number of Khmer Krom also fled to Cambodia, estimated at 1.20 million by one source. In other parts of the world, there are approximately 40,000 Khmer Krom emigrants notably in the United States (30,000), France (3,000), Australia (1,000), Canada (500). Khmer Krom emigrant communities in

429-579: The Khmer Rouge , with Vietnam occupying Kampuchea and set up the People's Republic of Kampuchea . Many independent NGOs report that the human rights of the Khmer Krom are being violated by the Vietnamese government. Khmer Krom are reportedly forced to adopt Vietnamese family names and speak the Vietnamese language . As well, the Vietnamese government has cracked down on non-violent demonstrations by

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468-1189: The Mekong Delta , which used to be the southeasternmost territory of the Khmer Empire until its incorporation into Vietnam under the Nguyễn lords in the early 18th century. This marks the final stage of the Vietnamese " March to the South " ( Nam tiến ). Khmer Krom people have been members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization since 15 July 2001. According to the US-based Human Rights Watch (HRW) "the Khmer Krom people face serious restrictions of freedom of expression, assembly, association, information, and movement". The majority of Khmer Krom live in Southern Vietnam . According to Vietnamese government figures (2019 census), there are 1,319,652 Khmer Krom in Vietnam. Their distribution

507-559: The Nguyễn Lords of Vietnam against the Siamese, which led to the Vietnamese annexation of the Mekong Delta , including the city of Prey Nokor—the precursor of modern-day Ho Chi Minh City . In order to balance the influence of the Siamese forces, which had devastated the previous capital at Longvek during the reign of his father, Chey Chettha approached the Nguyễn lord for help. To cement

546-632: The Secretariat was abolished in 1996, a short-lived Politburo Standing Committee (also known as the Politburo Standing Board) was established. Unlike the Secretariat, the Politburo Standing Committee was appointed by the Politburo and not the Central Committee (although the two bodies had nearly-identical functions). The Politburo Standing Committee was abolished in 2001 at the 9th National Congress , and

585-462: The 1960s, outside analysts believed the Politburo was divided into two factions (pro-China and pro-Soviet); this forced Politburo members to decide policy through compromise. This was later proven wrong, because Hồ Chí Minh became a staunch believer in collective decision-making during the 1950s after the beginning of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union . Hồ's successor, Lê Duẩn , stated at

624-422: The Central Committee are implemented nationally. It is also responsible for matters related to organisation and personnel, and has the right to prepare (and even convene) a Central Committee plenary session . The Politburo can be overruled by the Central Committee, as happened in 2001 when the Politburo voted in favour of retaining Lê Khả Phiêu as General Secretary ; the Central Committee responded by overturning

663-509: The Club of Resistance Veterans, a group of reformist communist cadres . The current 18-member Politburo was elected on January 31, 2021 at the first plenum of the 13th Party Central Committee. Nguyễn Phú Trọng was re-elected for his third term as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, a position he has held since 2011. On 30 December 2022, at the 13th CC's 2nd Extraordinary Plenary Session, Phạm Bình Minh offered his resignation as

702-761: The Khmer Krom were recruited by the United States Armed Forces to serve in MIKE Force . The force fought on the side of South Vietnam against the Viet Cong but in time the militia regrouped as the "Front for the Struggle of Kampuchea Krom" ( French : Front de Lutte du Kampuchea Krom ). Headed by a Khmer Krom Buddhist monk , Samouk Sen, the group was nicknamed the "White Scarves" ( Khmer : Kangsaing Sar ; Vietnamese : Can Sen So ) and allied itself with FULRO against South Vietnam. FULRO

741-636: The Khmer Krom. Unlike some other minority people groups in Vietnam, the Khmer Krom are largely unknown by the Western world, despite efforts by associations of exiled Khmer Krom such as the Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation to publicize their plight with the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation . No Western government has yet raised the matter of the Khmer Krom's human rights with the Vietnamese government. The "Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review Working Group"

780-702: The Khmer people are prohibited by the law. In fact, the term Khmer Krom is not popularly used due to its association with Khmer separatism as well as anti-Vietnamese and anti- government rhetorics. In Khmer , Krom ( ក្រោម kraôm ) means 'low' or 'below'. It is added to differentiate from the Khmers in Cambodia . Most Khmer Krom live in Tây Nam Bộ , the southern lowland region of historical Cambodia covering an area of 89,000 square kilometres (34,363 sq mi) around modern day Ho Chi Minh City and

819-424: The Politburo decides a plan's general orientation, but lets the central government make detailed socioeconomic decisions. The all-encompassing role of the Politburo before 1988 blurred the roles of the party and state in the decision-making process. Another problem until 1988 was that many members of the Politburo were leading officials within the state (again blurring the roles of party and state). The Politburo has

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858-415: The Politburo decision, dismissed Lê from active politics altogether, and forced the Central Committee to elect a new General Secretary after the 9th National Congress. [REDACTED] Vietnam portal Meetings are held regularly; decisions within the Politburo are made through collective decision-making , which means that policies are only enacted if a majority of Politburo members support them. In

897-483: The Secretariat was reestablished. Elected members are given rankings in an order of precedence . The Politburo is the leading organ on Party affairs; the Central Committee convenes only twice a year, but the Politburo can implement policies which has been approved by either the previous Party Congress or the Central Committee. It is the duty of the Politburo to ensure that resolutions of the Party Congress and

936-562: The US are located near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , and in Washington state . The Khmer Krom identify ethnically with the Khmer people , who founded the Khmer Empire under the rule of King Jayavarman II in 802 C.E. They retain deep linguistic, religious, customary and cultural links to Cambodia . The Mekong Delta region constituted for more than 800 years an integral part of the empire and

975-505: The Vietnamese immigrants to operate a custom house at Prey Nokor, then a small fishing village. The settlement steadily grew soon becoming a major regional port, attracting even more settlers. In 1698 the Nguyễn Lords of Huế commissioned Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh , a Vietnamese noble to organize the territory along Vietnamese administrative lines, thus by de facto detaching it from the Kingdom of Cambodia and incorporating it into Vietnam. With

1014-497: The Vietnamese. Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han [Sino-Vietnamese] customs." These policies were directed at the Khmer and hill tribes. Khmer nationalist Son Ngoc Thanh (1908–77) was a Khmer krom, born in Trà Vinh , Vietnam. Thanh was active in the independence movement for Cambodia. With Japanese support he became

1053-557: The borders established by Lê Thánh Tông in 1471. The increasing waves of Vietnamese settlers which followed overwhelmed Chey Chettha II's kingdom—weakened as it was due to war with the Siamese—and slowly Vietnamized the Mekong Delta area, claiming it for their own in the 1690s. The Dutch East India Company established ties with Cambodia in 1620, during Chey Chettha's reign; in 1623, they established an outpost at Kompong Luong ,

1092-646: The following months, some 2,000 "White Scarves" fighters crossing into Kampuchea were systematically killed by the Khmer Rouge. In the late 1970s, the Kampuchean Revolutionary Army attacked Vietnam in an attempt to reconquer the areas which were formerly part of the Khmer Empire, but this military adventure was a total disaster and precipitated the invasion of Democratic Kampuchea by the People's Army of Vietnam and subsequent downfall of

1131-460: The general orientation of the government, and by that, it has dominant power in the politics of Vietnam . The members of the Politburo are elected and given a ranking by the Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of a National Party Congress. The current Politburo (13th term) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee in the aftermath of the 13th National Congress and consists of 15 members. The first-ranked member

1170-471: The late 1980s, the Politburo was the supreme decision-making organ in all areas of party and state. Before 1988, the Politburo had no clear guideline on its responsibilities on socioeconomic issues. Because of this lack, the Politburo frequently meddled in the affairs of the Council of Ministers (the central government). Until 1988, the Politburo made detailed planning and budgetary decisions; from 1988 onward,

1209-575: The loss of the port of Prey Nokor, then renamed Saigon , Cambodia's control of the area grew increasingly tenuous while increasing waves of Vietnamese settlers to the Delta isolated the Khmer of the Mekong Delta from the Cambodian kingdom. By 1757 the Vietnamese had absorbed the provinces of Psar Dèk (renamed Sa Đéc in Vietnamese) on the Mekong itself, and Moat Chrouk (Vietnamized to Châu Đốc ) on

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1248-721: The prime minister of Cambodia in March 1945 but was then quickly ousted with the return of the French later that year. Widely supported by the Khmer Krom during the First Indochina War , Thanh's role faded in Vietnam after 1954 as he became more embroiled with politics in Cambodia proper, forming an opposition movement against Prince Sihanouk . During the Vietnam War and direct American involvement between 1964 and 1974,

1287-491: The problem with this concept was that it always assumed that one side was right. "Criticism and self-criticism" was not introduced in Vietnam, chiefly for this reason. However, Zachary Abuza (author of Renovating Politics in Contemporary Vietnam ) claims that Politburo decision-making is built on factional infighting and ideological differences rather than on any notion of collective leadership. The Politburo

1326-455: The resulting alliance, Chey Chettha was married to Princess Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn , a daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên , in 1618. In return, the king granted the Vietnamese the right to establish settlements in Mô Xoài (now Bà Rịa ), in the region of Prey Nokor—which they colloquially referred to as Sài Gòn , and which later became Ho Chi Minh City . In 1621, Chey Chettha initiated

1365-459: The subsequent kingdom. The region's economic center was the city of Prey Nokor, now Ho Chi Minh City . In the 17th century a weakened Khmer state left the Mekong Delta poorly administered after repeated warfare with Siam . Concurrently Vietnamese refugees fleeing the Trịnh–Nguyễn War in Vietnam migrated into the area. In 1623 Cambodian king Chey Chettha II (1618–1628) officially sanctioned

1404-545: The unofficial power to appoint members of the central government through the National Assembly of Vietnam . Because the National Assembly is dominated by the party, party leadership has considerable leverage in appointing members of the central government. However, even if the Politburo decides the appointment of officials, party members can oppose the nominees; the appointment of Đỗ Mười was opposed by

1443-696: Was an alliance of Khmer Krom, Montagnard, and Cham groups. The anti-Communist prime minister of the Khmer Republic (1970 - 1975) Lon Nol planned to recapture the Mekong Delta from South Vietnam. After the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and the Communist take-over of all of Vietnam, the Kampuchea Krom militia found itself embattled with People's Army of Vietnam . Many of the fighters fled to Khmer Rouge -controlled Democratic Kampuchea hoping to find

1482-465: Was elected as President thereafter. Chey Chettha II Chey Chettha II ( Khmer : ជ័យជេដ្ឋាទី២ pronounced [cɨj.ceit.tʰaː tiː piː] , 1576–1628) was a king of Cambodia who reigned from Oudong , about 40 km (25 mi) northwest of modern-day Phnom Penh , from 1618 to 1628. He was the son of King Srei Soriyopear (r. 1603–1618). He is noted for moving the royal capital from Srei Sonthor to Oudong, and for his cooperation with

1521-565: Was visited by the Khmer Kampuchea Krom Federation. Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam The Political Bureau ( Politburo ) of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee is the highest body of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in between gatherings of the National Congress and of the plenary sessions Central Committee . According to Party rules, the Politburo directs

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