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50-491: The Mariinsky Theatre (Russian: Мариинский театр , romanized : Mariinskiy teatr , also transcribed as Maryinsky or Mariyinsky ) is a historic opera house in Saint Petersburg , Russia . Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music theatre of late 19th-century Russia, where many of the stage masterpieces of Tchaikovsky , Mussorgsky , and Rimsky-Korsakov received their premieres. Through most of

100-442: A native Russian keyboard layout ( JCUKEN ). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout , such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic. There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of Russian Cyrillic , with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration

150-596: A Latin alphabet for the Russian language was discussed in 1929–30 during the campaign of latinisation of the languages of the USSR , when a special commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian. The letters of the Latin script are named in Russian as following (and are borrowed from French and/or German ): The Golden Cockerel Rimsky-Korsakov had considered his previous opera, The Legend of

200-524: A marriage proposal from Dodon, which she coyly accepts. The Final Scene starts with the wedding procession in all its splendour. As this reaches its conclusion, the Astrologer appears and says to Dodon, “You promised me anything I could ask for if there could be a happy resolution of your troubles ... .” “Yes, yes,” replies the Tsar, “just name it and you shall have it.” “Right,” says the Astrologer, “I want

250-497: A new building, then to be named The Second Stage , with 1,830 seats, which would complement the existing Mariinsky. Construction began in 2003, following a different design by French architect Jean Nouvel that was halted at the sub-basement level. The new design team took over in 2009. The completion of Mariinsky II was predicted to result in Saint Petersburg's equivalent of New York City 's Lincoln Center . Construction

300-827: A performance by the Zimin Opera . Emil Cooper conducted; set designs were by Ivan Bilibin . The opera was given at the city's Bolshoi Theatre a month later, on 6 November, conducted by Vyacheslav Suk and with set designs by Konstantin Korovin . London and Paris premieres occurred in 1914; in Paris it was staged at the Palais Garnier by the Ballets Russes as an opera-ballet, choreographed and directed by Michel Fokine with set and costume designs by Natalia Goncharova . The United States premiere took place at

350-751: A theatre. The Imperial Mariinsky Theatre and its predecessor, the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, hosted the premieres of many of the operas of Mikhail Glinka , Modest Mussorgsky , and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . At the behest of the theatre director Ivan Vsevolozhsky , both the Imperial Ballet (ballet arrived at the Mariinsky theater in 1870) and the Imperial Opera were relocated to the Mariinsky Theatre in 1886, as

400-597: Is often carried out without any consistent standards. Scientific transliteration, also known as the International Scholarly System , is a system that has been used in linguistics since the 19th century. It is based on the Czech alphabet and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems. OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935. Developed by

450-706: Is the main system of the Oxford University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The Library of Congress system (ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions. The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting ë to yo , simplifying -iy and -yy endings to -y , and omitting apostrophes for ъ and ь . It can be rendered using only

500-604: The Bolshoi Theatre . It was returned unedited, yet suddenly taken back the next day. This time many changes were requested to be made to the libretto as well as the original Pushkin's text. Rimsky-Korsakov suspected someone's denunciation and resisted any changes. He continued the work on orchestration while fighting with progressive illness. In June 1908, Telyakovskiy informed him that the Moscow Governor-General Sergei Gershelman

550-570: The Kirov name, acquired during the Soviet era to commemorate the assassinated Leningrad Communist Party leader Sergey Kirov (1886–1934). The Imperial drama, opera and ballet troupe in Saint Petersburg was established in 1783, at the behest of Catherine the Great , although an Italian ballet troupe had performed at the Russian court since the early 18th century. A permanent theatre building for

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600-789: The Metropolitan Opera House on 6 March 1918, with Marie Sundelius in the title role, Adamo Didur and Maria Barrientos in the actual leads, and Pierre Monteux conducting. The Met performed the work regularly through 1945. All Met performances before World War II were sung in French; during the work's final season in the Met repertory, the Golden Cockerel was sung in English. The English translators were Antal Doráti and James Gibson. The work has not been performed at

650-568: The Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script ), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using

700-490: The Russo-Japanese war ." Also, Rimsky-Korsakov's previous works inspired by Alexander Pushkin 's poems, especially Tsar Saltan (1899-1900), had proven to be very successful. The work on The Golden Cockerel began in 1906, and finished by September, 1907. By the end of February 1908, the director of Imperial Theatres , Vladimir Telyakovskiy passed the score to the censorship agency in order to get an approval for

750-477: The Astrologer, who supplies a magic Golden Cockerel to safeguard the Tsar's interests. When the little cockerel confirms that the Tsaritsa of Shemakha does harbor territorial ambitions, Dodon decides to preemptively strike Shemakha, sending his army to battle under the command of his two sons. However, his sons are both so inept that they manage to kill each other on the battlefield. Tsar Dodon then decides to lead

800-640: The BBC broadcast a live performance in English from the Theatre Royal Glasgow with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra under Alexander Gibson , and with Don Garrard as Tsar Dodon, John Angelo Messana as the Astrologer and Catherine Gayer as the Tsaritsa. The Mariinsky Theatre staged a new production of The Golden Cockerel on 25 December 2014, with Valery Gergiev as conductor. The stage director and costume designer

850-557: The Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre was considered unsafe. Other world premieres given at the house included Mussorgsky 's opera Boris Godunov in 1874, Tchaikovsky 's operas The Queen of Spades in 1890 and Iolanta in 1892, the revised version of Prokofiev 's ballet Romeo and Juliet in 1940, and Khachaturian 's ballet Spartacus in 1956. Other notable productions included Rimsky-Korsakov 's opera The Golden Cockerel in 1909 and Prokofiev's ballet Cinderella in 1946 (with Natalya Dudinskaya ). The imperial and Soviet theater

900-456: The British Library since 1975. The formal, unambiguous version of the system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics, two-letter tie characters , and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials. British Standard 2979:1958

950-589: The Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya (1907) to be his final artistic statement in the medium, and, indeed, this work has been called a "summation of the nationalistic operatic tradition of Glinka and The Five ." However, the political situation in Russia at the time inspired him to take up the pen to compose a "razor-sharp satire of the autocracy, of Russian imperialism , and of

1000-542: The Latin Alphabet is an adoption of ISO 9:1995 . It is the official standard of both Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). GOST 52535.1-2006 Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports is an adoption of an ICAO standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 ( see below ). The standard

1050-543: The Met since the war, but it was staged at neighboring New York City Opera from 1967 to 1971, always in English, with Beverly Sills singing the Tsaritsa of Shemakha opposite Norman Treigle 's Dodon, and Julius Rudel conducting Tito Capobianco 's production. At Covent Garden in London the opera was seen in January 1954, in a production by Robert Helpmann conducted by Igor Markevitch (making his Covent Garden debut);

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1100-685: The National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the USSR Council of Ministers , GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000. This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the COMECON . GOST 7.79-2000 System of Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using

1150-548: The Opera Company continued to stage innovative productions of both modern and classic Russian operas. In April 2022, resident conductor Gavriel Heine, a protégé of Gergiev, resigned from the theater in part because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . The nearby Mariinsky Theatre Concert Hall, designed by French architect, Xavier Fabre, opened in spring 2007. The Canadian firm Diamond and Schmitt Architects , along with its local partner KB ViPS Architects, designed

1200-641: The Soviet era, it was known as the Kirov Theatre . Today, the Mariinsky Theatre is home to the Mariinsky Ballet , Mariinsky Opera and Mariinsky Orchestra . Since Yuri Temirkanov 's retirement in 1988, the conductor Valery Gergiev has served as the theatre's general director. The theatre is named after Empress Maria Alexandrovna , wife of Tsar Alexander II . There is a bust of the Empress in

1250-410: The Tsaritsa of Shemakha!” At this, the Tsar flares up in fury, and strikes down the Astrologer with a blow from his mace. The Golden Cockerel, loyal to his Astrologer master, then swoops across and pecks through the Tsar's jugular. The sky darkens. When light returns, the Tsaritsa and the little cockerel are gone. The Astrologer comes again before the curtain and announces the end of his story, reminding

1300-511: The army himself, but further bloodshed is averted because the Golden Cockerel ensures that the old Tsar becomes besotted when he actually sees the beautiful Tsaritsa. The Tsaritsa herself encourages this situation by performing a seductive dance – which tempts the Tsar to try and partner her, but he is clumsy and makes a complete mess of it. The Tsaritsa realises that she can take over Dodon's country without further fighting – she engineers

1350-622: The basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the interpunct character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity. This particular standard is part of the BGN/PCGN romanization system which was developed by the United States Board on Geographic Names and by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use . The portion of

1400-525: The cast included Hugues Cuénod as the astrologer, Howell Glynne as Dodon, and Mattiwilda Dobbs as the Queen of Shemakhan. In 1998, the Royal Opera company presented a new production at Sadler's Wells Theatre produced by Tim Hopkins and conducted by Vladimir Jurowski with Jean-Paul Fouchécourt as the astrologer, Paata Burchuladze as Dodon and Elena Kelessidi as the Queen. On 13 December 1975,

1450-545: The following orchestral suite: Efrem Zimbalist wrote Concert Phantasy on 'Le coq d'or' for violin and piano based on themes from the suite. Marina Frolova-Walker points to The Golden Cockerel as the fore-runner of the anti-psychologistic and absurdist ideas which would culminate in such 20th century 'anti-operas' as Prokofiev 's The Love for Three Oranges (1921) and Shostakovich 's The Nose (1930). In this, his last opera, Rimsky-Korsakov had laid "the foundation for modernist opera in Russia and beyond." In 1978–79

1500-443: The introduction of a dedicated Latin alphabet for writing the Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except for informal romanizations in the computer era. The most serious possibility of adoption of

1550-470: The main entrance foyer. The theatre's name has changed throughout its history, reflecting the political climate of the time: Note: The acronym "GATOB" (Gosudarstvennïy Akademicheskiy Teatr Operï i Baleta) is often encountered in historical accounts. The theatre building is commonly called the Mariinsky Theatre . The companies that operate within it have for brand recognition purposes retained

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1600-498: The new company of opera and ballet artists was designed by Antonio Rinaldi and opened in 1783. Known as the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre , the structure was situated on Carousel Square, which was renamed Theatre Square in honour of the building. Both names – "Kamenny" (Russian word for "stone") and "Bolshoi" (Russian word for "big") – were coined to distinguish it from

1650-484: The new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration, especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013. In 2013, Order No. 320 of the Federal Migration Service of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in

1700-423: The orchestra of the most important leitmotifs, a mysterious Astrologer comes before the curtain and announces to the audience that, although they are going to see and hear a fictional tale from long ago, his story will have a valid and true moral. The bumbling Tsar Dodon talks himself into believing that his country is in danger from a neighbouring state, Shemakha, ruled by a beautiful Tsaritsa. He requests advice of

1750-509: The passports must be transliterated by using the ICAO system , which is published in Doc 9303 " Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3 ". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things: ц is transliterated into ts (as in pre-2010 systems), ъ is transliterated into ie (a novelty). In a second sense, the romanization or Latinization of Russian may also indicate

1800-431: The public that what they just saw was “merely illusion,” that only he and the Tsaritsa were mortals and real. Preface to The Golden Cockerel by librettist V. Belsky (1907) Composer's Performance Remarks (1907) Staging Practices Early stagings became influential by stressing the modernist elements inherent in the opera. Diaghilev 's 1914 Paris production had the singers sitting offstage, while dancers provided

1850-488: The stage action. Though some in Russia disapproved of Diaghilev's interpretation, and Rimsky-Korsakov's widow threatened to sue, the production was considered a milestone. Stravinsky was to expand on this idea in the staging of his own Renard (1917) and Les Noces (1923), in which the singers are unseen, and mimes or dancers perform on stage. Rimsky-Korsakov made the following concert arrangement: After his death, A. Glazunov and M. Shteynberg (Steinberg) compiled

1900-502: The system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. In Soviet international passports , transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a French-style system . In 1997, with the introduction of new Russian passports , a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs , but

1950-447: The system was also abandoned in 2010. In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the Federal Migration Service of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between

2000-553: The teachings of Agrippina Vaganova , artists Marina Semyonova , Galina Ulanova , Rudolf Nureyev , Natalia Makarova , Mikhail Baryshnikov , Irina Kolpakova , Galina Mezentseva , Altynai Asylmuratova , as well as more recent dancers of renown Ulyana Lopatkina , Diana Vishneva , and Svetlana Zakharova , students of the school as now named, the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet . Guest Soloist: Reza Fekri Under Yuri Temirkanov , Principal Conductor from 1976 to 1988,

2050-671: The use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language. The UNGEGN , a Working Group of the United Nations , in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of GOST 16876-71 . It may be found in some international cartographic products. American Library Association and Library of Congress (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in North American libraries and in

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2100-459: The wooden Little Theatre. In 1836, the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre was renovated to a design by Albert Cavos (son of Catterino Cavos , an opera composer), and served as the principal theatre of the Imperial Ballet and opera. On 29 January 1849, the Equestrian circus (Конный цирк) opened on Theatre Square. This was also the work of the architect Cavos. The building was designed to double as

2150-597: Was Anna Matison. The opera was presented in Russian during the 2015 winter season by the Sarasota Opera conducted by Ekhart Wycik , with set designs by David P. Gordon, and featuring Grigory Soloviov as Tsar Dodon, Alexandra Batsios as the Tsaritsa of Shemakha, Timur Bekbosunov at the Astrologer, and Riley Svatos as the Golden Cockerel. De Munt/La Monnaie staged a new production in Brussels in December 2016. This

2200-633: Was a co-production with the Teatro Real of Madrid and Opera National de Lorraine (Nancy). The stage director and costume designer was Laurent Pelly; the conductor, Alain Altinoglu. The role of Tsar Dodon was shared between Pavol Hunka and Alexey Tikhomirov; the Tsarina shared between Venera Gimadieva and Nina Minasyan. Alexander Kravets took the role of Astrologer and the singing role of the Cockerel

2250-1040: Was completed in May 2013, at a price of 500 million euros. In 2009, the Mariinsky Theatre launched its own record label, managed by the same team that run the LSO Live label in London. Among the titles that have been released are: Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto No 3 / Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini performed by Denis Matsuev, conducted by Valery Gergiev Mariinsky Label Website Shchedrin : The Enchanted Wanderer conducted by Valery Gergiev Mariinsky Label Website Shostakovich : The Nose conducted by Valery Gergiev Mariinsky Label Website Shostakovich : Symphonies Nos 1 & 15 conducted by Valery Gergiev Mariinsky Label Website Stravinsky : Oedipus Rex / Les Noces conducted by Valery Gergiev Mariinsky Label Website Tchaikovsky : 1812 , Moscow Cantata , Marche Slave conducted by Valery Gergiev Mariinsky Label Website Romanization of Russian The romanization of

2300-456: Was highly against the opera. In his last letter Rimsky-Korsakov asked his friend and music publisher Boris Jurgenson, to contact Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi and suggest him to stage The Golden Cockerel in Paris . He died two days later and thus never witnessed the premiere of his last opera. The premiere took place on 7 October, ( O.S. 24 September) 1909, at Moscow's Solodovnikov Theatre in

2350-607: Was played by Sheva Tehoval with Sarah Demarthe as the on-stage Cockerel. Note on names : Note : There is an actual city of Shemakha (also spelled "Şamaxı", "Schemacha" and "Shamakhy"), which is the capital of the Shamakhi Rayon of Azerbaijan. In Pushkin's day it was an important city and capital of what was to become the Baku Governorate. But the realm of that name, ruled by its tsaritsa, bears little resemblance to today's Shemakha and region. After quotation by

2400-519: Was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/ IEC 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the ICAO romanization ( see below ). Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which was amended by newer Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical. ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968,

2450-570: Was the adoption of the scientific transliteration by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages. ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by

2500-504: Was the home of numerous impresarios, conductors, and musicians. Conductors : Mikhail Zhukov (1932–35), Israel Chudnovsky and others. Ballet : The ballet school of the Mariinsky Theatre spawned the careers of artists Mathilde Kschessinskaya , Olga Preobrajenskaya , Anna Pavlova , Tamara Karsavina , Vaslav Nijinsky , and George Balanchine , students of the Imperial Ballet School and style, and, under and after

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