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38-643: It connects the Austrian state of Tyrol with the Italian province of South Tyrol , being located between Sankt Jakob in Defereggen and Sand in Taufers . The steep gravel road over the pass is closed to motorized vehicles, but it can be traversed by bicycle. This Tyrol location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol location article

76-710: A second division within the Leopoldinian line in 1406, Duke Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets ruled them. In 1420 he made Innsbruck the Tyrolean capital. In 1490 his son and heir Sigismund renounced Tyrol and Further Austria in favour of his cousin German King Maximilian I of Habsburg . By then Maximilian I had re-united all Habsburg lands under his rule. In 1500 he also acquired the remaining Gorizia ( Görz ) territories around Lienz and

114-565: A thoroughly comparable picture: In Vienna and Lower Austria, Austria patriotism dominated (1988) over territorial consciousness. In Upper Austria, Salzburg and Styria, national patriotism slightly outweighed federal state patriotism. In Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, national patriotism clearly dominated. When asked to rate their own national patriotism on a ten-point scale, 83% of Carinthians, 69% of Tyroleans, 63% of Vorarlbergers, Burgenlanders and Styrians, 59% of Upper Austrians, 55% of Lower Austrians, 47% of Viennese and 43% of Salzburgers gave it

152-411: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tyrol (state) Tyrol ( / t ɪ ˈ r oʊ l , t aɪ ˈ r oʊ l , ˈ t aɪ r oʊ l / tih- ROHL , ty- ROHL , TY -rohl ; German : Tirol [tiˈʁoːl] ; Italian : Tirolo [tiˈrɔːlo] ) is an Austrian federal state . It comprises the Austrian part of the historical Princely County of Tyrol . It

190-516: Is a constituent part of the present-day Euroregion Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino (together with South Tyrol and Trentino in Italy ). The capital of Tyrol is Innsbruck . Tyrol is separated into two parts, divided by a 7-kilometre wide (4.3 mi) strip of Salzburg State . The two constituent parts of Tyrol are the northern and larger North Tyrol ( Nordtirol ) and the southeastern and smaller East Tyrol ( Osttirol ). Salzburg State lies to

228-429: Is associated with Tyrol it is also known as "Tyrolean Dried Fruit Bread". The question of which regional unit was the bearer of primary identification was raised in the 1987 Austrian Consciousness Survey. The possible answers were: the hometown (local patriotism), one's own province (regional patriotism), (Central) Europe (European consciousness), the world (cosmopolitanism). A research project led by Peter Diem offers

266-475: Is divided into nine districts ( Bezirke ); one of them, Innsbruck, is a statutory city . There are 277 municipalities. The districts and their administrative centres, from west to east and north to south, are: The traditional form of mural art known as Lüftlmalerei is typical of Tyrolean villages and towns. Kletzenbrot is a sweet bread made with dried fruits and nuts for the Advent season . Because it

304-496: Is known for its university, and especially for its medicine. Tyrol is popular for its famous ski resorts, which include Kitzbühel , Ischgl and St. Anton . The 15 largest towns in Tyrol are: The historical population is given in the following chart: The federal state's gross domestic product (GDP) was 34.6 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 9% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

342-785: The Brenner Pass . The highest mountain in the federal state is the Großglockner , part of the Hohe Tauern range on the border with Carinthia. It has a height of 3,797 m (12,457.35 ft), making it the highest mountain in Austria. In ancient times, the region was split between the Roman provinces of Raetia (west of the Inn River) and Noricum . From the mid-6th century, it was resettled by Germanic Bavarii tribes. In

380-797: The Early Middle Ages it formed the southern part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria , until the Counts of Tyrol , former Vogt officials of the Trent and Brixen prince-bishops at Tyrol Castle , achieved imperial immediacy after the deposition of the Bavarian duke Henry the Proud in 1138, and their possessions formed a state of the Holy Roman Empire in its own right. When

418-740: The Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Italy in the Peace of Pressburg . Tyrol as a part of Bavaria became a member of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. The Tyroleans rose up against the Bavarian authority and succeeded three times in defeating Bavarian and French troops trying to retake the country. Austria lost the War of the Fifth Coalition against France , and got harsh terms in

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456-785: The Kingdom of Italy according to the 1915 London Pact and the provisions of the Treaty of Saint Germain . From November 1918, it was occupied by 20,000–22,000 soldiers of the Italian Army. Tyrol was the center of an important resistance group against Nazi Germany around Walter Caldonazzi, which united with the group around the priest Heinrich Maier and the Tyrolean Franz Josef Messner. The Catholic resistance group very successfully passed on plans and production facilities for V-1 rockets , V-2 rockets , Tiger tanks , Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to

494-565: The Puster Valley . When Emperor Ferdinand I died in 1564, he bequeathed the rule over Tyrol and Further Austria to his second son Archduke Ferdinand II . Both territories thereafter fell to the younger sons of the Habsburg Emperors: Archduke Matthias in 1608 and Maximilian III in 1612. After the death of Archduke Sigismund Francis in 1665, all Habsburg lands were again under the united rule of

532-655: The Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809. Glorified as Tyrol's national hero, Andreas Hofer , the leader of the uprising, was executed in 1810 in Mantua . His forces had lost a fourth and final battle against the French and Bavarian forces. Tyrol remained under Bavaria and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy for another four years. In 1814, by decisions of the Congress of Vienna , Tyrol was reunified and returned to Austria. It

570-668: The Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion . At least since King Otto I of Germany had conquered the former Lombard Kingdom of Italy in 961 and had himself crowned Holy Roman emperor in Rome , the principal passes of the Eastern Alps had become an important transit area. The German monarchs regularly traveled across the Brenner or Reschen Pass on their Italian expeditions aiming at papal coronation or

608-730: The suzerainty in the Etschtal and Inntal , part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria under the rule of Conrad's son Henry III . Especially the Brixen bishops remained loyal supporters of the Salian rulers in the Investiture Controversy and in 1091 also received the Puster Valley from the hands of Emperor Henry IV . Documented from about 1140 onwards, the comital dynasty residing in Tyrol Castle near Meran held

646-568: The "tribes" that a book published in London would like to portray. (The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe, London 1994 The Times guide to the peoples of Europe ) County of Tyrol Timeline The ( Princely ) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140. After 1253, it was ruled by the House of Gorizia and from 1363 by the House of Habsburg . In 1804,

684-609: The 1154 Imperial Diet in Goslar , his possessions no longer comprised the Tyrolean lands. The counts maintained that independence under the rising Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty . In 1210, Count Albert IV of Tyrol also took over the Vogt office in the Bishopric of Brixen, prevailing against the rivalling counts of Andechs . In 1253 Count Meinhard of Gorizia (Görz) inherited the Tyrolean lands by his marriage to Adelheid, daughter of

722-688: The Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Maier and his group informed the American secret service OSS very early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. For after the war they planned an Austria united with South Tyrol and Bavaria. After World War II , North Tyrol was governed by France and East Tyrol was part of the British Zone of occupation until Austria regained independence in 1955. The capital, Innsbruck,

760-538: The Counts of Tyrol died out in 1253, their estates were inherited by the Meinhardiner Counts of Görz . In 1271, the Tyrolean possessions were divided between Count Meinhard II of Görz and his younger brother Albert I , who took the lands of East Tyrol around Lienz and attached them (as "outer county") to his committal possessions around Gorizia ("inner county"). The last Tyrolean countess of

798-660: The County of Tyrol (which in the next year became a constituent land of the Austrian Empire ), but Tyrol was ceded to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1805. Andreas Hofer led the Tyrolean Rebellion against the French and Bavarian occupiers. Later, South Tyrol was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy , a client state of the First French Empire, by Bavaria in 1810. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole of Tyrol

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836-535: The County of Tyrol, unified with the secularised prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen , became a crown land of the Austrian Empire . From 1867, it was a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary . Today the territory of the historic crown land is divided between the Italian autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol . The two parts are today associated again in

874-593: The Emperor Leopold I . From the time of Maria Theresa (1740−1780) onward, Tyrol was governed by the central government of the Habsburg monarchy at Vienna in all matters of major importance. In 1803 the lands of the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularised and incorporated into the county. Following defeat by Napoleon in 1805, Austria was forced to cede Tyrol, which was split between

912-627: The Meinhardiner Dynasty, Margaret , bequeathed her assets to the Habsburg duke Rudolph IV of Austria in 1363. In 1420, the committal residence was relocated from Merano to Innsbruck. The Tyrolean lands were reunited when the Habsburgs inherited the estates of the extinct Counts of Görz in 1500. In the course of the German mediatization in 1803, the prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularized and merged into

950-581: The consolidation of Imperial rule. In 1004 King Henry II of Germany separated the estates of Trent from the North Italian March of Verona and vested the bishops of Trent with comital rights. In 1027 Henry's Salian successor, Emperor Conrad II , granted the Trent bishops further estates around Bozen and in the Vinschgau region; at the same time, he vested the bishop of Brixen with

988-526: The county to Rudolph IV of Habsburg , Duke of Austria in 1363. He was recognized by the House of Wittelsbach in 1369. From that time onward, Tyrol was ruled by various lines of the Austrian House of Habsburg , who held the title of count . After the Habsburg hereditary lands had been divided by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg , Tyrol was ruled by the descendants of Duke Leopold III of Austria . After

1026-641: The course of the Etsch and Eisack in present South Tyrol over the Brenner and then following the northern Wipp valley to Hall. From there roads branched along the River Inn . The Via Raetia went westwards and up onto the Seefeld Plateau , where it crossed into Bavaria where Scharnitz is today. The Porta Claudia , built in the early 17th century is a fortification that underlines the importance of

1064-541: The east of North Tyrol, while on the south Tyrol has a border to the Italian province of South Tyrol , which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire before the First World War . With a land area of 12,683.85 km (4,897.26 sq mi), Tyrol is the third-largest federal state in Austria. North Tyrol shares its borders with the federal states Salzburg in the east and Vorarlberg in

1102-423: The highest value. The results of this study underline the assumption of a highly developed sense of national identity in most Austrian provinces. Peculiarly, the federal provinces are also largely "endogamous" in relation to other provinces, i.e. they correspond to what ethnologists would call a gentile association, a "tribe". It is therefore also permissible to identify the inhabitants of the Austrian provinces as

1140-611: The last Count Albert IV of Tyrol. When their sons divided their estate in 1271, the elder Meinhard II took Tyrol, for which he was recognized as an immediate lordship. He supported the German king Rudolph of Habsburg against his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia . In reward, he received the Duchy of Carinthia with the Carniolan march in 1286. In 1307 Meinhard's son Henry was elected King of Bohemia , After his death, he had one surviving daughter, Margaret Maultasch , who could gain

1178-424: The modern-day Trentino , as well as the south of the medieval Tyrol county, the present-day province of South Tyrol . Italy thus took control of the strategically important Alpine water divide at the Brenner Pass and over the south of Tyrol proper with its large German-speaking majority. Since 1949 both parts form the autonomous Italian Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region. The northern part of Tyrol retained by

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1216-539: The office of Vogts (bailiffs) in the Trent diocese. They extended their territory over much of the region and came to surpass the power of the bishops, who were nominally their feudal lords. After the deposition of the Welf Duke Henry X of Bavaria in 1138, the counts of Tyrol strengthened their independence. When Henry the Lion was again enfeoffed with the Bavarian duchy by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa at

1254-688: The road in the Early Modern Period. Today Tyrol has international road, rail and air connections. Innsbruck Airport is Tyrol's international airport. In addition there are several smaller airports in various places such as St. Johann in Tirol , Höfen in the Außerfern or Langkampfen . Many public transit companies operate a common tariff scheme as part of the Tyrol Transport Association . The federal state

1292-532: The rule only over Tyrol. In 1342 she married Louis V of Wittelsbach , then Margrave of Brandenburg . The red eagle in Tyrol's coat of arms may derive from the Brandenburg eagle at the time when she and her husband ruled Tyrol and Brandenburg in personal union , though the Tyrolean eagle had already appeared in the 13th century. Louis V died in 1361, followed by Margaret's son Meinhard III two years later. Lacking any descendants to succeed her, she bequeathed

1330-465: The west. In the north, it adjoins the German federal state of Bavaria ; in the south, it shares borders with the Italian province of South Tyrol and the Swiss canton of Graubünden . East Tyrol shares its borders with the federal state of Carinthia to the east and Italy's Province of Belluno ( Veneto ) to the south. The federal state's territory is located entirely within the Eastern Alps at

1368-711: Was 40,900 euro or 136% of the EU27 average in the same year. Tyrol has long been a central hub for European long-distance routes and thus a transit land for trans-European trade over the Alps. As early as the 1st century B.C. Tyrol had one of the most important north–south links of the Roman Empire , the Via Claudia Augusta . Roman roads crossed the Tyrol from the Po Plain in present-day Italy, following

1406-499: Was integrated into the Austrian Empire. From 1867 onwards, it was a Kronland (Crown Land) of Cisleithania . After World War I , the victors settled border changes. The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 ruled according to the 1915 London Pact , that the southern part of the Austrian crown land of Tyrol had to be ceded to the Kingdom of Italy , including the territory of the former Trent bishopric, roughly corresponding to

1444-430: Was returned to Austria in 1814. Tyrol was a Cisleithanian Kronland (royal territory) of Austria-Hungary from 1867. The County of Tyrol then extended beyond the boundaries of today's federal state, including North Tyrol and East Tyrol; South Tyrol and Trentino ( Welschtirol ) as well as three municipalities, which today are part of the adjacent province of Belluno. After World War I , these lands became part of

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