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39-783: The Kirkwood Range was named by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956–58) for Captain Harry Kirkwood , Royal Navy , captain of the supply ship Endeavour during this period. The Kirkwood Range is just inland from the Oates Piedmont Glacier, which extends along the west coast of the Ross Sea from Mawson Glacier to the north to Fry Glacier to

78-604: A huge flat-topped coastal mountain, 1,810 metres (5,940 ft) high, standing north of Fry Glacier and northwest of Mount Creak and Shoulder Mountain and forming the southern block of the Kirkwood Range. Surveyed in 1957 by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the CTAE (1956-58) and named by them for HMNZS Endeavour, supply ship for the New Zealand party. A more recent description from Antarctica New Zealand says it

117-490: A very windy place, which made work outdoors unpleasant. All stores lying in the snow tended to get buried and there was a constant danger of them getting lost. They managed to take a number of journeys to collect seals for the dogs and to scout a route to the south. They used dogs and the Weasel tractor , and four Tucker Sno-Cats . In December 1956, Fuchs returned on Danish Polar vessel Magga Dan with additional supplies, and

156-505: Is a 1,810 metres (5,940 ft) summit, 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the base of Ketchum Ridge in the south part of Endeavour Massif. The name Mount Endeavour was given to the south block of the Kirkwood Range by the N.Z. Northern Survey Party of CTAE in Oct. 1957, but in subsequent N.Z. and U.S. maps the name was identified as the 1810m summit described above. Following additional mapping by USGS in 1999 and consultation between US-ACAN and NZGB,

195-652: The Antarctic continent from Shackleton Base via the Pole to Scott Base, following roughly the same route as Fuchs' overland party. Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( ACAN or US-ACAN ) is an advisory committee of the United States Board on Geographic Names responsible for recommending commemorative names for features in Antarctica . The committee

234-572: The BrNAE (1901-04) and named for Sir Peter Chetwynd, a naval friend of Scott's, who was later Superintendent of Compasses at the Admiralty. 76°25′00″S 161°57′00″E  /  76.4166667°S 161.95°E  / -76.4166667; 161.95 . A glacier-filled gap at 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). It trends east-west between Robertson Massif and Endeavour Massif. Pa Tio Tio is a Maori word meaning frozen over. A huge, flat-topped massif on

273-649: The British team were separately based at Halley Bay . Fuchs was knighted for his accomplishment. The second overland crossing of the continent did not occur until 1981, during the Transglobe Expedition led by Ranulph Fiennes . Preparations began in London in 1955. Over the austral summer of 1955 to 1956, Fuchs sailed with an advance party from London to Antarctica in the Canadian sealer Theron , with

312-729: The CTAE was a private venture, though it was supported by the governments of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, United States, Australia and South Africa, as well as many corporate and individual donations, under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II . It was headed by British explorer Vivian Fuchs , with New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary leading the New Zealand Ross Sea Support team. The New Zealand party included scientists participating in International Geophysical Year research while

351-509: The Kirkwood Range. Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (BrNAE) (1901-04) which named this feature after Professor Carl Friedrich Gauss (1775-1855), German mathematician and astronomer. 76°20′S 162°02′E  /  76.333°S 162.033°E  / -76.333; 162.033 . Mountain, over 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high, immediately south of Mount Gauss. Discovered by

390-399: The New Zealand. Northern Survey Party of CTAE in Oct. 1957, but on subsequent N.Z. and U.S. maps the name was identified as an 1800 m summit 3.5 miles NW of Mount Creak. Following additional mapping by USGS in 1999 and consultation between US-ACAN and NZGB, the name of the south block of Kirkwood Range was amended to Endeavour Massif to provide terminology better suited to the complex nature of

429-828: The Robertson Massif which contains Mount Gauss and Mount Chetwynd and lies to the north of the Pa Tio Tio Gap, and the Endeavour Massif, to the south of the gap, which includes Shoulder Mountain, Mount Belgrave and Mount Creak. Download coordinates as: Named features of the range, from north to south, include: 76°22′00″S 161°55′00″E  /  76.3666667°S 161.9166667°E  / -76.3666667; 161.9166667 . A rugged, mainly ice-covered massif, 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) long, located north of Pa Tio Tio Gap. The feature includes Mount Gauss and Mount Chetwynd and forms

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468-738: The Ross Sea Group. 76°36′00″S 162°01′00″E  /  76.6°S 162.0166667°E  / -76.6; 162.0166667 . A prominent rock summit that rises over 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) about 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) west of Mount Creak. The feature overlooks the north side of Fry Glacier at the south extremity of Kirkwood Range. Named after Vince Belgrave, surveyor or leader in several surveys and geodetic projects for NZAP, 1984-1997. 76°36′S 162°00′E  /  76.600°S 162.000°E  / -76.600; 162.000 . A sharp peak, 1,240 metres (4,070 ft) high, just north of Shoulder Mountain in

507-495: The Scott Coast of Victoria Land. The massif extends south from Pa Tio Tio Gap to Fry Glacier and forms the south block of the Kirkwood Range. Shoulder Mountain, Mount Belgrave and Mount Creak rise from the south part of the massif. Steep coastal cliffs and projecting ridges mark the east margin, but there is a gentle slope west from the massif's broad, plateaulike snow summit. This feature was originally named Mount Endeavour by

546-532: The South Pole, but when he had completed laying supply depots he saw the opportunity to beat the British and continued south, reaching the Pole—where the U.S. Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station had recently been established by air—on 3 January 1958. Hillary's party was just the third—preceded by Roald Amundsen in 1911 and Robert Falcon Scott in 1912—to reach the Pole overland. Hillary's arrival also marked

585-434: The advance party, led by Ken Blaiklock , were left on the ice, having only tents and a packing crate as shelter. Most of the stores were left on the bay ice, some two miles (3.2 km) from the site of where the base was to be set up. Their first task was to get all these stores from the bay ice to the base and to try to build some permanent shelter for the oncoming winter. Once some food and paraffin had been brought up and

624-625: The continent, in consultation with other national nomenclature bodies where appropriate, as defined by the Antarctic Treaty System . The research and staff support for the ACAN is provided by the United States Geological Survey . ACAN has a published policy on naming, based on priority of application, appropriateness, and the extent to which usage has become established. The United States Secretary of

663-399: The dogs safely tethered by the base, the men started to build their hut. This proved to be far more difficult than had been envisaged – not only were the eight men insufficient in number to carry out the heavy tasks easily but the weather at Shackleton was colder and much windier than had been anticipated. When the skeleton of the hut was complete, the men positioned the crates containing

702-551: The esteemed Joel David Ellis Watkins, —were responsible for route-finding and laying a line of supply depots up the Skelton Glacier and across the Polar Plateau on towards the South Pole, for the use of Fuchs on the final leg of his journey. Other members of Hillary's team carried out geological surveys around the Ross Sea and Victoria Land areas. It was not originally intended that Hillary would travel as far as

741-416: The feature. For the sake of historical continuity, the name Mount Endeavour has been retained for the summit NW of Mt Creak. Both features are named after HMNZS Endeavour (formerly John Biscoe ), supply ship to the 1957 N.Z. Northern Survey Party. 76°27′00″S 161°58′00″E  /  76.45°S 161.9666667°E  / -76.45; 161.9666667 . A summit that overlooks Pa Tio Tio Gap from

780-526: The first time that land vehicles had ever reached the Pole. Fuchs' team reached the Pole from the opposite direction on 19 January 1958, where they met up with Hillary. Fuchs then continued overland, following the route that Hillary had laid, while Hillary flew back to Scott Base in a U.S. plane. He would later rejoin Fuchs by plane for part of the remaining overland journey. The overland party finally arrived at Scott Base on 2 March 1958, having completed

819-493: The historic crossing of 3,473 kilometres (2,158 mi) of previously unexplored snow and ice in 99 days. A few days later the expedition members left Antarctica for New Zealand on the New Zealand naval ship Endeavour . The ship was captained by Captain Harry Kirkwood . Although large quantities of supplies were hauled overland, both parties were also equipped with light aircraft and made extensive use of air support for reconnaissance and supplies. Additional logistical help

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858-428: The lower Fry Glacier and close south of Mount Creak. Mapped and given this descriptive name by the 1957 New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the CTAE, 1956-58. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition The Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition ( CTAE ) of 1955–1958

897-508: The name Endeavour Massif was approved for the south block of the Kirkwood Range. For the sake of historical continuity the name Mount Endeavour has been retained for the summit near Ketchum Ridge. The summit and the massif are named after HMNZS Endeavour (formerly John Biscoe ), supply ship to the 1957 N.Z. Northern Survey Party. 76°32′00″S 162°18′00″E  /  76.5333333°S 162.3°E  / -76.5333333; 162.3 . A glacier that flows east from Endeavour Massif along

936-480: The north part of the Endeavour Massif. Named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (1999) after Commander C. Bulfinch, United States Navy, captain of USS Atka in the Ross Sea during Operation Deep Freeze II and III, 1956-57 and 1957-58. Alberts (1995) describes Mount Endeavour ( 76°33′S 162°01′E  /  76.550°S 162.017°E  / -76.550; 162.017 ) as

975-460: The north segment of Kirkwood Range. Named after William Robertson, Chief Executive Officer and Surveyor-General of the Department of Survey and Land Information, 1988-96; directed programs for Antarctic surveying, mapping and place naming; currently a member of SCAR. 76°19′S 162°02′E  /  76.317°S 162.033°E  / -76.317; 162.033 . The northernmost peak of

1014-678: The north side of Ketchum Ridge to Tripp Ice Tongue . Named after Lieutenant Commander Glenn F. Glezen, U.S. Navy (USN), Administrative Officer, Task Force 43, on Operation Deep Freeze I and IV, 1955-56 and 1958-59. 76°33′00″S 162°20′00″E  /  76.55°S 162.3333333°E  / -76.55; 162.3333333 . The largest ridge that extends east from the south part of Endeavour Massif, Kirkwood Range. Named after Captain Gerald L. Ketchum, U.S. Navy (USN), Deputy Commander of Task Force 43 for Operation Deep Freeze I, II, and III; three seasons, 1955-56 through 1957-58, in command of ships in

1053-659: The purpose of establishing Shackleton Base near Vahsel Bay on the Weddell Sea , from which the trans-Antarctic expedition would begin. The Theron , like its immediate forebear, the Endurance , was trapped in the ice. Despite sustaining considerable damage, she was able to free herself with the help of the Auster Antarctic floatplane that scouted a way out. In early 1956, Fuchs sailed back to London, leaving eight men to over-winter at Shackleton. The eight men of

1092-428: The south end of the Kirkwood Range. Discovered by the BrNAE (1901-04) which named this peak for Captain E.W. Creak, Director of Compasses at the Admiralty. 76°36′00″S 162°17′00″E  /  76.6°S 162.2833333°E  / -76.6; 162.2833333 . A prominent peak over 600 metres (2,000 ft) high, located at the end of the ridge 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) east of Mount Creak in

1131-599: The south. Inland, the Convoy Range lies to the southwest, terminating in Mount Douglas at the head of the Fry Glacier. The Mawson Glacier extends to the northwest, forming near Trinity Nunatak and Jarina Nunatak . On a 1962 map, features of the range included, from north to south, Mount Gauss, Mount Chetwynd, Mount Endeavour, Mount Creak and Shoulder Mountain. More recently, the range has been divided into

1170-565: The south. It rises over 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) at the north extremity of the Endeavour Massif. Named after Peter Cleary, who served with the Antarctic Division and Antarctica NZ from 1978; worked with NZ and UK programs as field assistant, dog handler, and in logistics support. 76°29′00″S 162°13′00″E  /  76.4833333°S 162.2166667°E  / -76.4833333; 162.2166667 . A ridge 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) long that extends east from

1209-411: The southeast extremity of Endeavor Massif. In association with Endeavour Massif, named after Ramon Tito, Able Seaman on HMNZS Endeavour who raised the first NZ flag over Scott Base , January 20, 1957. 76°37′S 162°08′E  /  76.617°S 162.133°E  / -76.617; 162.133 . A prominent, triangular rock buttress over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) high, on the north side of

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1248-508: The southern summer of 1956–1957 was spent consolidating Shackleton Base and establishing the smaller South Ice Base, about 300 miles (480 km) inland to the south. After spending the winter of 1957 at Shackleton Base, Fuchs finally set out on the transcontinental journey in November ;1957, with a 12-man team travelling in six vehicles; three Sno-Cats , two Weasel tractors , and one specially adapted Muskeg tractor . En route,

1287-517: The team were also tasked with carrying out scientific research including seismic soundings and gravimetric readings. In parallel, Hillary's team had set up Scott Base —which was to be Fuchs' final destination—on the opposite side of the continent at McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea . Using three converted Ferguson TE20 tractors and one Weasel, abandoned part-way, Hillary and his three men—Ron Balham, Peter Mulgrew and Ellis Williams, great uncle of

1326-411: The unfinished hut itself was full of snow. The bay ice had broken off taking all the remaining stores with it. Much food and fuel, a couple of huts and a tractor had all gone to sea. The men tried to retrieve the crates by tunnelling under the snow; the tunnels proved to be useful kennels for the dogs protecting them from the unexpectedly severe winter conditions at Shackleton. The party of eight survived

1365-465: The wall and roof panels around the building site. Then a blizzard began, and lasted for more than a week. The temperature dropped to −20 °C (−4 °F) and the drift around the base made it impossible to do any work outside. The men sheltered in their crate and slept in their tents which were constantly in danger of getting buried by the drift. When finally the wind subsided the giant crates of wall panels had all disappeared under many feet of drift and

1404-403: The winter with some difficulty, but in reasonably good health, and finally completed the building of the hut except for one hole in the roof, the panel for which was never found. While the hut was being constructed they lived by day in the tractor crate and slept in their tents, two men to each tent. The winter temperatures often fell well below −30 °C (−22 °F), and Shackleton proved to be

1443-516: Was a Commonwealth -sponsored expedition that successfully completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica , via the South Pole . It was the first expedition to reach the South Pole overland for 46 years, preceded only by Amundsen's expedition and Scott's expedition in 1911 and 1912. In keeping with the tradition of polar expeditions of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration ,

1482-793: Was established in 1943 as the Special Committee on Antarctic Names (SCAN). It became the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1947. Fred G. Alberts was Secretary of the Committee from 1949 to 1980. By 1959, a structured nomenclature was reached, allowing for further exploration, structured mapping of the region and a unique naming system. A 1990 ACAN gazeeter of Antarctica listed 16,000 names. The United States does not recognise territorial boundaries within Antarctica, so ACAN assigns names to features anywhere within

1521-452: Was provided by U.S. personnel who were working in Antarctica at that time. Both parties also took dog teams which were used for fieldwork trips and backup in case of failure of the mechanical transportation, though the dogs were not taken all the way to the Pole. In December 1957 four men from the expedition flew one of the planes—a de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter —on an 11-hour, 1,430-mile (2,300 km), non-stop trans-polar flight across

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