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66-577: The Kumeyaay language belongs to the Yuman–Cochimí language family . The Kumeyaay consist of three related groups, the 'Iipai , Tiipai , and Kamia . The San Diego River loosely divided the 'Iipay and the Tiipai historical homelands, while the Kamia lived in the eastern desert areas. The 'Iipai lived to the north, from Escondido to Lake Henshaw , while the Tiipai lived to the south, in lands including

132-725: A 20-year drought in the mid-20th century crippled the region's dry farming economy. For their common welfare, several reservations in the US formed the non-profit Kumeyaay, Inc. Cuts in Native American welfare programs under the Reagan and Bush Sr. administrations forced the reservation to find other means of income and capitalize on industries not possible off-reservation. In 1982, the Barona Band won its case in Barona Group of

198-630: A band of Kumeyaay during the feast of San Diego de Alcalá , thus giving the region of San Diego its name; however, this also did not lead to colonial settlement. In 1769, the Portolá expedition anchored in San Diego Bay and, once on land, traveled to the Kumeyaay village of Cosoy (Kosa'aay) to recover and resupply. After their recovery, the Spanish established a presidio over the village and

264-406: A brief familiarization. Nomenclature and tribal distinctions are not widely agreed upon. According to Margaret Langdon , who is credited with doing much of the early work on documenting the language, the general scholarly consensus recognized three separate languages: Katherine Luomala considered that the wide range of dialect variations reflected only two distinct languages, 'Iipai and Tiipai,

330-508: A decisive victory over an anti-Christian uprising and capturing its leader, Claudio. With conditions worsening, the Kumeyaay led an attack on Rancho Tecate in 1836, forcing the alcalde of San Diego to send an expedition to suppress the Kumeyaay, but returned unsuccessfully. Because of the failed venture, Mexico failed to adequately suppress talk of Californian secession from American settlers in northern Alta California. Further Kumeyaay raids on El Cajon (1836) and Rancho Jamul (1837) threatened

396-480: A gesture of peace between warring groups or as part of a trade relationship. Kumeyaay generally lived in dome-shaped homes made from branches and covered with leaves of willow or tule, called 'ewaa. These structures had a hole at the top to let smoke out and rocks along its base to keep out wind and small animals. Some Kumeyaay who lived in the mountains made their home out of slabs of bark. These structures were often temporary. When families moved or if someone died in

462-687: A new western front of the Yuma War . The Kumeyaay agreed to join the revolt alongside Cahuilla , Cocopah , and Quechan warriors, but made no military commitments to attack San Diego or capture Fort Yuma . However, not all Kumeyaay bands fought on the same side of the Yuma war; the San Pasqual Band of Kumeyaay fought against the Quechan campaign to attack San Diego and defeated the Quechan in

528-626: A professional soccer franchise by becoming the co-owner of San Diego FC , a Major League Soccer expansion team, and the second to have an ownership stake in any professional sports team. On the Mexican side of the border, Kumeyaay reservations manufacture traditional craftwork to sell on the American side of the border with partnering Kumeyaay souvenir gift shops and casinos. Many Kumeyaay there have moved into urban areas to seek better employment opportunities compared to their agrarian employment on

594-801: A trilingual book of stories and oral histories from Baja California Tiipay communities of Nejí and La Huerta. Video and audio recordings of stories, conversation, and wordlists in the Tiipay variants spoken in Nejí and La Huerta have been uploaded to the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA). Some of these have been transcribed and are available to download on the Endangered Languages Archive hosted by

660-618: A view mostly supported by other researchers. Evidence of the settlement in what is today considered Kumeyaay territory may go back twelve millennia. Circa 7000 B.C. marked the emergence of two cultural traditions: the California Coast and Valley tradition and the Desert tradition. The Kumeyaay had land along the Pacific Ocean from present Oceanside, California , in the north to south of Ensenada, Mexico , and extending east to

726-424: Is commonly used as a designation both for the central language of this family and for the 'Iipay-Tiipay-Kumeyaay people as a whole. Tiipay is also commonly used as a collective designation for speakers of both Kumeyaay and Tiipay proper. In 1999, published documentation for the Kumeyaay language appeared to be limited to a few texts. In 2019, Margaret Field (along with other translators and native speakers) published

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792-912: Is the Native American language spoken by the Kumeyaay people of southern San Diego and Imperial counties in California as well as five Kumiai communities in Baja California Norte, Mexico. Hinton in 1994 suggested a conservative estimate of 50 native speakers of Kumeyaay. There were 377 speakers reported in the 2010 Mexican census, including 88 who called their language "Cochimi". The Barona Intertribal Dictionary lists among its Core Contributor Group, Patrick Melvin Curo and among its Extended Group, Stanley Rodriguez, Ed.D. and Ana Gloria Rodriguez, M.Ed. who continue to teach

858-514: Is the third church on this location. It is a National Historic Landmark , for its pristine example of a Spanish mission church complex. Today the mission complex functions as a parish church of the Diocese of San Diego as well as a museum and retreat center. Mission San Luis Rey De Francia raised about 26,000 cattle as well as goats, geese, and pigs. An early account of life at the Mission

924-570: The Colorado River . The Cuyamaca complex , a late Holocene complex in San Diego County is related to the Kumeyaay peoples. The Kumeyaay tribe also used to inhabit what is now a popular state park, known as Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve . One view holds that historic 'Iipai-Tiipai emerged around one millennium ago, though a "proto-'Iipai-Tiipai culture" had been established by about 5000 B.C. Katherine Luomola suggests that

990-802: The Indigenous languages of the Americas is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mission San Luis Rey de Francia Mission San Luis Rey de Francia ( Spanish : Misión San Luis Rey de Francia ) is a former Spanish mission in San Luis Rey , a neighborhood in Oceanside, California . This Mission lent its name to the Luiseño tribe of Mission Indians . At its prime, Mission San Luis Rey's structures and services compound covered almost 950,400 acres (384,600 ha), making it

1056-761: The Laguna Mountains , Ensenada , and Tecate . The Kamia lived to the east in an area that included Mexicali and bordered the Salton Sea . The Kumeyaay or 'Iipai-Tiipai were formerly known as the Diegueños , the former Spanish name applied to the Mission Indians living along the San Diego River . They are referred to as Kumiai in Mexico. The term Kumeyaay translates as "People of

1122-640: The Maricopa . The Kumeyaay aligned with Quechan -led coalition, along with the Mohave , Yavapai , Chemehuevi , and other smaller groups on the Colorado River. The Spanish mediated peace talks between the two warring factions in the mid-1770s, largely siding with the Quechan-aligned alliance. However, increased tensions between the Spanish and the Quechan led to resumed conflict in 1781, but with

1188-731: The Mexican Revolution , the Magonistas gained the support of the Kumeyaay with an enthusiastic base, particularly in the Tecate region; many Kumeyaay from both sides of the border were enticed by their anarcho-syndicalist message of indigenous liberation from the Mexican and American colonial nation-states starting with the end of the Porfirio Díaz dictatorship. The Kumeyaay supported the Magonistas as guides throughout

1254-456: The Mexican secularization act of 1833 much of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia land was sold off. Indigenous peoples, previously forced to work on missions, were freed from direct subjugation in the mission system through this act. When Native people at San Luis Rey learned of their impending freedom, they proclaimed together: "We are free! We do not want to obey! We do not want to work!" and left

1320-917: The Misión San Diego de Alcalá , incorporating the village into the settlement of San Diego. In 1769, under the Spanish Mission system, bands living near Misión San Diego de Alcalá (overlooking the San Diego River, in present-day Mission Valley), were called Diegueños; later bands, living near Mission San Luis Rey de Francia , were called the Luiseño. The Spaniards brought with them new, non-native, invasive flora and domestic animals, which brought about some level of degradation to local ecology. This included grazing and foraging livestock animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, donkeys, and various birds, like chickens, pheasants and ducks;

1386-600: The Mission of San Gabriel . Disney added a skull and crossbones to the cemetery entrance. In 1998, Gilbert Levine led members of the Los Angeles Philharmonic and, with the special permission of Pope John Paul II , the ancient Cappella Giulia Choir of St. Peter's Basilica , the first-ever visit of this 500-year-old choir to the Western Hemisphere , in a series of concerts to commemorate

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1452-610: The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. However, border wall construction accelerated in 2020 and Kumeyaay representatives at the border to protect and preserve Kumeyaay artifacts were turned away from the construction area. This sparked protests among the bands and Kumeyaay women organized to lead a protest at the border in July. The La Posta Band filed a lawsuit in August against

1518-557: The "nucleus of later Tipai-Ipai groups" came together around A.D. 1000. The Kumeyaay themselves traditionally hold that they have lived in San Diego since 10,000 B.C. At the time of European contact, Kumeyaay comprised several autonomous bands with thirty patrilineal clans. The first European to visit the region was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. He had initially met with the Kumeyaay, but this did not lead to any colonial settlement. Sebastián Vizcaíno also visited in 1602 and met with

1584-577: The 18 Treaties were completed, the documents were sent to the United States Senate for approval. Under pressure from white settlers and the California Senate delegation, the treaties were all rejected. From 1870 to 1910, American settlers seized lands, including arable and native gathering lands. In 1875, President Ulysses S. Grant created reservations in the area, and additional lands were placed under trust patent status after

1650-605: The 1915 Panama–California Exposition , displacing the residents of the village. In 1932, the Coapan Kumeyaay living and farming on the San Diego River were removed to make way for El Capitan Dam and El Capitan Reservoir and relocated their inhabitants at the Barona Reservation and the Viejas Reservation , further cutting down the agricultural capacity of the Kumeyaay reservations. During

1716-419: The 200th anniversary of the founding of the mission, broadcast on NPR 's Performance Today . In February 2013, the seismic retrofitting was completed. Today, Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is a working mission, cared for by the people who belong to the parish, with ongoing restoration projects. Mission San Luis Rey has a Museum, Visitors' Center, Retreat Center, gardens with the historic Pepper Tree, and

1782-581: The American side of the border. By the end of June, the rebellion was suppressed by the Madero administration. After the revolution, the ban on Ejidos and other forms of communal living were lifted and the Kumeyaay were able to resume their traditional communal way of life legitimately with their communities in Valle de Las Palmas , Peña Blanca, and their five other reservations. Kumeyaay people supported themselves by farming and agricultural wage labor; however,

1848-776: The Americans at the Battle of San Pasqual . A Kumeyaay leader, Panto, called on the Mexicans to cease hostilities with the Americans so that the Kumeyaay could tend to the wounded Americans, to which provided Panto and the San Pasqual Kumeyaay resupplied the Americans and helped ensure the American capture of the Pueblo de Los Ángeles and San Diego. After the Mexican–American War , Kumeyaay lands were split between

1914-648: The Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians v. Duffy (1982) to operate high-stakes bingo games, leading to the expansion of many Kumeyaay bingo operators into the casino industry. This helped establish Las Vegas-style gaming operations in the reservations in the region, evaporating reservation unemployment and poverty in a short time. In total, the Kumeyaay operate six casinos: Barona Valley Ranch Resort and Casino, Sycuan Resort and Casino, Viejas Casino & Resort, Valley View Casino and Hotel, Golden Acorn Casino and Travel Center, and Jamul Casino. In response to

1980-625: The Endangered Languages Documentation Program (ELDP) at the University of London. As of April 2023, classes are available through Kumeyaay Community College paired with Cuyamaca Community College as well as San Diego State University . There is also a Kumeyaay language immersion program. Alveolar sounds /t, s, n, r/ can also be heard as post-alveolar [t̠, s̠, n̠, r̠] . Vowel length may also be distributed. This article related to

2046-697: The Guadalupe Valley. Many bands began launching wine tours and festivals to attract tourists and foreign visitors from southern California and cruise passengers stopping at the Port of Ensenada . In 1998, the Kumeyaay established the Kumeyaay Border task force to work with federal immigration officials to secure free passage of Baja Kumeyaay bands to visit the US Kumeyaay bands and ensure their rights to protected graves and artifacts protected by

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2112-571: The Kamia-Kumeyaay attacked Fort Romualdo Pacheco on April 26th with the support of the Quechan, resulting in three dead Mexican soldiers and a fort that would never return to service. After decades of debates and delays, the missions in Alta California were secularized in 1833, and Ipai and Tipais lost their lands; band members had to choose between becoming serfs , trespassers, rebels, or fugitives. This increased tensions between

2178-536: The Kumeyaay and the Mexican settlers as the economic instability threatened the security of Mexican and American merchants transiting through the area. Under territorial governor José Figueroa , some of the Kumeyaay from Mission San Diego were allowed to resettle and establish San Pasqual pueblo in 1835, who would later become the San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians . The Kumeyaay pueblo fought against hostile bands and protected Mexican settlers, with

2244-599: The Kumeyaay in 1822, granting much of the land to Mexican settlers, who became known as Californios , to develop the land for agriculture, beginning the California rancho era. Kumeyaay fell victim to smallpox and malaria epidemics in 1827 and 1832, reducing their population. Various disputes culminated to a skirmish between the Kumeyaay and Mexican soldiers stationed in San Diego in 1826, killing 26 Kumeyaay. This provoked Lt. Juan M. Ibarra to lead several attacks on Kumeyaay-controlled lands, and killed 28 people in his attack on Santa Ysabel on April 5th of that year. In retaliation,

2310-500: The Kumeyaay village in what is now Balboa Park led by the Florida Canyon Kumeyaay Band. The village experienced growth after receiving immigrants from other Kumeyaay bands as well as from other indigenous Californian and Bajeno tribes, who sought work in the city, transforming the village into a neighborhood integrated into the city fabric. The village was then demolished in the early 1900s in preparation for

2376-455: The Kumeyaay, rebuilding their mission closer to the Kumeyaay village of Nipaquay or Nipawai . Ultimately, the Spanish solidified their control over the area until the end of the mission era. In the east, the Kamia-Kumeyaay were engaged in an armed regional conflict in the Colorado River region against a coalition of Yuman speaking tribes east of the Colorado River and the Cahuilla led by

2442-607: The Mexican–American War. The Mexican settlers became refugees on Point Loma as they waited for ships, hoping to evacuate from San Diego as Kumeyaay victories challenged their ability to hold the pueblo. During the Mexican–American War, the Kumeyaay were initially neutral. The Kumeyaay of the San Pasqual pueblo were evacuated as the Americans approached the town. The Mexicans and the Californios were victorious over

2508-495: The Mission as a Franciscan college. Father Joseph O'Keefe was assigned as an interpreter for the monks. It was he who began to restore the old Mission in 1895. The cuadrángulo (quadrangle) and church were completed in 1905. San Luis Rey College was opened as a seminary in 1950, but closed in 1969. Episodes 2, 3, 4 and 12 of the Disney -produced Zorro TV series include scenes filmed in 1957 at San Luis Rey, which doubled for

2574-603: The San Diego region, such as the Sycuan Green Line of the San Diego Trolley and the SDSU Viejas Arena . Some reservations have also diversified their economic profile such as Campo Reservation -based Muht Hei inc which oversees the reservation's wind farm or Sycuan Band's acquisition of the U.S. Grant Hotel . Additionally, Sycuan also became the first Native American tribe to own part of

2640-490: The San Pasqual Valley. The Kumeyaay withdrew from the war after the capitulation of the Cahuilla to the US and the failed attempt to capture Fort Yuma. Compared to other California tribes, the Kumeyaay did not face the same magnitude of destruction and exploitation under the California genocide . This was due to the strategic positioning of the Kumeyaay and the lack of gold in the mountains. Additionally, Mexican officials in Baja California Territory threatened to intervene in

2706-445: The Spanish being denied overland access to Alta California and siding with the Maricopa-aligned coalition. The Spanish would then refocus their attention westwards to secure their maritime access to Alta California on 'Iipay-Tiipay-Kumeyaay lands. The Mexican Empire assumed ownership of Kumeyaay lands after defeating Spain in the Mexican War of Independence in 1821. The following year, Mexican troops confiscated all coastal lands from

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2772-472: The Trump administration seeking to block further construction of the border wall through their sacred cemetery (burial sites). Prior to Western assimilation , the Kumeyaay were organized into bands or clans called sibs or shiimull, which were grounded in family lineages with each sib home for 5 to 15 families. Each sib had their own territory and had the right to enforce land property rights in punishing thieves and trespassers. However, Kumeyaay did recognize

2838-418: The U.S. and Mexico through the Mexican Cession resulting from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . In 1851, San Diego County unilaterally charged property taxes on Native American tribes in the county and threatened to confiscate land and property should they fail to pay up. This led to the San Diego Tax Rebellion of 1851 or "Garra's Revolt", with the destruction of Warner's Ranch led by the Cupeño , opening up

2904-572: The casino construction boom, the San Diego County government maintained a policy of opposition to any growth in tribal expansion under any circumstance in fears that land would be used to build more casinos, which broke down relations between the County and the Kumeyaay, Payomkawichum (Luiseño) , and Kuupangaxwichem (Cupeño) tribal reservation governments. This San Diego County Board of Supervisors repealed these policies in May 2021. The relative success of gaming operations on many reservations has allowed them to buy naming rights of infrastructure around

2970-472: The conflict if they committed any atrocities on tribes along the border, due to a mix of Mexican sympathies towards the Native Californians and a fear of refugees coming across the border. On January 7, 1852, representatives of a number of Kumeyaay clans, including Panto, met with Commissioner Oliver M. Wozencraft and negotiated the Treaty of Santa Ysabel. The agreement was part of the "18 Treaties" of California , negotiated to protect Indian land rights. After

3036-446: The early 1840s and launched a second attack on San Diego in June 1842. However, San Diego managed to defend itself once more. While the siege failed, the Kumeyaay managed to control much of the south, east, and most of the north of the settlement, with the town becoming dependent on sea access maintain connections to the rest of Mexico. Together with Quechan resistance in the east, the Kumeyaay cut off Alta California of all land routes to

3102-425: The founding of the mission: In Quechla not long ago there were 5,000 souls, with all their neighboring lands. Through a sickness that came to California, 2,000 souls died, and 3,000 were left. The Mission-born, Franciscan -educated Tac wrote that his people initially attempted to bar the Spaniards from invading their Southern California lands. Pablo Tac went on to describe the preferential conditions and treatment

3168-706: The house, they were often burned down. During warm seasons, men wore nothing except for a hide breechcloth to hold tools while women wore an apron or a skirt made from willow or elderberry bark. In the colder months, they would wear blankets made from willow bark or rabbit skins. They wore agave sandals made from yucca and agave fibers when going over long distances, over sharp rocks, or hot sand. Some would wear bead necklaces as jewelry, with beads made of clam, abalone, or olivella shells . Additionally, men could get their nose pierced and women might have their chins tattooed. Kumeyaay language Kumeyaay (Kumiai), also known as Central Diegueño, Kamia, 'Iipay Aa, and Campo,

3234-422: The land, whose aid allowed them to control Mexicali, Tecate, and Tijuana during the Magonista rebellion of 1911 . However, the Kumeyaay did not participate in much of the active fighting in the Magonista Rebellion, and did not participate with Cocopah , Kiliwa , and Paipai tribes in raiding on small towns or looting Chinese-Mexican businesses in the region, and may have even smuggled Chinese-Mexican refugees to

3300-420: The language today. Kumeyaay belongs to the Yuman language family and to the Delta–California branch of that family. Kumeyaay and its neighbors, ' Iipay to the north and Tiipay to the south, were often considered to be dialects of a single Diegueño language, but the 1990 consensus among linguists seems to be that at least three distinct languages are present within the dialect chain. Confusingly, Kumeyaay

3366-403: The largest of the Californian missions, along with its surrounding agricultural land. Multiple outposts were built in support of Mission San Luis Rey and placed under its supervision, including the San Antonio de Pala Asistencia in 1816 and the Las Flores Estancia in 1823. The full name of the mission is La Misión de San Luis, Rey de Francia (The Mission of Saint Louis, King of France). It

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3432-422: The latter dirtying local water sources considerably. After years of sexual assaults from the Spanish soldiers in the Presidio, and physical torture of Mission Indians using metal-tipped whips (by Mission staff), the Tiipay-Kumeyaay villages led a revolt against the Spanish, burning down Mission San Diego and killing Father Luis Jayme along with two others. Missionaries and church leaders “apologized” and forgave

3498-443: The mission by the thousands, returning to their rural communities "which in some cases their forebears had left two generations earlier." During the Mexican–American War in Alta California (1846–1847), the Mission was utilized as a military outpost by the United States Army . In July 1847, U.S. military governor of California Richard Barnes Mason created an Indian sub-agency at Mission San Luis Rey, and his men took charge of

3564-434: The mission property in August, appointing Jesse Hunter from the recently arrived Mormon Battalion as sub-agent. Battalion guide Jean Baptiste Charbonneau , the Native American Shoshone child of Sacagawea who had traveled with the Lewis and Clark Expedition forty years earlier, was appointed by Mason as the Alcalde "within the District of San Diego, at or near San Luis Rey" in November 1847. Charbonneau resigned from

3630-400: The padres received: In the mission of San Luis Rey de Francia the Fernandino [ sic ] father is like a king. He has his pages, alcaldes, majordomos, musicians, soldiers, gardens, ranchos, livestock.... The first Peruvian Pepper Tree ( Schinus molle ) in California was planted here in 1830, now iconic, widely planted, and renamed the California Pepper tree in the state. After

3696-450: The passage of the 1891 Act for the Relief of Mission Indians. The reservations tended to be small and lacked adequate water supplies. The situation was made worse during the famine of 1880–1881, which forced many Kumeyaay to survive by accepting charity from whites, as they faced diseases, starvation and attacks from white settlers. Some Kumeyaay chose not to establish a reservation inland and sought work in San Diego, many of whom migrated to

3762-445: The post in August, 1848, claiming that "because of his Indian heritage others thought him biased when problems arose between the Indians and the other inhabitants of the district." With secularization of the mission in 1834 , no religious services were held and the Luiseño were left behind by the fleeing Franciscan padres. The Mission's religious services restarted in 1893, when two Mexican priests were given permission to restore

3828-408: The reservation. The depopulation of their reservations has allowed neighboring non-native Ejidos to encroach on their lands. The Kumeyaay reservations on the Mexican side of the border have largely retained their traditional heritage. Some reservations faced water shortages, making it difficult to continue agricultural operation. This led many communities to enter wine-tasting and tourism industries in

3894-410: The rest of the Mexican republic between the Colorado River and the Pacific Ocean up until the Mexican–American War, further threatening Mexican control of the southern Alta California coast. The Kumeyaay prevented Mexican usage of the ranchos around San Diego and evicted most of the Californios in the area by 1844, and continued launching raids deep into the Mexican controlled coast up until the start of

3960-420: The right to water and were also obligated to share food with visitors. The Kumeyaay had a patriarchal society where the position of chief, or Kwaapaay , was inherited from the father to son, although widows were sometimes permitted to assume the position. It was the Kwaapaay's role to protect traditions, hold ceremonies, and resolve disputes and was responsible for political, religious, and economic activities of

4026-399: The security of San Diego, as many residents of San Diego fled the city. The Kumeyaay were able to attack San Diego in the late 1830s. Kumeyaay advancements into Rancho Bernardo in the north and San Ysidro and Tijuana to the south at the end of the decade threatened to cut off San Diego from the rest of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. The Kumeyaay made preparations to lay siege on San Diego in

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4092-519: The sib's welfare. Each family in the sib was allowed to follow and participate in the decision making, or could leave the sib and pursue their own decision. The Kumeyaay practiced arranged marriage made by parents of different sibs. The future husband was expected to demonstrate his ability to hunt and needed to present the future bride the game he had killed. The bride would move into the husband's sib once they were married. Marriage relations were also made between sibs and other neighboring tribal groups as

4158-454: The sib. Future Kwaapaays were often selected by a Kwaapaay of another with no family relations to ensure impartiality. Kwaapaays were also accompanied by assistants and had a council of Kuseyaays . Kuseyaays were made up of male or female priests, doctors, and other specialists in the fields of health, ecology, resource management, tradition, and religion. Kuseyaays could be called by the kwaapaay to provide information or to make decisions for

4224-461: The west", with the word meyaay meaning "steep" or "cliff". All languages and dialects spoken by the Kumeyaay belong to the Delta–California branch of the Yuman language family , to which several other linguistically distinct, but related, groups also belong (including the Cocopa , Quechan , Paipai , and Kiliwa ). Native speakers contend that, within their territory, all Kumeyaay ('Iipay/Tiipay) can understand and speak to each other, if even after

4290-437: Was named for King Louis IX of France . Its nickname is "King of the Missions". It was founded by padre Fermín Lasuén on June 12, 1798, the eighteenth of the twenty-one Spanish missions built in the Alta California Province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . In 1800, Mission olive trees were first planted at the Mission; by 1876, only seven of the mission's olive trees were alive. The current church, built in 1815,

4356-406: Was written by one of its Native American converts , Luiseño Pablo Tac , in his work Indian Life and Customs at Mission San Luis Rey: A Record of California Mission Life by Pablo Tac, An Indian Neophyte (written c.  1835 in Rome , later edited and translated in 1958 by Minna Hewes and Gordon Hewes). In his book, Tac lamented the rapid population decline of his Luiseño people after

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