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43-441: [REDACTED] Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên [REDACTED] Nguyễn Phúc Lan [REDACTED] Nguyễn Phúc Tần [REDACTED] Đào Duy Từ [REDACTED] Nguyễn Hữu Tiến [REDACTED] Nguyễn Hữu Dật [REDACTED] Tôn Thất Hiệp 1774–1775: 18th century 19th century 20th century The Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War ( Vietnamese : Trịnh-Nguyễn phân tranh ; chữ Hán : 鄭阮紛爭, lit. Trịnh–Nguyễn contention)

86-598: A battle to the Mạc, and thus Trịnh Tùng took control of the situation. He proved to be a very capable leader and in 1571, the Lê Loyalist Army captured the Eastern capital Thăng Long from emperor Mạc Mậu Hợp . However, a counteroffensive the next year drove them out. In the midst of this reversal, the nominal Lê emperor, Lê Anh Tông , fled to Nghệ An Province . Trịnh Tùng appointed a new emperor ( Lê Thế Tông ), and had

129-432: A major trade port for the south-west Pacific where traders in the region came to sell and acquire goods. Chinese , Japanese , Europeans, and South Asians all came to trade at Faifo. Originally the land itself did not have any high value products, nevertheless later on Nguyễn lords established various sugar cane and mullberry plantations for the sole purpose of producing goods for overseas export. Traders from Japan came all

172-519: A new Trịnh Lord, the capable Trịnh Tạc , the Royal army attacked the Nguyễn army and defeated it. The Nguyễn were fatally weakened by a division between their two top generals who refused to cooperate with each other. In 1656 the Nguyễn army was driven back all the way to their original walls. Trịnh Tạc tried to break the walls of the Nguyễn in 1661 but this attack, like so many before it, failed to break through

215-424: A result of the defeat. This now left the door open for the Nguyễn to finally go on the offensive. The Nguyễn launched their own invasion of northern Vietnam in 1653. The Nguyễn army attacked north and defeated the weakened Royal army. Quảng Bình Province was captured. Then Hà Tĩnh Province fell to the Nguyễn army. In the following year, Trịnh Tráng died as Nguyễn forces made attacks into Nghệ An Province . Under

258-529: A result of this marriage, the Cambodian King allowed the Nguyễn to establish a small trading and tax post at Prei Nokor what is now Saigon in 1623. Vice versa, Nguyễn clan have to supply the weapon and troops to support Cambodian war against Ayutthaya Kingdom . This settlement was the start of a major expansion by the Vietnamese beyond the borders established by Lê Thánh Tông in 1471. According to

301-547: A succession of weak emperors had brought the country into a state of civil war (see Lê dynasty's civil war ). For the next 20 years the Trịnh and Nguyễn clans fought as allies against the usurper Mạc Đăng Dung to restore Đại Việt under rule of Lê Emperor. When Lê dynasty was restored in 1533, the Mạc dynasty had to retreat to Cao Bang . Nguyễn Kim , the father of the first Nguyễn lords, married his daughter to his subordinate Trịnh Kiểm ,

344-560: Is that the great military engineer was a Vietnamese general who was hired away from the Trịnh court by the Nguyễn. This man is given the credit in Vietnam for the successful design of the Nguyễn walls. Against the walls the Trịnh mustered an army of 100,000 men, 500 elephants, and 500 large ships (Dupuy "Encyclopedia of Military History" pg. 596). The initial attacks on the Nguyễn wall were unsuccessful. The attacks lasted for several years. In 1633

387-665: The Vuong (a term meaning prince or king). Hoang died in 1613. The new leader of the Nguyen, Nguyen Phuc Nguyen , continued his father's policy of defiance, but also initiated friendly relations with the Europeans sailing into the area. A foreign trading post was set up in Hoi An . By 1615 the Nguyen were producing their own bronze cannons with the aid of Portuguese engineers. In 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên officially refused to send taxes to

430-574: The Gianh river, then assaulted on the Xiangkhouang citadel and the Nguyen walls, but was halted by the Nguyen navy. The Trinh army lost 17,000 men within the first three days of the offensive against 25,000 Nguyen troops, which forced them to abort the attack and start peace talks. With mediation supplied by the government of the Kangxi Emperor , the Trịnh and the Nguyễn finally agreed to end

473-515: The Italian missionary Christoforo Borri who was staying in Quy Nhơn witness the military support of Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên sent to Cambodia, according to his records (published in 1631): Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên sent his military support to his son-in-law Chey Chettha II twice to against Siamese. In 1623, the mission from Nguyễn was dispatched to Oudong , with a lot of treasures and gift to strengthen

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516-468: The Japanese had abundance to export, therefore Nguyễn Lords imported massive quantity of Japanese coins, either to circulate or to use in their cannon foundries. Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên maintained the friendly relation with Cambodia. Around 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên's daughter ( Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn ) married the king of Cambodia , Chey Chettha II (the marriage seems to have been contracted years earlier). As

559-487: The Mạc king in 1572. However, the Mạc emperor ( Mac Mau Hop ) recaptured the city the next year. 20 years later in 1592, Trinh Tung again captured Hanoi and executed Mac Mau Hop . In 1593, Nguyen Hoang went personally to the court, bringing money and an army to help destroy the remaining Mac armies. Once the Mạc were defeated, Nguyen Hoang held the office of Grand Vizier for the next 7 years. However, his nephew Trinh Tung became increasingly wary of Nguyen Hoang's influence in

602-427: The Mạc, Trịnh Tùng was given the title Pacifying Prince (Bình An Vương) in 1599. In 1619, Emperor Lê Kinh Tông , and Tùng's own son, Trịnh Xuân schemed against Trịnh Tùng so the emperor could reclaim actual Imperial power but the plot was discovered, the emperor was forced to garrotte himself and a new emperor was put in his place ( Lê Thần Tông ). This led Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên to a formal ending of his relations with

645-657: The Nguyễn army but were unable to defeat them. The result of this war was that Vietnam had effectively been partitioned into northern and southern regions, with the Trịnh controlling most of the north and the Nguyễn controlling most of the south; the dividing line was the Gianh River in Quảng Bình Province . This border was very close to the Seventeenth parallel (in actuality the Bến Hải River located just to

688-574: The Nguyễn capital of Huế was captured by the Royal (Trịnh) army. After some fighting with the army of the Tây Sơn, a treaty was signed and the Trịnh army left the destruction of the Nguyễn to the southern rebels. A dozen years later the Trịnh Lords would be thrown out of Vietnam by the youngest and most popular of the Tây Sơn brothers. To fight against the larger and more powerful Imperial army under Trịnh clan, Nguyễn lords actively expanded their territory to

731-596: The Nguyễn established a city at modern-day Saigon . Later, his refusal to pay tribute to the court in Hanoi sparked the Trịnh–Nguyễn War . Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên was the sixth son of Nguyễn Hoàng . Upon the death of his father, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên took over the rule of the southern provinces of Vietnam. He continued his father's policy of refusing to submit to the authority of the court in Hanoi, dominated at this time by his cousin, Trịnh Tùng . Unlike his father he did not take

774-628: The South into the former land of the Champa empire. They annexed much of the area that is now the southern half of Vietnam. Both sides were enthusiastic about using foreign technologies and welcoming to outsiders. From foreign traders, craftsmen, and mercenaries (mostly from Portugal, Holland, China and Japan), both sides acquired advanced civil and military technologies such as mechanics, shipbuilding and artillery construction, as well as cultural and religious elements. This long period played an important role in

817-478: The Trịnh tried an amphibious assault on the Nguyễn to get around the wall. The Trịnh fleet was defeated by the Nguyễn fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le. Around 1635 the Trịnh copied the Nguyễn and sought military aid from the Europeans. Trịnh Tráng hired the Dutch to make cannons and ships for the Royal army. In 1642–43, the Trịnh army attacked the Nguyễn walls. With the aid of the Dutch cannons, the Trịnh army broke through

860-516: The battle of Nhật Lệ. Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên died in 1635 with the war still going on. Still, the defensive measures he had put in place served the Nguyễn well. Phú Xuân was not taken by the Trịnh until 1774. Further, his defensive success in these first battles is a credit to his ability to attract talented men to his cause and make use of expert military advice, even when it came from another country. Trinh Tung Trịnh Tùng (19 December 1550 – 17 July 1623), also known as Trịnh Tòng and later given

903-482: The building of a massive pair of walls to defend their lands. This pair of walls, just south of the Linh River, eventually grew to a length of 11 miles, stretching from the sea to the mountains. The walls were each 20 feet tall and equipped with many cannons of European design. In 1633, the Trịnh tried to outflank the walls with an amphibious invasion but the Nguyễn fleet was able to defeat the Royal (Trịnh) fleet at

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946-590: The court and kept Hoàng near him at all times for surveillance purposes. Nguyen Hoang adopted Trinh Tung's two important generals as his nephews and incited them to rebel against their commander. When the rebels stormed the court, Trinh Tung fled with the Emperor while Hoàng took to the Southern Provinces, never to return. In 1600 the old Nguyen ruler broke relations with the Trinh court and titled himself as

989-472: The court in Hanoi. A formal demand was made to the Nguyễn to submit to the authority of the court, and it was formally refused. In 1623 Trịnh Tùng died and was succeeded by his son Trịnh Tráng . Now Trịnh Tráng made a formal demand for submission, and again Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên refused. Finally in 1627 open warfare broke out between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn. For four months a large Trịnh army battled against

1032-580: The death of Trịnh Tùng in 1623 and the new rule of his son, Trịnh Tráng , another formal demand was made by the Court in Hanoi for the Nguyễn to pay tribute. In 1624, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên formally refused. Three years later, the Royal (Trịnh) army marched south and attacked the Nguyễn. The first set of battles lasted for four months but the Nguyễn armies were not defeated and Phú Xuân was not taken. The Royal army withdrew north to regroup. The Nguyễn immediately began

1075-462: The division of Vietnam, Gianh River was used as the de facto border between two regimes Đàng Ngoài and Đàng Trong in peacetime. Both the Trịnh and Nguyễn families were descended from aides, namely Trịnh Kiểm (who is a son-in-law of Nguyễn Kim) and Nguyễn Kim himself, to the hero-Emperor Lê Lợi who liberated Đại Việt from Chinese rule of Ming dynasty and started the Lê dynasty in 1428. By 1520

1118-514: The fighting by making the Linh River the border between their lands (1673). Although the Nguyễn nominally accepted the Lê King as the ruler of Vietnam, the reality was, the Nguyễn ruled the south, and the Trịnh ruled the north. This division continued for the next 100 years. The border between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn was strongly guarded but peaceful. The long peace came to an end in 1774. At

1161-520: The first of Trịnh lords. Thus the Trịnh lords and Nguyễn lords are blood related. The prime mover in the period from 1525 onwards was Nguyen Kim . His daughter married the young head of the Trịnh family Trinh Kiem . Around 1530, Le dynasty loyalist rebels were forced into exile in Lan Xang (modern-day Laos ) but they gathered a new army and captured some southern provinces of Dai Viet . In 1545, Nguyen Kim and subsequently his eldest son Nguyen Uong

1204-416: The first wall but failed to break through the second. At sea, the Trịnh, with their Dutch ships Kievit , Nachtegaels and Woekende Book were destroyed in a humiliating defeat by the Nguyễn fleet with their Chinese style galleys. Trịnh Tráng staged yet another offensive in 1648 but at the battle of Truong Duc, the Royal army was badly beaten by the Nguyễn. The new Lê king died around this time, perhaps as

1247-546: The formation of Vietnamese identity. The Dutch brought Montagnard slaves they captured from Nguyễn lord territories in Quảng Nam Province to their colony in Taiwan . Nguy%E1%BB%85n Ph%C3%BAc Nguy%C3%AAn Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên (阮福源; 16 August 1563 – 19 November 1635) was an early Nguyễn lord who ruled the southern Vietnam from the city of Phú Xuân (modern-day Huế ) from 1613 to 1635. During his rule,

1290-478: The geography was favorable to them, as the flat land suitable for large organized armies is very narrow at this point of Vietnam; the mountains nearly reach to the sea. After the first assault, the Nguyễn built two massive fortified lines which stretched a few miles from the sea to the hills. The walls were built north of Huế near the city of Đồng Hới . The Nguyễn defended these lines against numerous Trịnh offensives which lasted until 1672. The story from this time

1333-493: The later rivalry between the two families. For the next 55 years, Nguyen Hoang ruled Quang Nam . He gradually asserted his control over the province and extended his control south into the remaining Champa lands. Periodically, he sent military forces north to help the Trinh in their long fight against the Mạc dynasty. In 1570 Trinh Kiem died and was succeeded by his second son Trinh Tung , a vigorous leader who captured Hanoi from

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1376-521: The previous king assassinated. The war against the Mạc continued for the next twenty years until 1592, when the Eastern Capital ( Dong kinh ) was reconquered. Mạc Mậu Hợp was captured during the retreat and subsequently executed. Further military actions took place against the army of the Mạc in the years 1593 and 1594. The Royal (Trịnh) army was lent assistance in this battle by Tung's uncle Nguyễn army. In formal recognition for his defeat of

1419-406: The relationship between two government and confirm the alliance of Cambodia and Nguyễn. After the negotiation, Chey Chettha II allowed to let them established the trading post which were namely Kas Krobei ( Vũng Tàu ) and Prei Nokor ( Saigon ) for taxation. Nguyễn lords can bring their private army to protect the post and their citizens as well as the public security of the city of Prei Nokor. With

1462-676: The south in Quảng Trị Province ), which was imposed as the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam during the Partition of Vietnam (1954–75). While the Trịnh ruled over a much more populous territory, the Nguyễn had several advantages. First, they were on the defensive. Second, the Nguyễn were able to take advantage of their contacts with the Europeans, specifically the Portuguese, to purchase advanced European weapons and hire European military experts in fortifications. Third,

1505-512: The time of Trịnh Tùng onwards, members of the Trịnh family were given the title of Prince while in power. Also known with the title of Lord, they had the right to choose the crown prince and had power over political and military matters. During his rule, the war with the Mạc dynasty was successfully completed. Trịnh Tùng was the second son of Trịnh Kiểm . In 1572, upon the death of his father, Trịnh Tùng's elder brother, Trịnh Cối , took command. Immediately challenged by Trịnh Tùng, Trịnh Cối lost

1548-459: The time, the Nguyễn were under heavy assault from Tây Sơn army and part of their force had been defeated in recent fighting in Cambodia . The result was, the army in the north defending Huế was weak. Trịnh Sâm , one of the last Trịnh Lords and ruler of the north, launched his attack on the Nguyễn on 15 November 1774. For the first time, the Nguyễn walls were broken and captured. In February 1775,

1591-456: The title Bình An Vương (平安王), was the de facto ruler of Đại Việt from 1572 to 1623. Trịnh Tùng is the first official Trịnh lord, although his father— Trịnh Kiểm —was de facto ruler of Dai Viet before him, Trịnh Kiểm never claimed himself as Trịnh lord. Therefore, Trịnh Kiểm is not considered as the first Trịnh lord. Trịnh Tùng was reputed to be from the first generation of the Trịnh lords who ruled Vietnam from 1545 to 1789; however, since he

1634-490: The title Vương (王) but instead called himself Nhơn quốc công (仁國公; roughly Duke of Nhơn ). Starting as early as 1615, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên allowed Portuguese merchants to set up a trading post at Faifo (modern-day Hội An ). The Nguyễn began to purchase advanced European cannons from the Portuguese and learned something of European ship design. This would help them enormously in later years. As time passed, Faifo became

1677-404: The walls. In 1671, the Trịnh made a last effort to conquer the southern Nguyễn. They gathered a massive army of 80,000 men, the largest invasion force of the entire conflict. The attacking army was under the command of Trịnh Tạc and his son, Trịnh Căn , while the defending army was under the command of Nguyễn Phúc Tần 's son Prince Nguyễn Phúc Thuận and Nguyễn Hữu Dật . The Trinh army crossed

1720-626: The way to Vietnam because the Ming and the Manchu Emperors forbade trade with Japan. In order to obtain the highly desirable Chinese silks and ceramics, the Japanese had to come to Faifo. Local high quality silk was also one of the primary trade for Japanese merchants, who often purchase whole batches months prior to their annual arrival. The local silk price also reflected any changes in Japanese market. In return, Đàng Trong experienced serious shortage of precious metals like gold and copper which

1763-639: Was a 17th and 18th-century lengthy civil war waged between the two ruling families in Vietnam , the Trịnh lords of Đàng Ngoài and the Nguyễn lords of Đàng Trong , centered in today's Central Vietnam. The wars resulted in a long stalemate and century of peace before conflicts resumed in 1774 resulting in the emergence of the Tây Sơn forces following Trịnh Lords at the time, Nguyễn Lords collapsed in Saigon in 1777. During

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1806-471: Was assassinated. Nguyen Kim's son-in-law, Trinh Kiem, then took control over the Royal army. In 1558, Trịnh Kiểm gave the rulership over the southernmost province of Quang Nam to Nguyen Hoang , his wife's brother and the second son of Nguyen Kim. The suspicious causes of his father's and brother's deaths, as well as his brother's subsequent takeover, probably caused bitter resentment in Nguyen Hoang and

1849-435: Was so young when the family first came to power, Trịnh Tùng theoretically belonged to the second generation. The Trịnh family wielded the military power of the country and took turns as regents to the figurehead Lê kings who nominally reigned over the country. Trịnh Kiểm , Tùng's father, was given the title of 'Duke' during his life and after his death was conferred with the title of Thái Vương , which means "Great Prince". From

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