Tshopo is one of the 21 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning . It is situated in the north central part of the country on the Tshopo River , for which it is named.
95-598: Kisangani / k iː s ə ŋ ˈ ɡ ɑː n i / (formerly Stanleyville or Stanleystad ) is the capital of Tshopo Province , located on the Congo River in the eastern part of the central Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . It is the country's fifth most populous urban area, with an estimated population of 1,602,144 as of 2018, and the largest of the cities in the tropical woodlands of
190-542: A noun class system in which nouns are classified according to the prefixes they bear and the prefixes they trigger in sentences. The table below shows Lingala's noun classes ordered according to the numbering system widely used in descriptions of Bantu languages. Individual classes pair up to form singular/plural pairs, sometimes called genders. There are seven genders. The singular classes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 take their plural forms from classes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, respectively. Additionally, many household items found in class 9 take
285-474: A vernacular has since grown with the size and importance of its main centers of use, Kinshasa and Brazzaville ; with its use as the lingua franca of the armed forces; and with the popularity of soukous music. At first the language the European pioneers and their African troops had forged out of Bobangi was called "the river language", "the trade language", and other volatile names. Beginning in 1884, it
380-523: A bend to a confluence with the Congo River ; at the alteration of the waterways lies the city of Kisangani. Much of Kisangani City is built on land with the Tshopo River on its north and the Congo River on its south. Many tributaries and islands are intertwined, conducive to moving inland waterways. Tidal straits separate L'Île Mbiye from the mainland of Kisangani City. The seven cataracts have
475-498: A class 2 prefix ( ba ) in the plural: lútu → balútu 'spoon', mésa → bamésa 'table', sáni → basáni 'plate'. Words in class 11 usually take a class 10 plural. Most words from class 14 (abstract nouns) do not have a plural counterpart. Class 9 and 10 have a nasal prefix, which assimilates to the following consonant. Thus, the prefix shows up as 'n' on words that start with t or d , e.g. ntaba 'goat', but as 'm' on words that start with b or p (e.g. mbísi 'fish'). There
570-622: A decree establishing nine districts within the colony, including Stanley Falls District , each governed by a district commissioner. In 1887, Stanley proposed Tippu Tip as the governor ( wali ) of the Stanley Falls District, a proposal accepted by both Leopold II and Barghash bin Said . Tippu Tip assumed the position on 24 February 1887, and Stanley Falls District remained under Arab control until June 1888. However, hostilities resumed, and Arab Swahili influence in Stanley Falls District
665-587: A distinct local culture. The city's waterfront allure and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. As a Central African city, Kisangani shares many cultural characteristics with the rest of the continent. It has a tradition of producing African jazz , Congolese rumba , soukous , African folk, and ndombolo music. The city has also produced much talent in the fields of visual arts , theatre, music, and dance. Some of its better known popular culture residents include Abeti Masikini , Anne-Sylvie Mouzon , Barly Baruti , Koffi Olomide and Moreno. Yet, being at
760-408: A full range of morphological noun prefixes with mandatory grammatical agreement system with subject–verb, or noun–modifier for each of class. It is largely used in formal functions and in some forms of writing. Most native speakers of Spoken Lingala and Kinshasa Lingala consider it incomprehensible. Northwestern (or Equateur ) Lingala is the product of the (incomplete) internalization by Congolese of
855-571: A large stage show, 10 booths that host libraries , internet cafes , sewing stations, interactive gaming machines and cafeterias . The cultural space in Kisangani provides multitudes of beauty pageants a platform to exchange experiences, provide mentoring consultation and hosting of training seminars. Miss Boyoma is annually held in December, organized by the cities' authority to determine the most beautiful girl in Kisangani. Elysée of 17 years old
950-501: A legacy of historic and architectural interest, especially in the downtown area. Rosaire of Notre-Dame Cathedral, Central Market and the impressive 19th century headquarters of all major Kisangani banks on 1st Avenue. Kisangani holds a campus of the National University of the Congo , which includes the renowned Medicine Faculty, also known because of the refuted oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis . Kisangani also maintains
1045-492: A marshy tropical rainforest, which endows it with abundant natural resources . Its strategic position at a key freight breakpoint on the river also makes Stanleyville a vital hub for communications and goods transshipment operations. During the Belgian Congo colonial period, Stanleyville's urban structure comprised a commercial center and residential districts for Europeans (Belgians, Portuguese) and Asians, separated from
SECTION 10
#17327651067061140-558: A natural transportation waterway for much of the Congo Basin , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. The city is bordered by Banalia Territory to the north, Ubundu and Opala territories to the south, Isangi to the west, and Bafwasende municipalities to the east. Kisangani lies 324 km from Buta , 572 kilometres (355 mi) from Isiro , 696 kilometres (432 mi) from Bunia and 2,912 kilometres (1,809 mi) from Kinshasa . The city's topography
1235-698: A proper means of education and evangelization. Each of them set out on a program of massive corpus planning, aimed at actively "correcting" and "enlarging" Bangala from above [...]. One of them was the Catholic missionary Egide De Boeck of the Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae (CICM, commonly known as "the Missionaries of Scheut" or "Scheutists"), who arrived in Bangala Station – Nouvelle Anvers in 1901. Another one
1330-426: A total drop of 61 meters (200 feet). Wagenia Falls where the fishery is installed on the rapids can be seen. The soil in Kisangani is typical of the central Congo Basin , characterized by red ochre ferralitic soils, also known as Ferralsols or Oxisols . These soils are known for their considerable thickness, red to yellow coloring, and acidic pH (less than 6). The low silica sesquioxide ratio of
1425-436: A village, complete with gardens. Following the establishment of relations between the local African communities and European traders, Arab-Swahili slave traders from Zanzibar —commonly referred to as "Arabs" in contemporary European accounts—reached Stanley Falls from the east. Relations between Free State officials and the slavers were fraught with tension. In October 1884, Lieutenant Arvid Wester , who had succeeded Binnie as
1520-584: A vowel shift from /ɔ/ to /o/ , leading to the absence of the phoneme /ɔ/ in favor of /o/ . The same occurs with /ɛ/ and /e/ , leading to just /e/ . So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say mbóte as /ᵐbóte/ , compared to the more traditional pronunciation, /ᵐbɔ́tɛ/ . The prenasalized stops formed with a nasal followed by a voiceless plosive are allophonic to the voiceless plosives alone in some variations of Lingala. The prenasalized voiced occlusives, /ᵐb/, /ⁿd/, /ᵑɡ/, /ⁿz/ , do not vary. Lingala
1615-433: Is Miss Boyoma 2009. Other live music genres which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Kisangani Blues, Kisangani Soul, African Jazz , soukous and gospel . The city is the birthplace of Congolese legendary musicians Abeti Masikini and Koffi Olomide and is the site of an influential nu-rumba scene. In the 1950s, the city was a center for African Folk, soukous and African jazz . This influence continued into
1710-637: Is a Bantu language spoken in the northwest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the northern half of the Republic of the Congo , in their capitals, Kinshasa and Brazzaville , and to a lesser degree as a trade language or because of emigration in neighbouring Angola or Central African Republic . Lingala has 20 million native speakers and about another 20 million second-language speakers, for an approximate total of 40 million speakers. A significant portion of both Congolese diasporas speaks Lingala in their countries of immigration like Belgium , France or
1805-488: Is a tonal language . Tone is a distinguishing feature in minimal pairs , e.g.: mutu (human being) and mutú (head), or kokoma (to write) and kokóma (to arrive). There are two main tones, low and high, and two less common ones: starting high, dipping low, and ending high, all within the same vowel sound, e.g., mǐso (eyes); and starting low, rising high, and ending low, e.g., bôngó (therefore). Tense morphemes carry tones. Akin to all Bantu languages , Lingala has
1900-484: Is a little-studied language game (or ludic practice) musicians initially created shortly after 2000 that is increasingly used in social media and sites of cultural production. Lingala words show vowel harmony to some extent. The close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/ normally do not mix with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in words. For example, the words ndɔbɔ 'fishhook' and ndobo 'mouse trap' are found, but not *ndɔbo or *ndobɔ . The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows
1995-621: Is a standardized form used mostly in education and news broadcasts on state-owned radio or television and in Roman Catholic religious services, It is taught as a subject at some educational levels. It is historically associated with the work of the Catholic Church, the Belgian CICM missionaries in particular. It has a seven-vowel system ( /a/ /e/ /ɛ/ /i/ /o/ /ɔ/ /u/ ) with an obligatory tense-lax vowel harmony . It also has
SECTION 20
#17327651067062090-442: Is also a prefixless class 9a and 10a, exemplified by sánzá → sánzá 'moon(s) or month(s)'. Possible ambiguities are resolved by context. Noun class prefixes show up not only on the noun itself, but as markers throughout a sentence. In the sentences below, the class prefixes are underlined. (There is a special verbal form 'a' of the prefix for class 1 nouns.) mo lakisi CL1 .teacher mo laí CL1 .tall yangó that
2185-575: Is also the city of world-famous choreographer and stage director Faustin Linyekula. Since 2007, the Studios Kabako, the cultural organization he founded in Kinshasa in 2001, has been resettled in Kisangani. There, the Studios Kabako have been accompanying the debuts of young Congolese artists from training to production and touring, in the fields of dance, theatre, music and video. The rising generation of young dancers and choreographers trained by
2280-469: Is an ecosystem with a well preserved dense forest. The Island has an area of 1,400 ha, and it comprises three types of forest: dry land forest, periodically flooded forest and swampy forest. The Island is situated on the Congo River in the eastern part of Kisangani. It is located upstream of the Wagenia Falls , between latitude 0°31' North and longitude 25°11' East, with 376 m of altitude. It adjoins
2375-404: Is diverse, with a population density of 229 residents per km. It sits in the midst of the vast and isolated Congo Basin, the second largest tropical woodlands on the planet. It is located at 0° 31' north latitude (57 km from the equator), 25° 11' east longitude from the meridian of Greenwich and 396 metres (1,299 ft) above sea level . The altitude fluctuates across different plateaus, with
2470-904: Is encircled by several significant forest islands , which are more or less on the outskirts and positioned relatively distant from the city center. Notable among these floral islets are Mbie Island, characterized by patches of degraded primary forests and secondary forests dominated by Gilbertiodendron dewevrei and Scorodophloeus zenkeri . The Kilometer 25 Rail Forest Reserve, sprawling over 3,370 hectares, has been reforested with diverse tree species, including Terminalia superba , Pericopsis elata , Entandrophragma cylindricum , and Khaya anthotheca . The Kilometer 32 Rail Forest Reserve, covering 3,605 hectares, also features reforestation efforts with species such as Khaya spp ., Entandrophragma cylindricum , and Terminalia superba , with 95 hectares specifically designated for reforestation. The Babagulu Forest Reserve, spanning an area of 2,360 hectares along
2565-617: Is encircled by several significant forested reserves: Kisangani Arboretum : Covering 60 hectares, this artificial forest represents a state of secondary forest with 43 cultivated tree species from 21 botanical families, including Caesalpiniaceae, Meliaceae , and Sapotaceae . The arboretum contains spontaneous trees from the pre-existing forest, such as Autranella congolensis , Donella pruniformis , Omphalocarpa procera , Gilbertiodendron dewevrei , Strombosiopsis tetrandra , Cynometra alexandrii , Entandrophragma angolense , Guarea cedrata , and Pericopsis elata . Kisangani
2660-464: Is little diurnal variability. The average temperature at Kisangani is in the mid-20s°C (mid-70s°F). Kisangani is also a beneficiary of a cool breeze that often blows off the Congo River . Modern, multi-storey buildings of brick emerge from the dense walls of the vast Congo Basin jungle. Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses , condominia , and apartment buildings can be found in Kisangani. The building form most closely associated with Kisangani
2755-485: Is of Belgium influence, whose introduction and widespread adoption in colonial times saw Kisangani's buildings shift from the thatch African tradition to the low-scale and vertical rise of European business districts. Kisangani has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles still in their original form. These include the Aumonerie which is distinctive for its facade using visible stone-tone to evoke
2850-428: Is often defined by the elegant villas with tiled roofs of old Belgian influence, brownstone rowhouses , townhouses , and tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1908 to 1950. Large swaths of Kisangani's rural residential areas away from the city centre are characterized by continual strings of villages unfolding, each composed of thatched roof tops built from the early 20th century through to
2945-721: Is the largest in the world of its kind. Other popular festivals include the Kisangani Jazz Festival, Kisangani Film Festival, Nuits d'Afrique and the Kisangani Fireworks Festival. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Barly Baruti and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. Artists of all cultural disciplines in Kisangani such as musicians, stage actors, comedians, fashion, cultural operators, draftsmen , folk music , painters, sculptors, and silkscreen meet annually for
Kisangani - Misplaced Pages Continue
3040-505: Is the nation's most important inland port after Kinshasa , an important commercial hub point for river and land transportation and a major marketing and distribution centre for the north-eastern part of the country. It has been the commercial capital of the northern Congo since the late 19th century. Before Henry Morton Stanley , working on behalf of King Leopold II of the Belgians , founded what would become Stanley Falls Station in 1883,
3135-466: The Congo River flows is that of Kisangani, a town situated on the river's right and left bank slightly north of the Equator . Humidity is high throughout the year, and annual rainfall amounts to 1,620 millimetres (64 in) and occurs fairly regularly; even in the driest month, the rainfall totals more than 53 millimetres (2.1 in). Temperatures are also uniformly high throughout the year, and there
3230-561: The Second Congo War , on 14 May 2002, 160 people were massacred in Kisangani; this is believed to be the work of those under the command of Laurent Nkunda . By the time a peace agreement was signed in 2002, the town was under the control of the Rwandan-backed Rally for Congolese Democracy - Goma (RCD-Goma). The three encounters between Uganda and Rwanda in Kisangani have been termed the wars of 1 day, 3 days and,
3325-526: The United States . Before 1880, Bobangi was an important trade language on the western sections of the Congo River , between Stanley Pool ( Kinshasa ) and the confluence of the Congo and Ubangi rivers(Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo). When the first Europeans and their West- and East-African troops started founding state posts for the Belgian king along this river section in
3420-492: The clay fraction, coupled with a low cation exchange capacity and primary mineral content, results in a soil with low clay activity and soluble element content, yet exhibiting fairly good stability of aggregates. Despite being adjacent to the equator, the city has a tropical monsoon climate due to the fact that its driest month (January) sees on average below 60 mm of rain. Kisangani experiences an average relative humidity of 86%. Typical climate in regions through which
3515-419: The "impure", pidginlike features it had acquired when it emerged out of Bobangi in the early 1880s. Around and shortly after 1901, a number of both Catholic and Protestant missionaries working in the western and northern Congo Free State, independently of one another but in strikingly parallel terms, judged that Bangala as it had developed out of Bobangi was too "pidgin like", "too poor" a language to function as
3610-652: The African confluence of the South and the North and West and East traditions, Kisangani has developed a unique and distinguished cultural face. Another distinctive characteristic of Kisangani culture life is to be found in the animation of its downtown, particularly during summer, prompted by cultural and social events, particularly festivals. The city's largest festival is the Cercle Boyoma Culture festival, which
3705-686: The Arabized plateau in the southeast and the medical plateau to the west ranging from 37 to 45 meters, and the Boyoma plateau in the northeast reaching up to 46 meters. The National Institute of Statistics (INS) reports that Kisangani covers a total area of approximately 1,910 square kilometers. Kisangani's vegetative landscape is emblematic of the central forest sector of the Guinean region , characterized by dense tropical forests that have experienced various degrees of anthropogenic degradation . The city
3800-452: The Congo (DRC). Tshopo Tshopo, Bas-Uele , Haut-Uele , and Ituri provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Orientale province. Tshopo was formed from the Tshopo district and the independently administered city of Kisangani which retained its status as a provincial capital. The 2020 population was estimated to be 2,829,700. From 1963 to 1966, the area
3895-474: The Congo from the eastern region of the country with assistance from Rwanda , Burundi and Uganda military forces. As of 30 October 1998, there were 15,000 Ugandan and 19,000 Rwandan troops on Congolese soil. Laurent Kabila designated Kisangani as the forward base for the foreign forces as he marched westwards towards Kinshasa to overthrow Mobutu Sese Seko . The alliance of foreign military forces disintegrated when people of Hutu descent were massacred by
Kisangani - Misplaced Pages Continue
3990-404: The Congo. Geographically, Kisangani is flanked by Banalia Territory to the north, Bafwasende to the east, Ubundu Territory to the south, and is bordered by both Opala and Isangi Territories to the west. The city spans an area of 1,910 square kilometers and is situated within the equatorial forest plain at coordinates 0°30' north latitude and 25°20' east longitude, just 80 kilometers from
4085-610: The Congolese from more remote areas whom missionaries and colonials had been relocating to the station by force. The language of the river was therefore soon renamed "Bangala", a label the Europeans had since 1876 also been using as a convenient, but erroneous and non-original ethnic name for all Congolese of that region. Around 1901–2, CICM missionaries started a project to "purify" the Bangala language by cleansing it from
4180-533: The Falls appear prosperous. Yet, they remain strangers to the town and are not part of its monetary economy. Their trade with the town is limited to the exchange of foodstuffs against indigo obtained from soldiers. The Wagenya especially exchange fish for cloth brought by the administration or its workers". The establishment of the CFL ( Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Congo Supérieur aux Grands Lacs Africains ) in 1902, with
4275-864: The Kisangani- Ituri road, primarily consists of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei . L'Île Mbiye is located on the Congo River in the eastern part of Kisangani, upstream of the Wagenia Falls , with an altitude of 376 metres (1,234 ft). Adjacent to Kisangani, it is 14 km long and 4 km wide. Featuring a dense and relatively well-preserved forest, it is part of the Sustainable Forest Management in Africa Symposium project conducted by Stellenbosch University . The island, with an area of 1,400 hectares, comprises three types of forest: dry land forest, periodically flooded forest, and swampy forest. The Lualaba River flows through
4370-460: The Ramangas, renowned for their expertise in canoe and wooden furniture manufacturing. Stanley returned to the region on 1 December 1883, to establish the initial trading post in the region, situated approximately 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) from the Congo River 's mouth, following negotiations with Arab-Swahili traders who had settled in the area the previous year. The station, designated as
4465-486: The Studios Kabako include Jeannot Kumbonyeki, Michel Kiyombo, Dorine Mokha, Djino Alolo and Yves Mwamba among others... The Studios Kabako have opened there the only professional recording studio of the Eastern part of Congo, accompanied musicians include guitarist Flamme Kapaya, rap singers Pasnas, Franck Moka and Shoggy, musicians Pépé Lecoq... Kisangani is also the home-town of film-maker Dieudo Hamadi. Shopping along
4560-451: The all-black "indigenous camps" by green strips, schools, military barracks or playgrounds. The city's official status was formalized by incorporation Order No. 12/357 on 6 September 1958, dividing Stanleyville into four communes: Belgian I, Belgian II, Brussels, and Stanley. Towards the end of 1958, the city became the stronghold of Patrice Lumumba , the leader of the political party Mouvement National Congolais (MNC). His strong ties with
4655-534: The area was inhabited by Wagenya , who used Wagenia Falls (which was formerly named Stanley Falls) for fishing. The station was founded on the Island of Wana Rusari, a few meters from the contemporary site of Kisangani, along the Lualaba River . This area, characterized by its seven falls spanning 100 kilometres (62 mi) between Kisangani and Ubundu , was first traversed by Stanley in 1877 after navigating
4750-744: The avenue de l'Eglise, its many restaurants, as well as Kisangani's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the DRC's third-largest convention destination. Most conventions are held at Stade Lumumba , just north of Stade du Marche. The historic City Hall also now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries and exhibit halls. The Alliance Franco-Congolese (AFRACO) building which hosts governmental conference. The variety of attractions in Kisangani include botanical gardens , museums, factories, zoos , exhibition halls , elevators , retail stores , breweries , warehouses , libraries , mills , auditoriums and refineries which today provide
4845-467: The boroughs there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Every municipality in the city has a nickname denoting how the Boyoma perceive their cities. Kisangani, which in Swahili means on the island (" Kisanga " translates island and " ni " is on), is officially given the nickname of "City of Hope" by administrative authorities, in opposition to
SECTION 50
#17327651067064940-504: The building's structure, the impressive 20th century headquarters landmark that is Central Prisons' with its towering fortress walls, Cathédrale Notre-Dame du Rosaire , an early cathedral revival built with massively scaled stone detailing, and the Congo Palace Hotel on avenue de l'eglise is an important example of highly influential European style buildings in Kisangani. The character of Kisangani's urban residential districts
5035-413: The city famous for their traditional foods. Some of the mobile food vendors licensed by the city have made foods such as husking paddy standbys of contemporary Kisangani street food, although kosa kosa (prawns from the river, also known as cossa cossa ) and Kisangani coffee are still the main street fare. The city is also home to many of the finest prawn cuisine restaurants in the Democratic Republic of
5130-604: The city had been forged during his days as one of 350 clerks at the central post office. Ethiopian ONUC troops arrived in the city after July 1960. After the assassination of Lumumba in 1961, Antoine Gizenga installed the Free Republic of the Congo in Stanleyville, which competed with the central government in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa ). Before the country gained independence from Belgium in 1960, Kisangani
5225-508: The city's focal library at University of Kisangani . The city holds an extensive collection of ancient Congolese and near East African archaeological artifacts, at its regional archaeological and ethnological, the National Museum of Kisangani. Other landmarks include: L'Hôtel des chutes, Le Voyageur, Hellénique ainsi que Psistaria, l'Hôtel Congo Palace, l'Hôtel Boyoma, l'Hôtel Kisanganian and L'Hôtel Palm Beach. Place de la Femme which
5320-405: The country. In 1999, the city was the site of the first open fighting between Ugandan and Rwandan forces in the Second Congo War , when nearly 3,000 people died in the cross fire. This followed the fracturing of the anti-government rebel group Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) into camps based in Kisangani and Goma . The fighting was also over the gold mines near the town. The local population
5415-537: The deadliest fought in 2000, 6 days. Kisangani is strategically placed at the junction of the Congo , Tshopo, and Lindi rivers and at the crossroads between eastern and western Congo. Approximately central of the African continent, it is located in north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), central of Tshopo Province . The location at the northernmost tip of the Congo River , navigable for large waterborne cargo between Kinshasa and Kisangani and connected to
5510-617: The deaths of seven Hausas, while the Bangala auxiliaries fled, promising to inform the authorities as they retreated downriver . On 26 August 1886, Deane and Dubois set fire to the station and sought refuge in the surrounding woods. Dubois drowned while attempting to cross to the mainland, while the remaining survivors endured thirty days in the wilderness until they were finally rescued by Captain Camille Coquilhat . On 3 September 1886, Administrator General Camille Janssen issued
5605-620: The downtown park was installed by the distraction of the popular monument of Stanley and its surrounding structures are but a few notable examples of 20th-century architecture. On the right bank of the Tshopo River, the Kisangani Zoo attracts many visitors, as well as the Kisangani Hydroelectric Dam that supplies electricity to the city of Kisangani. At spectacular waterfall of Wagenia Falls , fishing with
5700-537: The early 1880s, they noticed the widespread use and prestige of Bobangi. They attempted to learn it, but only cared to acquire an imperfect knowledge of it, a process that gave rise to a new, strongly restructured variety, called "the trade language", "the language of the river", or "Bobangi-pidgin", among other names. In 1884, Europeans introduced this restructured variety of Bobangi in the state post Bangala Station to communicate with local Congolese, some of whom had second-language knowledge of original Bobangi, and with
5795-526: The eastern shore of the Congo Free State became a battleground for control over the lucrative Arab slave trade . To protect Stanley Falls Station, Walter Deane, an officer dispatched by Francis de Winton , arrived with a contingent of thirty-two Hausa soldiers and forty Bangala auxiliaries. Although they were promised an ample supply of ammunition and reinforcements, these resources never materialized. The situation deteriorated in mid-July 1886 with
SECTION 60
#17327651067065890-457: The equator. Kisangani is located approximately 2,100 kilometers (1,300 miles) from the mouth of the Congo River , making it the farthest navigable point upstream. Kisangani is administratively divided into six communes . Five communes— Kabondo , Kisangani , Makiso , Mangobo , and Tshopo—are strategically situated on the right bank, while the Lubunga commune is on the left bank. Kisangani
5985-501: The extent of borrowing varies widely with speakers of different regions (commonly among young people), and during different occasions. French Spanish Portuguese English The Lingala language can be divided into several regiolects and sociolects . The major regional varieties are northwestern Lingala, Kinshasa Lingala and Brazzaville Lingala. Literary Lingala ( lingala littéraire or lingala classique in French)
6080-573: The headquarters for the entire eastern Congo Free State, including Katanga and Kivu , for several years until 1933. However, Stanleyville remained an underdeveloped administrative hub surrounded by native Congolese villages. As noted by Bogumil Jewsiewicki 's "According to the testimony of the age", "The villages of the Arabs, Kisangani-Singitini, as well as those of the Wagenya and the Lokeles around
6175-521: The indigenous term Boyoma , denoting "City on the Island," and is similarly rendered in Lingala as Singitini (or Singatini ). Stanley subsequently journeyed to Bas-Congo (modern-day Kongo Central Province ) and entrusted the settlement to Adrian Binnie, who, alongside twenty Hausa and ten Wangwana, became the principal representative of King Leopold II's Congo Free State in the region. Binnie expanded Stanley's holdings, clearing land and constructing
6270-558: The literary variety's. There is a five-vowel system and no vowel harmony. Spoken Lingala is largely used in informal functions, and the majority of Lingala songs use spoken Lingala. Modern spoken Lingala is influenced by French; French verbs, for example, may be "lingalized", adding Lingala inflection prefixes and suffixes: "acomprenaki te" or "acomprendraki te" ("he did not understand", using the French word comprendre ) instead of classic Lingala "asímbaki ntína te" (literally: "s/he grasped/held
6365-726: The mandate of constructing a rail/river linkage between Stanleyville and Katanga, accelerated development with the labor force ranging from 1,200 to 4,100 men. The construction of the Stanleyville-Ponthierville (now Ubundu ) railway, initiated in February 1903 and concluded in September 1909, spurred substantial urban expansion with lined and overhung trees, buildings surrounded by trees in bloom, well-constructed residential and commercial buildings. Stanleyville's economic significance largely stemmed from its location in
6460-517: The more developed soukous of the 1960s. The city has been an epicenter for Ndombolo culture since the 1980s. A flourishing independent folk music culture brought forth Kisangani Blues. The city has also been spawning a critically acclaimed underground nu-rumba scene with various bands gaining national attention in the nu-rumba world. Annual festivals feature various acts such as the Cercle Boyoma Culture Festival. Kisangani
6555-538: The old age tradition tools installed on the rapids can be witnessed. Fishing is practiced through a scaffold installed among rocks, with vines attached and serving through the tensioning creels of woven conical vines immersed in the current of the river. A major destination includes the forest ecosystem of L'Île Mbiye, which is part of a protection conservation forest program called Sustainable Forest Management in Africa as spearheaded by Stellenbosch University . L'Île Mbiye
6650-518: The prescriptive rules the CICM missionaries intended when designing Literary Lingala. The northwest is a zone where the CICM missionaries strongly supported the network of schools. Spoken Lingala (called lingala parlé in French) is the variety mostly used in Lingalaphones' day-to-day lives. It has a full morphological noun prefix system, but the agreement system in the noun phrase is laxer than
6745-432: The present day. At times the path is filled with a sweet floral fragrance and clouded with white and purple butterflies. Forests give way to patches of grassland , then clumps of bamboo and then more forest. The city of Kisangani is composed of six large communes , which are further subdivided into smaller neighborhoods. The partitioned communes are Lubunga, Makiso, Kisangani, Tshopo , Kabondo and Mangobo. Throughout
6840-721: The protection of the International Association of the Congo , albeit without success. By January 1885, Captain Alphonse van Gèle arrived at Stanley Falls, following his exploration of the Ubangi River , only to discover that Tippu Tip had devastated the surrounding area and, on behalf of the Sultan of Zanzibar , repudiated the treaty. This incident marked the onset of the Congo Arab War , during which
6935-584: The provinces on 25 March 2015. Consequently, Orientale Province was dissolved, and Kisangani became the capital of the newly established Tshopo Province . In the 1990s, the area emerged as the theatre for a series of major battles known as the fight of Kisangani during the First Congo War . Laurent-Désiré Kabila , leader of the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo , invaded
7030-653: The rapids and falls that impeded further upstream navigation, mistakenly believing he was descending the Nile River . He documented that approximately a thousand fish in Stanley Falls, each weighing between two and twenty kilograms, were caught daily, with the Wagenya maintaining significant reserves of smoked fish for trade. The trade network extended beyond foodstuffs to include canoes, fishing nets, pottery, wooden utensils, and metallic objects crafted by specialized artisans, often from distinct ethnic groups, such as
7125-547: The return of Tippu Tip to Zanzibar, leaving his brother-in-law and business partner, Bwana Nzige, and Nzige's son, Rashid, to oversee their operations in the region. When an enslaved woman from a nearby village, who had been cruelly flogged by her Arab Swahili master, sought refuge in Deane's camp, tensions reached a boiling point. Deane refused to return the woman to her master, offering to pay her ransom instead. This act of defiance incited Tippu Tip's men, who accused Deane of stealing
7220-488: The root/cause not"). These French influences are more prevalent in Kinshasa and indicate an erosion of the language as education in French becomes accessible to more of the population. There are pronunciation differences between "Catholic Lingala" and "Protestant Lingala", for example nzala/njala ("hunger"). Lingala ya Bayankee (sometimes called Yanké ) is a sociolect widely used in Kinshasa, e.g., by street youth, street vendors, criminal gangs and homeless children. Langila
7315-456: The seasonal culture shows. Cercle Boyoma Culture is one of such shows where cultural activities of Kisangani come together synergistically for an exchange and reflection involving different associations of all cultural disciplines. Cercle Boyoma Culture is annually held in Makiso on 14 Fina Avenue from the month of December through to June. The culture show displays a digital audio recording studio,
7410-587: The settlement was consistently identified as "Kisangani" by the local populace, while Europeans commonly used the French term "Stanleyville" (or Stanleystad in Dutch ). The Swahili language manual published by the Marist Brothers in the 1920s provides an instance of this naming substitution: "from X to Stanleyville" is translated as "toka X Mpaka Kisangani". The name "Kisangani" is a Swahili interpretation of
7505-480: The station's overseer, brokered a treaty with the Arab Swahili slavers. The treaty, signed by a son of the infamous Afro-Omanis slave trader Tippu Tip , was intended to curb slave raiding and foster peaceful relations with whites in the region. However, the treaty was short-lived, as Tippu Tip's forces soon resumed their activities, which exacerbated tensions. The natives simultaneously placed themselves under
7600-520: The territorial division aimed at implementing the decentralization policy, the constitution proposed the subdivision of the territory into 26 provinces , as stipulated in Article 2 of the 2006 Constitution. Programming Law No. 15/004, which determined the modalities for the installation of these new provinces, was adopted on 28 February 2015, followed by the Organic Law establishing the boundaries of
7695-536: The thousands in western Zaire and because of looting in the mining areas, in particular in Kisangani and the Kivus . The population was completely opposed to the presence of foreign forces because of their behaviour. Laurent-Désiré Kabila could not continue to support the use of Kisangani as the base for foreign fighters as they launched attacks to massacre the Hutu people – hence he demanded that Rwanda pull its forces out of
7790-441: The title of martyred city. Boyomas' affectionately nicknamed their city "Boyoma Singa Mwambé", which translates as "before reaching the most beautiful city the pole must be thrown 8 times" (Boyoma means the most beautiful girl, while Singa is the mast and Mwambé is the number 8). The city is a centre for television productions, radio, theatre, film, multimedia and print publishing. Kisangani's many cultural communities have given it
7885-423: The town of Kisangani, and it is 14 km long and 4 km wide. Kisangani lays claim to a large number of regional specialties, all of which reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these is its nationally renowned deep-dish manioc . Kisangani's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse. Arab-Swahili and Indian immigrants have made
7980-481: The ultimate destination of the expedition, was commissioned by the Comité d'études du Haut-Congo . Stanley was accompanied by two Scottish engineers, a German mechanic, and a sailor from Stanleyville, with Scottish engineer Adrian Binnie assuming the role of station director. Initially referred to as Falls Station or "The Post Stanley Falls," "The Falls," or colloquially "Boyoma" (the indigenous name for Boyoma Falls ),
8075-423: The woman. Although threatened, Deane was not immediately attacked until the arrival of a river steamer, which brought only one Belgian officer, Lieutenant Dubois, but none of the promised reinforcements or supplies. A large force of Manyema crossed from the mainland at night to assault the station. Despite holding out for three days, the defenders were eventually overwhelmed as their ammunition dwindled, resulting in
8170-664: Was accepted in western and northwestern Congo, and in other countries where the language was spoken, but not in northeastern Congo, where the variety of the language spoken locally is still called Bangala . Lingala is a Bantu-based creole of Central Africa with roots in the Bobangi language, which provided most of its lexicon and grammar. In its basic vocabulary, Lingala also borrows from other languages, such as Kikongo varieties, Ubangian languages , Swahili , French , Portuguese , English , and various African languages (note local and foreign interaction with Krumen). In practice,
8265-596: Was called "Bangala", due to its introduction in Bangala Station . After 1901, Catholic missionaries of CICM , also called the Congregation of Scheutists, proposed to rename the language "Lingala". It took some decades for this to be generally accepted both by colonials and the Congolese. The name Lingala first appears in writing in a 1901-2 publication by the CICM missionary Égide De Boeck . This name change
8360-784: Was caught in the cross fire between Ugandan and Rwandan military forces, which led to the destruction of about a quarter of the city. Various buildings were damaged, most notably the roof of the Cathedral Rosaire of Notre-Dame, which was ignited by missiles. Both of the foreign forces were reported to have looted and pillaged the city. Despite the condemnation of Uganda by the International Court of Justice, establishment of responsibility, payment of compensation, and arrests have yet to be made. Further clashes between Rwandan and Ugandan forces led to thousands more deaths and widespread destruction from 5 to 10 June 2000. During
8455-543: Was completed in 1934 as a dedication to Boyomaise women, the landmark One of the most revered religious leaders Reverend Father Gabriel Grison was buried at the Mission St. Gabriel in Kisangani and has monument dedicated to him on Monseigneur Grison Avenue. Mobutus' residential home on route de Lubutu, Place des Martyrs that held the Lumumba Square until 1967, the controversial Central Public Fountain that anchors
8550-523: Was constituted as the province of Haut-Congo . It was merged into Orientale Province in 1966 as, separately, the District of Tshopo and the city of Kisangani. The Presidents (later governors) of Haut-Congo were: Provincial status was re-instated to Tshopo in 2015, being formed from Tshopo District and the city of Kisangani. The provincial capital is the city of Kisangani. Territories are: Lingala Lingala (or Ngala , Lingala: Lingála )
8645-514: Was launched by Belgium, the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC), and a plethora of foreign mercenaries under Colonel Mike Hoare to free the hostages. Following Mobutu Sese Seko 's ascension to power, on 3 May 1966, Stanleyville was renamed Kisangani as part of his authenticité policies, decreeing it the headquarters of the third economic center of Zaire , after Kinshasa and Lubumbashi . Between 1966 and 1967, Kisangani
8740-545: Was not decisively eliminated until 1893. On 15 July 1898, the Governor General decreed that the Stanley Falls District would henceforth be called the Eastern Province ( Province Orientale ), with Stanleyville designated as its capital. The city evolved into a significant terminus for steamer navigation on the Congo River, transforming from a modest trading post into a burgeoning urban center and serving as
8835-639: Was reputed to have more Rolls-Royces per capita than any other city in the world. In early 1964, the Simba Rebellion ("Simba Revolution") occurred, mushrooming into outright rebellion by May and June. By August rebels had overrun Stanleyville from their bases in Wanie Rukula. They closed the airport and barred civilians from leaving, including at least one foreign consular staff. A number of American and European nationals were taken captive, and, following intense negotiations, Operation Dragon Rouge
8930-685: Was the Protestant missionary Walter H. Stapleton [...], and a third one the Catholic Léon Derikx of the Premonstratensian Fathers [...]. By 1915, De Boeck's endeavors had proven to be more influential than Stapleton's, whose language creative suggestions, as the Protestant missionaries' conference of 1911 admitted, had never been truly implemented [...]. Under the dominance of De Boeck's work, Derikx's discontinued his after less than 10 years. Lingala's importance as
9025-503: Was the site of the Stanleyville mutinies , which resulted in widespread looting. As Mobutu's authenticité -driven state ideology persisted throughout the 1970s, Stanley Falls was officially renamed Boyoma Falls . On 27 October 1977, the communes were renamed as follows: Belgian I (Mangobo and Tshopo), Belgian II (Lubunga), Brussels ( Kabondo ), and Stanley (Makiso). By 1984, the city had a population of 317,581. In 2010, as part of
#705294