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111-518: The Klamath River ( Karuk : Ishkêesh , Klamath : Koke , Yurok : Hehlkeek 'We-Roy ) is a 257-mile (414 km) long river in southern Oregon and northern California . Beginning near Klamath Falls in the Oregon high desert , it flows west through the Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains before reaching the temperate rainforest of California's North Coast , where it empties into

222-460: A Californian language. Karuk has a tone system consisting of three tones: high, low, and falling. Falling tones only occur in long vowels. When /i u/ occur next to one another in a word, whichever is the first vowel is pronounced as a glide , as in the following examples. Note: Syllabification in these examples is from right to left. The following example is a more rare case in Karuk where

333-442: A beginning speaker in Karuk, people who are interested in learning the language are paired with a fluent native speaker who they follow throughout the day. During this time spent with the native speaker, learners are only allowed to speak Karuk. The program is intensive, typically lasting 40 hours a week for 3 years. Around 20 groups had successfully gone through the entire program as of the year 2011. PacifiCorp PacifiCorp

444-482: A bitter fight over establishing reservation lands . In the early 20th century, the federal government drained the upper basin's once extensive lakes and wetlands for agriculture, while private utilities constructed hydroelectric dams along the river. As salmon runs declined in the mid-20th century, tribes pushed for legal recognition of their senior water rights to support Klamath River fisheries, which have led to controversial reductions in irrigation water supply. In

555-598: A dozen fluent elders. A standardized system for writing the languages was adopted in the 1980s. The region where the Karuk tribe lived remained largely undisturbed until beaver trappers came through the area in 1827. In 1848, gold was discovered in California, and thousands of Europeans came to the Klamath River and its surrounding region to search for gold. The Karuk territory was soon filled with mining towns, manufacturing communities, and farms. The salmon that

666-571: A holding company, PacifiCorp, headquartered in Portland with Pacific Power as its main subsidiary. Utah Power and Light (UP&L) was organized on 6 September 1912 from the merger of four electric companies in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming and was a Salt Lake City subsidiary of a large holding company, Electric Bond and Share Company (EBASCO) of New York. Within four years of its organization, UP&L had purchased twenty-seven other electric companies in

777-446: A listener's attention is not diverted." Karuk is similar to many other American Indian Languages in showing "a complex person-marking system, where subject and object are marked in portmanteau prefixes " on its verbs. Depending on the subject and the object the speaker is referring to, there is a prefix for both positive and negative indicatives as well as a prefix for the potential mood. Through his research, William Bright found

888-686: A mining company known as NERCO , which was eventually listed on the New York Stock Exchange and ranked as high as 353 on the Fortune 500 list of the largest American companies. Through its majority interest in NERCO, PacifiCorp was involved in the mining of coal, oil, natural gas, gold, silver, and uranium. PacifiCorp still owned 82% of NERCO in 1993, when it was acquired by the mining giant Rio Tinto Group . In August 1987, PacifiCorp agreed to acquire Utah Power & Light. The merger

999-467: A o u/, some of which may also differ in terms of length . Vowel qualities /a i u/ occur as both long and short vowels, while mid vowels /e o/ only occur as long vowels. Karuk has 16 phonemic consonants (all of them with no voicing contrast), a small number compared to the relatively large consonant inventories of most California languages. Karuk also lacks secondary articulation to its consonants such as glottalization or labialization , also unusual for

1110-503: A prominent conservationist and staunch opponent of burning – began to manage what was traditionally Klamath lands. The Forest Service oversaw extensive logging, mining, and dam construction, which degraded much of the environment, particularly salmon stocks and redwood forests. In 1947, the lower section of Karuk Aboriginal Territory was made part of the Six Rivers National Forest. In 1964, the first wilderness area in

1221-689: A railroad branch line following the McCloud River —the final part of which was called the Bartle Fast Freight Road, after Bartle, California. The end of this line, Laird's Landing, was the beginning of the Lower Klamath Lake steamboat line, which began operating with an 80-foot (24 m) screw steamer in 1905. By 1909, however, the railroad had circumnavigated Lower Klamath Lake directly to Klamath Falls. The steamboat line fell into disuse—and much of Lower Klamath Lake

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1332-472: A topography with characteristics similar to both regions. Almost the entire basin is a graben region, bearing basin and range characteristics, formed by uplifting and subsidence along several north–south faults . Pre- Quaternary , igneous and sedimentary rocks compose the Yonna Formation, which crosses much of the region and rises above the surface in large outcroppings of solid rock in many of

1443-493: A treaty in 1864 (that was ratified in 1870) which gave the Klamath sovereign rights to the new reservation. However, through the 1954 Termination Act, federal aid to the tribes was halted. After losing federal recognition in 1954, they regained the status in 1986. They are dispersed across Southern Oregon and Northern California. The Klamath Reservation covers around 300 acres along the western coast. The Klamath Tribes, made up of

1554-400: A tribe member and fellow linguist, on a Karuk dictionary , which was published in 2005. They recorded everyday conversations, songs, stories, and poetry of fluent Karuk speakers to attempt to capture the language and what it meant to those speaking it. Bright spent over fifty years studying, researching, and documenting Karuk, and is the only non-Indian to be inducted as an honorary member of

1665-460: A way William Bright relates to how English words snort , sniff , and sneeze all start with a sn- . The following are examples of prefixes in Karuk. Note: More translations can be found online in the Dictionary section depicting Dr. Bright's research. Dr. William Bright started studying the Karuk language in 1949 in pursuit of his doctorate in linguistics at U.C Berkeley . Bright

1776-568: Is 10,556MW. Of this, 56% is coal, 24% is natural gas, 10% is hydroelectric, and 10% is renewable. Major generation facilities include: PacifiCorp also owns and operates several captive coal mines located at or very near some of its generation plants. In Wyoming, PacifiCorp operates and has partial interest in Jim Bridger Mine and owns the Dave Johnston Mine, which is in final reclamation. The company also owned and operated

1887-786: Is an electric power company based in the Lloyd Center Tower in Portland, Oregon with operations in the western United States . PacifiCorp has two business units: Pacific Power , a regulated electric utility with service territory throughout Oregon, northern California, and southeastern Washington headquartered in Portland, Oregon ; and Rocky Mountain Power , a regulated electric utility with service territory throughout Utah , Wyoming , and southeastern Idaho, headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah . PacifiCorp operates one of

1998-540: Is caused by a combination of a lack of younger fluent speakers, a decline in the number of speakers, not being typically taught at home at young ages, a feeling of disconnect between its use and the contemporary world, and the lack of literacy in the language among tribal members. The committee ultimately created a five-step plan: An immersion method called the master-apprentice program was started in 1992 by Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival to aid in Karuk revitalization efforts. In order to fully immerse

2109-743: Is in Northwestern California in Siskiyou , Humboldt , and Del Norte counties. The language originated around the Klamath River between Seiad Valley and Bluff Creek. Most Karuk speakers now live in the towns of Somes Bar , which is near the Karuk Center of the World (in Karuk, "Katimiin"), Happy Camp ("Athithufvuunupma"), and Orleans ("Panamniik"). The Karuk people originally owned 1.04 million acres of land until it

2220-417: Is named for pioneer John Walter Scott . Gold deposits are still present in the Klamath River watershed even though it was mined far past the end of the gold rush. After the establishment of California in 1850, the state government signed treaties with the Karuk establishing aboriginal territories, but the treaties were never ratified in the senate and so the Karuk never got their own reservation land. In 1864,

2331-467: Is not closely or obviously related to any other (in the area), but has been classified as a member of the northern group of Hokan languages, in a subgroup which includes Chimariko and the Shasta languages, spoken in the same general part of California as Karok itself." Karuk is spoken within the range of the original territory where the Karuk people lived prior to European contact. The ancestral territory

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2442-527: Is now the town of Klamath Glen , was destroyed by the flood in December 1861 and abandoned on June 10, 1862. Other significant floods on the Klamath River have occurred in 1926–1927, 1955, 1964, 1997, and 2005, in several cases changing the course of the river. The Christmas flood of 1964 was particularly devastating. The Klamath River reached flows of 557,000 cubic feet per second (15,800 m/s), with high water reaching 55 feet (17 m), inundating

2553-532: Is planning to source 56% of its yearly consumption with renewable energy by 2040. Pacific Power & Light was formed in 1910 from the merger of several financially troubled utilities in Oregon and Washington to form the Pacific Power & Light Company . It gradually expanded its reach to include most of Oregon, as well as portions of California, Washington and Wyoming. In 1984, it reorganized itself as

2664-713: Is the largest sub-basin of the Lower Klamath; the main stem originates in the Trinity Alps west of Redding , while the South Fork Trinity River 's origin at North Yolla Bolly Mountain is the southernmost point in the entire Klamath Basin. Much of the Lower Klamath and Trinity River basins are bounded on the west by South Fork Mountain, which forms one of the longest continuous ridgelines in North America. South Fork Mountain defines much of

2775-707: Is the short Link River , which connects it to Upper Klamath Lake . Upper Klamath, in turn, is fed by the Williamson River (originating in the Winema National Forest ) and Wood River (originating in Crater Lake National Park ). For the first 18 miles (29 km) below Lake Ewauna, the Klamath River takes a slow meandering course through what was formerly the Klamath Marshes, which were drained for agriculture in

2886-568: Is thought to have originated from volcanic activity in the Klamath Mountains. Miners searching for gold in the Klamath Mountains and Trinity Alps in the aftermath of the California Gold Rush first discovered gold along Salmon Creek in the spring of 1850, and additional deposits were found on the main stem by July. Gold was also discovered in great quantities in Shasta lands at French Gulch and Yreka . The Gold Rush

2997-570: The 1964 Alaskan and 2011 Japanese tsunamis . The Upper Klamath Basin, defined by the drainage area of the Klamath River above Iron Gate Dam , is a unique transitional area between the Cascade Range to the west and the Basin and Range Province of the northern Great Basin to the southeast. This region extends from the southern Lower Klamath Lake area into the Lost River and Upper Klamath Lake basins. Crustal stretching and block faulting created

3108-611: The Cambrian to the late Jurassic were added to the bulk of the North American continent. There are four distinct terranes from west to east. While the coastal mountains date to less than 3 million years ago, the farther inland High Cascades are as old as 7.5 million years. Granite batholiths , overlying sedimentary rock, and volcanic rock were crumpled into the massif of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Instead of being diverted southwards, however,

3219-547: The Klamath , Yurok , Karuk , Hupa , and Shasta . The movement of forced creation of reservations in the United States resulted in the loss of culturally, ecologically, and economically significant land of indigenous peoples. While many of them are federally recognized sovereign nations, they are still fighting to reclaim the land and resources that were taken from them. The Klamath River tribes mission statements include

3330-610: The Modoc Plateau , it features a semi-arid climate and is characterized by large, flat alluvial valleys separated by long mountain ridges. Elevations range from 4,000 to 4,500 ft (1,200 to 1,400 m) in the valleys to 7,000 to 9,000 ft (2,100 to 2,700 m) in the Cascades. The mountain ridges are forested, while the valleys mostly consist of wetlands or farmland. Although many streams flowing into Upper Klamath Lake derive their flow from snowmelt, its largest sources –

3441-555: The Pacific Ocean . The Klamath River is the third-largest salmon and steelhead producing river on the west coast of the contiguous United States. The river's watershed – the Klamath Basin – encompasses more than 15,000 square miles (39,000 km), and is known for its biodiverse forests, large areas of designated wilderness , and freshwater marshes that provide key migratory bird habitat. Native Americans have used

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3552-721: The Salmon River from the left as it enters Humboldt County and the Six Rivers National Forest . After passing Orleans , the Klamath reaches Weitchpec , where it receives the Trinity River , its largest tributary, from the left. State Route 96 follows the Klamath River for 137 miles (220 km) from Hornbrook to Weitchpec. Downstream of the Trinity River, the Klamath turns sharply northwest. The entire 44-mile (71 km) lower section of

3663-666: The Scott River and Shasta River, and further cited a Fish and Game report of beaver from 1915–1917 on High Prairie Creek at the mouth of the Klamath River near Requa, California. Fur trappers eventually moved southwest into the Sacramento Valley and extended the Siskiyou Trail , an early path between the Oregon Territory and San Francisco Bay . Within a matter of years, the plentiful beaver in

3774-576: The Shasta along the middle and upper parts of the river, the Yurok , Hupa , and Karuk along the canyons of the lower river, and the Modoc , Klamath and Yahooskin in the desert valleys of the upper basin. About 129 miles (208 km) of the Klamath River, or half the river's length, was on Shasta territory. The Yurok were the second most prominent group on the river, controlling about 30 miles (48 km) of

3885-404: The syllabification is from left-to-right. Karuk consonants have been historically written using several different conventions. A comparison between these conventions follows: In two-consonant sequences [sh] or [th] are distinguished from the digraphs ⟨sh th⟩ which represent the single phonemes /ʃ θ/ with the use of a hyphen ⟨s-h t-h⟩ . Long vowels are represented by doubling

3996-515: The 21st century, the Klamath River hosts a wide variety of uses, including tribal subsistence fishing and ceremonies, recreational fishing and whitewater boating, and agricultural and domestic water supply. Starting in 1981, much of the Klamath River and its tributaries have been designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers . Four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River were demolished by October 2024 , following almost two decades of negotiations between local representatives, tribes, conservation groups and

4107-568: The B Canal which heads east towards the Lost River Valley and the C Canal which heads south towards Tule Lake Valley. A diversion channel was opened to carry floodwaters from the Lost River to the Klamath, and a tunnel excavated to drain the remaining waters of Tule Lake towards Lower Klamath Lake, where the Klamath Straits Drain conveys excess water back to the Klamath River near Keno. A cut was blasted through Keno Reef,

4218-417: The California legislature rejected treaties to create federal designated land, the Karuk peoples do not have a reservation. The Klamath Forest Reserve was created by the U.S. government in 1905 and claimed Karuk land as public land. Members have been working to reclaim parcels of their original land and place them in trusts. The concept of World Renewal plays heavily into both Karuk and Yurok culture. Although

4329-749: The Deer Creek Mine in Utah, near the Huntington Plant but closed it in 2015 and has a partial interest in the Trapper Mine in Colorado. Calling it a "new era of utility involvement in transportation electrification," the Portland Business Journal in 2018 described PacifiCorp's electric vehicle promotion program as a plan that promises new electric vehicle charging sites, outreach and education efforts. The program

4440-636: The Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management start collaborating with tribal peoples in the Offield Mountain Ceremonial Burning project and Tribal Forest Protection Act to incorporate traditional ecological knowledge and stewardship practices into land management. In the late 1820s, fur trappers of the Hudson's Bay Company traveling south from Fort Vancouver reached the Klamath River basin. The first party to see

4551-534: The Klamath Basin had been mostly wiped out. Beaver dams had previously been an important factor in stream habitat in the Klamath River watershed, helping to moderate the power of floods and creating extensive wetlands. The loss of the beaver dams resulted in detrimental consequences for watercourses in the basin, exacerbating the power of winter floods, and causing severe erosion. Despite the environmental implications, extensive and fertile meadows left behind by

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4662-628: The Klamath Basin is managed by the U.S. Forest Service, on the Fremont , Winema , and Rogue River National Forests in Oregon and the Modoc , Klamath , Shasta-Trinity and Six Rivers National Forests in California. The Klamath Basin borders the Smith , Rogue and Umpqua River watersheds to the northwest, the Mad and Eel River watersheds to the southwest, the Sacramento River watershed to

4773-515: The Klamath Irrigation Project, to drain and reclaim for agriculture over 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) of former lake beds and wetlands. The first homesteaders moved onto project lands in 1917, while expansions of the project continued into the 1940s. The Klamath Irrigation Project includes 185 miles (298 km) of main canals, chief of which are the A Canal which delivers water south from Upper Klamath Lake, dividing into

4884-536: The Klamath River overflowed into Lost River Slough near Klamath Falls and flow into Tule Lake. A topographic constriction occurred further west at the Keno Reef, a bedrock barrier where water backed up during flood events and flowed south along Klamath Straits into Lower Klamath Lake. Since the 20th century, the Lost River and Lower Klamath Lake basins – as well as the neighboring Butte Valley– Meiss Lake basin – have been artificially altered to discharge floodwaters into

4995-560: The Klamath River via diversion dams and drainage facilities. The Lower Klamath Basin, consisting mostly of mountains and coniferous forest, is located almost entirely in California except for the headwaters of a few tributaries that flow south from Oregon. The Klamath Mountains include numerous sub-ranges, with the Siskiyou Mountains to the north and west of the river, and the Marble Mountains and Salmon Mountains to

5106-710: The Klamath River was led by Alexander McLeod in the winter of 1826–27. In 1828, the Jedediah Smith fur trapping expedition was helped across the Trinity River by the Yurok and camped on the east side of the Trinity River. His clerk, Harrison G. Rogers, wrote, "Mr. Smith purchases all the beaver furs he can from them," suggesting that beaver were then plentiful on the Trinity. Joseph Grinnell , in Fur-bearing Mammals of California , noted that beaver had been present on other Klamath River tributaries such as

5217-415: The Klamath basin was designated, effectively banning timber harvesting and road development in the area. Indigenous people were not allowed to steward their traditional territories because the Forest Service believed they would further deplete the damaged ecosystems. This led to a legal battle in 1970 over whether Klamath tribes could fish in these territories. Not until the late 1990s and early 2000s did

5328-479: The Klamath continued to flow westward and created a steep-walled gorge through the rising range. One of these terranes brought with it a long north–south band of easily eroded mica that now lies about 30 miles (48 km) inland from the Pacific coast of Northern California. When the Klamath encountered this layer, it began cutting its canyon along the mica instead of continuing southwest to the Pacific, resulting in

5439-667: The Klamath, Modoc and Yahooskin-Paiute people, reside in the Klamath Basin but hold many of their sacred ceremonies along the Sprague River .  The Upper Klamath Lake , and its fish populations, is also an important cultural and subsistence location for the Klamath Tribes. In 1905, the United States Forest Service , an agency of the Department of Agriculture headed by Gifford Pinchot –

5550-559: The Native Americans of the Klamath Basin and surrounding area signed a treaty that had them cede 20 million acres (8,100,000 ha) of land to the United States and forced them to move to the newly created Klamath Indian Reservation . This reservation clumped the Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa tribes into one small area. These reservation lands were created as a result of wars between American settlers and indigenous peoples including

5661-569: The Red Cap War in 1855. The US government wanted to stop these violent clashes and relegate the indigenous people to limited territory where they could be sovereign. The reservation policy was reversed in 1887 with the Dawes Act which designated allotments to individuals of indigenous descent who could stake claim. However into the 1920s many of these individual land owners sold away their allotments to timber companies as they could not afford

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5772-734: The Shasta River area in Siskiyou County , much of the underlying rock is composed of lava flows issuing from the Mount Shasta volcanic region. The same age pattern is true in the Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains that cover the western half of the Klamath River watershed. As the North American Plate moved slowly southwestward over the past 10 million years, successive oceanic terranes dating from

5883-577: The Trinity River in Humboldt County. The below table lists major sub-basins of the Klamath River system. The lower and middle sections of the Klamath River are vulnerable to flooding, and major floods have occurred in years where major flooding has taken place in Northern California , particularly in the wake of Pineapple Express storms that bring large amounts of warm rain to Northern California. Fort Ter-Waw , located at what

5994-424: The Trinity, except for an unconstructed segment between river miles 8-23 (13-37 km) which is only accessible by boat. Although the Lower Klamath Basin is almost entirely covered by mountains, there are also several prominent valleys used for agriculture. Shasta Valley in Siskiyou County is the largest, and is characterized by volcanic features such as basalt flows and lava caves. The Shasta River flows northwest through

6105-441: The Williamson and Wood Rivers – are predominantly fed by large springs . Upper and Lower Klamath Lakes and Tule Lake were once part of 350,000 acres (140,000 ha) of connected wetlands, over three-quarters of which have been drained for agriculture. The 3,000-square-mile (7,800 km) Lost River basin, situated east and south of Klamath Falls, was historically a closed basin terminating at Tule Lake. During high water events,

6216-420: The Yurok Reservation and Redwood National and State Parks , about 16 miles (26 km) south of Crescent City . The Klamath River watershed , known as the Klamath Basin , drains parts of Klamath, Lake and Jackson Counties in Oregon and Siskiyou, Modoc, Trinity, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties in California. About 37 percent of the basin is in Oregon and 63 percent is in California. More than half of

6327-468: The Yurok people, the health of the river and the salmon is indicative of the health of the tribe, making the current policies surrounding river dams, and declining salmon populations deeply personal. Like with other Klamath Basin Tribes, an annual salmon ceremony takes place to honor and celebrate the salmon, which the Yurok people see as ancestors. The Yurok tribe’s ceremonies emphasize the Klamath River, and many traditional practices require close proximity to

6438-415: The annual Salmon ceremony. Yurok culture and religion emphasizes direct connection and communication with the Klamath river. Yurok cosmologies and oral histories emphasize the importance of the Klamath river and its salmon as a gift from the creator to provide for the Yurok people. “Without this river we would not know who we are, where we’re from or where we’re going” said an elder in the tribal community. For

6549-422: The boundary between the Klamath Mountains and the Northern Coast Ranges . Most of the Lower Klamath Basin is remote and rugged, with limited access routes. In California, SR 96 provides access to the entire stretch of the middle Klamath River from Hornbrook to the Trinity River, while SR 299 runs along the Trinity River between Willow Creek and Junction City . SR 169 follows most of the lower Klamath below

6660-402: The children by forcing them to speak English and dress in Western clothing and eat Western foods. This led to a generational disconnect and loss of knowledge of many cultural practices. Beginning in the early 20th century, steamboats began operating on Lower Klamath Lake between Siskiyou County, California , and Klamath Falls, Oregon . The steamboats completed a link between Klamath Falls and

6771-466: The commercial and trading operations of the company. PacifiCorp owns 68 generating plants with a capacity of 9,140 megawatts. 70.6% of the generation is from thermal sources (i.e., coal or natural gas), 6.7% from hydroelectric sources, and 0.2% from renewable sources. 22.5% of PacifiCorp's generation is purchased from other suppliers or under contracts. The company is planning on keeping only 3 of its 22 coal-fired power stations operational beyond 2040 and

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6882-422: The draining of beaver ponds attracted many settlers to the region later on. Klamath River ever since the discovery of gold in its bed has been continuously mined and is still a long way from being worked out. The conditions for river mining in this stream are very favorable. Though carrying a large volume of water, it has nearly everywhere a considerable grade and velocity of current with no great depth ... ... At

6993-441: The early 20th century. An artificial channel diverts water from the Lost River , which normally flows into Tule Lake , into the Klamath during periods of high runoff. Below Keno Dam (which controls the level of the upstream Klamath River and Lake Ewauna), the river flows swiftly through the narrow Klamath River Canyon, which cuts through volcanic rock of the southern Cascade Range. Entering Siskiyou County, California , it passes

7104-410: The east and south. These mountains experience heavy winter snowfall, while summers are warm and dry with little precipitation. Closer to the coast, winters are cool with heavy rainfall, while summer temperatures are mild and often foggy. About 88 percent of the Klamath River's total flow originates in the Lower Basin, even though it only accounts for 62 percent of the land area. The Trinity River

7215-403: The end. This style of fishing works to naturally limit the amount of fish caught in a fishing session, thus ensuring that many salmon are able to spawn upstream and resupply the fishery. The Karuk language also revolves around the Klamath River, and the word "karuk" means "upriver". To indicate uphill, the word maruk is used, meaning away from the river. Conversely, the word saruk, meaning towards

7326-431: The first salmon of the season, which they think of as "salmon medicine" with ceremonies similar to the other Klamath basin tribes. Their relationship to the Klamath and its salmon was, and continues to be, deep-seated in their culture. The Klamath Tribes, consisting of the Klamath, Modoc, and Yahooskin-Paiute, are a federally recognized tribe with around 4,800 members. The Klamath and United States federal government created

7437-543: The following exceptions: Bountiful, Kaysville, Lehi, Logan, Provo, Murray, Monroe, Monticello, Springville, St. George Buffalo, Casper, Cody, Douglas, Evanston, Green River, Kemmerer, Lander, Laramie, Rawlins, Riverton, Rock Springs, Thermopolis In 2023, a jury ordered PacifiCorp to pay $ 70 million in punitive damages to 17 homeowners negatively impacted by the 2020 Oregon wildfires . In August 2024, PacifiCorp revealed that it faced at least $ 46 billion in claims resulting from four separate class action complaints related to

7548-479: The former sites of four hydroelectric dams operated by PacifiCorp until their demolition in 2024 . After passing under Interstate 5 , the Klamath receives the Shasta River from the left then flows west into the Siskiyou Mountains (a sub-range of the Klamath Mountains ), entering the Klamath National Forest . It receives the Scott River from the left, passing through Seiad Valley and Happy Camp . Turning south, it flows towards Somes Bar , where it receives

7659-530: The general Utah area, and eventually absorbed more than one hundred thirty. In 1881, one of those companies had made Salt Lake City the fifth city in the world with central station electricity. In 1954, Pacific Power & Light merged with the Mountain States Power Company , essentially doubling the company's service area. In 1961, the company purchased the California Oregon Power Company, extending its service into southern Oregon and northern California. In 1977, PacifiCorp spun off its coal mining interests into

7770-522: The language and increase the number of speakers led by linguists such as Dr. William Bright and Susan Gehr, as well as members of the Karuk community. The Karuk language originated around the Klamath River between Seiad Valley and Bluff Creek. Before European contact, it is estimated that there may have been up to 1,500 speakers. Linguist William Bright documented the Karuk language. When Bright began his studies in 1949, there were "a couple of hundred fluent speakers," but by 2011, there were fewer than

7881-404: The language by the Karuk Language Restoration Committee. The committee, composed of eight volunteers, drafted a 5-year minimum plan in an attempt to preserve the Karuk language and help it regain its standing in the community. The committee was advised by Dr. William Bright and tribal member Julian Lang, a dedicated researcher of the language. Their studies suggest that the decline of the language

7992-518: The language lacks words for cardinal directions , but uses suffixes on verbs to describe relevant direction. Many motion verbs have a singular and plural form. Through morphology , long-form vowels are used when a is next to i or u . Karuk uses accents where vowels can sound different in each word, making the language difficult to learn. Although the structure may be similar, Karuk is considered to be very different from its neighboring languages, such as Yurok . Karuk uses prefixes and suffixes in

8103-558: The largest federally recognized tribe in California. Federal recognition was given in 1855, in which the Yurok Reservation was created. Throughout the late 1800s, Yurok were moved to several newly established reservations, several of which were later destroyed or closed. The reservation covers around 63,000 acres along the coastal region of the lower Klamath River. The Yurok people think of the Klamath river as “the Bloodline:

8214-635: The largest privately held transmission systems in the U.S. within the western Energy Imbalance Market. Pacific Power and Rocky Mountain Power combined serve over 1.6 million residential customers, 202,000 commercial customers, and 37,000 industrial and irrigation customers, for a total of approximately 1,813,000 customers. The service area is 143,000 square miles (370,000 km ). The company owns and maintains 16,500 miles (26,600 km) of long-distance transmission lines, 64,000 miles (103,000 km) of distribution lines, and 900 substations. PacifiCorp owns, maintains and operates generation assets and manages

8325-625: The letters: ⟨ii⟩, ⟨aa ⟩ and ⟨uu⟩ are used for /iː/ /aː/ and /uː/. Tones are marked for vowels in Karuk using accent marks. The high and falling tones are represented using the acute and circumflex diacritics , respectively, above the vowels. The low tone is not represented, and tones on long vowels are notated only on the first letter in the digraph. Karuk is a polysynthetic language known for its method of arranging old and new information: "... skilled Karuk speakers use separate words to communicate new, salient detail, or to underscore known detail; and they use affixes for background details so that

8436-471: The life blood of the people” relying on it for foods like salmon (ney-ouy), sturgeon (Kaa-ka), candlefish (kwor-ror), and seaweed (chey-gel’). These foods, specifically fish and specifically from the Klamath river are of utmost important to the culture and religion of the Yurok tribe. Located along the river are various villages important to specific ceremonial practices of the Yurok, like the Jump Dance or

8547-630: The lower Klamath River and a large section of the Northern California coast. Along with the Hupa and Karuk, the lower to mid-upper Tribes caught salmon from the river with weirs , basket traps and harpoons . Ishi Pishi Falls, a set of rapids on the Klamath River near the confluence with the Salmon River, has been a traditional fishing ground for thousands of years. Tribes of the upper basin were primarily hunter-gatherers, and did not depend on salmon as much as downstream tribes. The Klamath River's name

8658-562: The lumber companies shut down due to drought. About 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) of farmland are irrigated in the Upper Klamath Basin, divided between the federal Klamath Irrigation Project located south of Upper Klamath Lake, and various local and private irrigation districts, mostly located north of the lake. In 1905, the Reclamation Service (today's U.S. Bureau of Reclamation ) was authorized to construct

8769-447: The natural bedrock barrier that historically backed up floodwaters into Lower Klamath Lake. This enabled the near complete draining of both Tule and Lower Klamath Lakes. Karuk language Karuk is classified as severely endangered by UNESCO with only around 12 fluent native speakers of the language left. Most members of the Karuk nation now use English in their everyday lives. Since 1949, there have been efforts to revitalize

8880-416: The outlet of the lake. Many of the seasonal marshlands surrounding the lake and rivers were diked in this period to host lumber operations. In 1919, the first Link River Dam , a timber crib dam, was constructed at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake, raising it by about 16 feet (5 m). Steamboats continued mail, passenger and freight operations on Upper Klamath Lake until about 1928, in a period when many of

8991-446: The present time there are about twenty-five claims being worked on the Klamath and Salmon Rivers, employing three hundred men. Operations in this locality are generally on a small scale and involve the use of but little capital. —R.L. Dunn (1889) The 1850s saw discoveries of rich placer and lode gold deposits along the predominantly Shasta areas of the Klamath, Trinity, Shasta and other rivers in northwestern California. The gold

9102-401: The preservation of their cultural heritage along with their land and the resources it provides. The Klamath River basin tribes are deeply connected and entwined with their land. The Klamath river, the food it provides and the spiritual significance it holds, is centrally situated in the identities of all four tribes that live along the Klamath. The Yurok tribe has almost 5,000 members, making it

9213-714: The previous rates until 2035. Pacific Power serves customers in Washington , Oregon and California . Major cities served include: As of December 31, 2009, Pacific Power serves 555,070 customers in Oregon, 126,665 customers in Washington, and 45,148 customers in California. Rocky Mountain Power serves customers in Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. Major cities served include: Ammon, Lava Hot Springs, Malad City, Montpelier, Preston, Rigby, Rexburg, Saint Anthony, Shelley Rocky Mountain Power serves most major cities in Utah, with

9324-472: The region. In the 1840s many white Americans started moving west into the region with the Gold Rush. Many more members of the Klamath tribes were displaced or killed in the destruction of villages and a series of wars over territory, among other threats. Into the 20th century, many Klamath children were separated from their tribes and families and forced to attend boarding schools which attempted to assimilate

9435-413: The residential rate for their excess energy that got sent back into the energy grid. As of August 2018, new rooftop solar installations were down 23 percent, likely due to the cancellation of the net metering program. New solar customers are paid by a transitional program that pays slightly less than the residential rate until 2033. People who installed solar panels prior to November 2017 are grandfathered at

9546-423: The ridges. Underlying rocks are generally younger from east to west. The many ridges crossing the upper Klamath Basin divide it into valleys with up to 330 feet (100 m) of vertical relief, and drainage patterns generally follow the topography. An extensive geothermal system occurs deep underground within the upper basin, creating hot springs and artesian springs , but is not well understood. Further south, in

9657-498: The river and include some type of bathing in or ingesting of the water. Recreational games are played on constructed “courts” along the river banks. The cycle of life in the Yurok culture is closely tied to the Klamath and those who have passed away are thought to take one last boat ride upriver. Like the Karuk, the Yurok language references the Klamath river in their descriptions of direction. The Karuk tribe recognized self-governance in 1994 and gained federal recognition in 1979. As

9768-418: The river as a source of food and trade for thousands of years, and it continues to hold great cultural significance for tribes. Most lands along the upper Klamath were settled by Euro-Americans following exploration by fur trappers in the early to mid-19th century. Violent conflict and displacement of tribes occurred during the California Gold Rush as prospectors pushed into the lower Klamath basin, leading to

9879-464: The river as the Yurok and Karuk people, including practices of jump dances and cultural/subsistence reliance on the Klamath's salmon runs. Located in Northern California and Southern Oregon, the Shasta tribe is not federally recognized by the U.S. government due to the California legislature rejecting a treaty in 1851 that would have created a Shasta reservation. The tribe is currently in the process of gaining federal recognition. Shasta people celebrate

9990-579: The river flows through coast redwood forests in the Yurok Indian Reservation . State Route 169 follows most of this section of the river, except for an unconstructed segment between river miles 8-23 (13-37 km) which is only accessible by boat. The river enters Del Norte County , where Highway 101 bridges it at the town of Klamath . The river empties into the Pacific Ocean at a tidal estuary near Requa , in an area shared by

10101-562: The river, is used to indicate downhill. The Hupa Valley Tribe is a federally recognized tribe with around 3,000 members. The reservation spans 80,000 acres and is the largest in California. It is located in the lower area of the Klamath River along the Trinity River. Around 3,000 people reside in the Hoopa Valley Reservation. Spanning around 85,000 acres, it is the largest reservation in California. The Hupa Valley tribe hold similar ceremonial and religious beliefs regarding

10212-421: The river. Salmon are an integral aspect of Karuk identity, culture, and subsistence. Karuk fisherman continue to sustainably fish for Salmon despite their decreasing numbers, drought and myriad other ecological issues. Ishi Pishi falls, located near the town of Somes Bar , remains the traditional location for Karuk men to fish. Karuk fishermen use a traditional dip-net fishing technique using long poles with nets on

10323-469: The sharp northward bend where the Trinity River joins. The lower Trinity also follows portions of the mica and its south fork as well. Human habitation on the Klamath dates to at least 7,000 years ago. Many of the Native American groups along the river depended on the huge runs of Pacific salmon , the third largest on the Pacific coast of what is now the United States. These groups included

10434-416: The southeast, and various closed basins of interior Oregon to the northeast. Hydrologically, the Upper Klamath Basin is considered to be upstream from the former site of Iron Gate Dam , about 190 miles (310 km) from the river's mouth. Most of the Upper Klamath Basin is in Oregon, with some parts extending south into California. Situated between the Cascades and the Oregon high desert and northwest of

10545-465: The taxes. Eventually, the tribes began to profit from the sale of timber produced on the reservation, although unfairly distributed because of the lack of consideration of the three differing tribes. In 1954, however, Congress removed their federal recognition and the reservation was no longer economically successful. The tribes won back federal recognition in the 1970s, but by then poverty was widespread among tribal members. Additionally more indigenous land

10656-497: The term "world renewal" was coined by anthropologist Kroeber and Gifford, the Karuk tribe has adopted the phrase to refer to their annual ceremony that they view as essential to maintaining the reciprocal and stewarding relationship they have with the environment. The ceremony is meant to renew and sustain this relationship. Many aspects of the larger ceremony involve being near or on the Klamath river, such as boat dances that take place in canoes and involve giving thanks and gratitude to

10767-458: The towns of Klamath and Klamath Glen under as much as 15 feet (4.6 m) of water, and destroying most of the Highway 101 bridge crossing the river. The highway bridge was rebuilt in a different location, though entrances to the old bridge still stand. The mouth of the Klamath and nearby sections of the river are susceptible to oceanic tsunami surges, and fatalities have occurred there during

10878-525: The tribe relied on for food became less plentiful because of contamination in the water from mining, and many members of the Karuk tribe died from either starvation or new diseases that the Europeans brought with them to the area. Many members of the Karuk tribe were also killed or sold into slavery by the Europeans. Karuk children were sent to boarding schools where they were Americanized and told not to use their native language. These combined factors caused

10989-1023: The tribe thanks to his contributions to the community. Bright was buried on Karuk land when he died in 2006. In the late 1980s, Humboldt State University started the "American Indian Bilingual Teacher Credential Program", where they brought in teachers from four local tribes, the Hupa , Yurok , Karuk , and Tolowa . These teachers were bilingual in their tribe's native language as well as English , and would be employed in local public schools to teach American Indian children. The university developed this initiative to help local American Indian populations either further develop their English for higher education or develop their native language to preserve culture. Bilingual teachers in both Karuk and English would teach at Orleans and Happy Camp Elementary Schools, where children would learn how to live in America while keeping their identity. In 1990, attempts were made to revive

11100-501: The type of natural science information that indigenous people have gathered about the places they live in over the course of hundreds, if not thousands, of years. It encompasses knowledge, beliefs, and practices that native people have accumulated through their immersive stewardship of the natural world. On the Klamath River, tribes have historically, and continue to, use traditional ecological knowledges and practices to care for and manage their landscape. The Klamath River tribes consist of

11211-525: The use of the Karuk language to steadily decline over the years until measures were taken to attempt to revitalize the language. Karuk is a language isolate , sharing few if any similarities with other nearby languages. Historically, the American linguist Edward Sapir proposed it be classified as part of the Hokan family , although little evidence supports this proposal. As Bright wrote, "The Karok language

11322-409: The utility company operating the dams. This enabled salmon migration to the Upper Klamath Basin for the first time in over 100 years, and established new guidelines for Klamath water use to achieve a compromise between agricultural needs and fishery flows. The official beginning of the Klamath River is at Lake Ewauna , a small natural lake near Klamath Falls, Oregon . The primary inflow of Lake Ewauna

11433-556: The valley from Mount Shasta, the highest point in the Klamath River basin at 14,161 ft (4,316 m). Yreka and Montague are located within Shasta Valley. To the west is the smaller Scott Valley , which includes the towns of Fort Jones , Etna , Greenview and Callahan . Hayfork Valley and the community of Hayfork are located in Trinity County, while Hoopa Valley and the surrounding Hoopa Reservation are on

11544-720: Was claimed as public territory in 1905 under the Forest Reserve Act during the Roosevelt administration. In 1887, some members of the Karuk tribe were given small plots of land under the General Allotment Act. In the 1970's, elders from the Karuk tribe bought back two properties in Orleans and Happy Camp and have acquired 1,661 acres of land that the tribe can use for ceremonies, housing, and resource management. There are 5 vowel qualities in Karuk /i e

11655-594: Was completed in January 1989. In 2001, PacifiCorp was acquired by Scottish Power . In 2006, PacifiCorp was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway Energy , a division of Berkshire Hathaway , for $ 5.1 billion in cash. In a July 2006 reorganization, Pacific Power's territory in central and eastern Wyoming was merged with the Utah Power territory to form Rocky Mountain Power. In these tables of generation properties owned or partially-owned by PacifiCorp, total capacity

11766-405: Was later drained and filled in. In the early 1910s and 1920s, logging was a growing industry on the west side of the upper Klamath River valley, especially around Upper Klamath Lake. The Great Northern Railway and Southern Pacific Railroad built a joint-use line running along the eastern shore of the lake, delivering logs from the north side to a sawmill 3 miles (4.8 km) downstream from

11877-514: Was lost in the 1970s after the completion of the construction of a section of highway 96 which ran through traditional Karuk territory and paved over cemeteries, villages, spiritual sites and allotments. One of the main Klamath tribal land stewardship practices of cultural burning was first disrupted with the beginning of Spanish colonization in California in the 1780s. Spanish colonization led to diseases, genocide, forced removal of indigenous people, relocation to missions, and laws banning burning in

11988-412: Was met with open arms by tribal elders and was given the Karuk name Uhyanapatánvaanich , or "little word-asker". Around a decade later, Bright published The Karok Language , describing the Karuk language, its grammar, and syntax . Bright set himself apart from linguists from his time for incorporating elements of the cultural context of Karuk into his descriptions. Bright later worked with Susan Gehr,

12099-636: Was recorded by Europeans in the 19th century derived from the word klamet or the Klamath Tribe. Prior to European contact, the river was called by many different names, including Ishkêesh and Koke . The Klamath Tribe's name came from the Upper Chinookan word /ɬámaɬ/ , literally "they of the river". The tribes along the Klamath River, in their hunting, fishing, and landscape stewardship practices, employed traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). Traditional ecological knowledge describes

12210-531: Was spawn from legislation passed in 2016 that called for more renewable energy from the state's utility companies. As of May 1, 2007, Rocky Mountain Power serves approximately 758,000 customers in Utah, 129,000 customers in Idaho, and 67,000 customers in Wyoming. In November 2017, Rocky Mountain Power made a deal with Utah's utility authorities to phase out net metering . The program was paying customers who generated their own electricity with rooftop solar panels

12321-477: Was the first large incursion into the Klamath River region, and conflict soon broke out between tribes and gold seekers. As miners established claims along the river, they forced indigenous peoples from their settlements and fishing grounds; many natives were killed, while others died of introduced diseases. Several place names in the Klamath Basin originate from this era, including that of the Scott River, which

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