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41-523: Kunta-haji Kishiev (literally son of Kishi) was born in a Chechen lowland village of Isti-Su, also known as Melcha-Khi. Later the family moved to the mountain village of Ilskhan-Yurt in the heartland of Chechnya. In his youth he was distinguished by his hard work and sharp mental senses. Kunta received a solid religious education and was a follower of shaykh Gezi-haji from the village of Zandak. Kunta started practicing Zikr : prayer with rolling and recitation of divine names. According to legend, Imam Shamil

82-953: A heterogeneous living tradition with some non-discursive elements, which is internally extremely dynamic and multifaceted – is the purview of Islamic studies in the modern world. In the years 1821 to 1850, the Royal Asiatic Society in England, the Société Asiatique in France, the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft in Germany, and the American Oriental Society in the United States were founded. In

123-665: A major cause of the conflict between Wahhabi and Qadiriyyah adherents in the government of Aslan Maskhadov . The Wahhabis wanted to destroy the tomb (as they consider veneration of Kheda as paganism ), yet the Qadiriyyahs led by Akhmad Kadyrov (then the Chief Mufti of Chechnya) were able to save the tomb, but the conflict eventually led to Kadyrov's alliance with the Russian government against Maskhadov's government . Islamic studies Islamic studies refers to

164-553: A number of cultures , philosophies, central teachings and bodies of esoteric knowledge . Kalām emerged as a discipline in response to political disputes among Muslims, and then later in response to the impact of Hellenistic philosophy and the expansion of the Islamic Empire into territories previously dominated and occupied by the Sassanian and Byzantine Empires. Thus, one of the first and persistent questions challenging

205-429: A reassuring scientific framework. However nowadays, besides recurrent debates within history itself, many scientists look unfavorably at a linear conception of time (Rovelli 2018). The first attempt to understand Islam as a topic of modern scholarship (as opposed to a Christological heresy ) was within the context of 19th-century Christian European Oriental studies . Examining and understanding this kind of Islam –

246-437: A significant amount of academic research in that, in the subsequent twenty years, not only expanded and detailed the arguments put forth by these scholars, but also analyzed and improved upon their methodologies. Recent years have seen a shift towards utilizing a broader range of sources and developing more intricate interpretive frameworks, some of which have even challenged the idea of a uniform Islamic gender discourse. Following

287-519: A surge of scholarly research during the early 1990's. This wave of scholarship was influenced by the growing presence of politically and religiously active women scholars with Muslim and Arab backgrounds. Additionally, there was a notable increase in the utilization of gender studies methodologies within the traditionally conservative realms of Islamic history and law. Works such as Leila Ahmed’s Women and Gender in Islam (1992), Fatima Mernissi’s The Veil and

328-581: Is due to the fact that early Islam forbade the painting of human beings, especially the Prophet , as Muslims believe this tempts followers of the Prophet to idolatry . This prohibition against human beings or icons is called aniconism . Despite such a prohibition, depictions of human beings do occur in Islamic art, such as that of the Mughals , demonstrating a strong diversity in popular interpretation over

369-684: Is the federal executive body of state power of the Russian Federation . The members of the government are the prime minister , the deputy prime ministers , and the federal ministers. It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law "On the Government of the Russian Federation". The Apparatus of the Government of Russia is a governmental body which administrates

410-448: The 2000 Russian presidential election , gaining 53.44% of the vote. The most recent change took place on 14 May 2024, when President Vladimir Putin signed a presidential decree on forming Mikhail Mishustin's Second Cabinet . The Government is the subject of the 6th chapter of the Constitution of the Russian Federation . According to the constitution, the government of the Russian Federation must: The government issues its acts in

451-545: The Middle East and other areas that are or have been part of, or influenced by, Islamic culture, such as Hebrew , Turkish , Persian , Urdu , Azerbaijanian and Uzbek . Islamic architecture is the entire range of architecture that has evolved within Muslim culture in the course of the history of Islam . Hence the term encompasses religious buildings as well as secular ones, historic as well as modern expressions and

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492-609: The historical study of Islam , Islamic civilization , history of the Muslim world , historiography , Islamic law , Islamic theology and Islamic philosophy . Specialists in Islamic studies concentrate on the detailed, academic study of texts written in Arabic within the fields of Islamic theology , Islamic law , and the Qur'an and Hadith along with ancillary disciplines such as Tafsir or Qur'an Exegesis. However, they also often apply

533-441: The 16th century, originally as a sub-division of divinity . This latter context gave early academic Islamic studies its Biblical studies character and was also a consequence of the fact that, throughout early-modern Western Europe, the discipline was developed by churchmen whose primary aim had been to refute the tenets of Islam . Today, academic Islamic studies is usually taught and studied alongside or after an extensive study of

574-593: The Arabic language, with named undergraduate and graduate degrees in Arabic and Islamic studies existing at universities such as Georgetown University , the University of Exeter , University of Oxford , University of Leeds , SOAS at the University of London , Yale University and several universities in Holland and Germany (notably Leiden University and Tübingen University ). A recent HEFCE report emphasises

615-468: The Islamic community was the status of a believer who committed grave sins. The term “Islamic law” would in itself be an example of such a holistic merging of two spheres, conflating a person’s faith with his rights, or even three, if “law” is seen as a natural aspect of state politics that in a modern differentiated system should not be separated from religion, in its institutions and its rules. Islamic jurisprudence relates to everyday and social issues in

656-613: The Male Elite (first published in English in 1991, translated from a 1987 French original), and Fedwa Malti-Douglas’s Woman’s Body, Woman’s Word: Gender and Discourse in Arabo-Islamic Writing (1991) surveyed large swathes of Islamic history and thought, suggesting structural connections between gendered religious discourses and the social and political roles and rights of women over time. The work from this era sparked

697-686: The President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin signed presidential decree No.242 "On the reorganization of the government bodies of the RSFSR". Yeltsin officially declared the end of the Soviet Union and became the President of the Russian Federation. Yeltsin was a reformer and promised Western-styled democracy. The new Russian Constitution was adopted in 1993. It gained legitimacy through its bicameral legislature, an independent judiciary,

738-494: The academic study of Islam , which is analogous to related fields such as Jewish studies and Quranic studies . Islamic studies seeks to understand the past and the potential future of the Islamic world. In this multidisciplinary program, scholars from diverse areas (history, culture, literature, art) participate and exchange ideas pertaining to the particular field of study. Generations of scholars in Islamic studies, most of whom studied with Orientalist mentors, helped bridge

779-522: The activities of the government. According to the 1991 amendment to the 1978 constitution , the President of Russia was the head of the executive branch and headed the Council of Ministers of Russia . According to the current 1993 constitution, the president is not a part of the government of Russia, which exercises executive power. However, the president appoints the prime minister. The large body

820-453: The age of 18, thus, in 1848). In his travel over the Middle East , Kunta not only visited Mekka but also the tomb of Abdul-Qadir Gilani in Baghdad , and became a devoted follower of Qadiriyyah , the teachings developed by Abdul-Qadir Gilani. Kunta became a strong supporter of non-violence and peace. In the midst of the bloody Caucasian War he wrote to Chechnya from Mekka: and After

861-499: The context of a given Sufi’s own time for reasons as to why he/she was known as a Sufi. Sufism is not that, they do not follow the Islam properly it’s just that they spend more time with God. It is an individual way of studying. It might also be referred to as Islamic mysticism. While other branches of Islam generally focus on exoteric aspects of religion, Sufism is mainly focused on the direct perception of truth or God through mystic practices based on divine love. Sufism embodies

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902-549: The day and participate in the ritual of Loud Circular Zikr. Despite the fact that Kunta-haji repeatedly rejected the title of imam , he was seen as a threat to the Imperial authorities and the official version of Islam supported by Russian authorities. By the request of the tsar's administration, official Islamic clerics (e.g. Abdulkadyr Khordayev and Mustafa Abdulayev) organized public theological discussions with Kunta-haji trying to prove that his teaching contradicted Islam. Still

943-653: The early time of Islam, of Muhammad and how the Quran was written. In the 1970s, the Revisionist School of Islamic Studies questioned the uncritical adherence to traditional Islamic sources and started to develop a new picture of the earliest times of Islam by applying the historical-critical method . To understand the history of Islam provides the indispensable basis to understand all aspects of Islam and its culture. Themes of special interest are: The history of women and gender in Islamic studies experienced

984-464: The fall of Shamil, Kunta-haji returned to Chechnya. His teaching became quite popular among people tired by the almost fifty years of the Caucasian war. The number of his murids reached five thousand. Kunta-haji required his murids not only to perform the five required prayers during the day, but also to repeat the prayer La ilaha ill-Allah (There is no god but God) at least one hundred times during

1025-639: The gap between Orientalism and Religious studies. The subfield that grew out of this effort is called "Islamic studies." The study of Islam is part of a tradition that started in Western academia on a professional scale about two centuries ago, and has been previously linked to social concern. This academic tradition has not only led to an accumulation of knowledge, even if some of it is almost forgotten or badly neglected, but has also witnessed major changes in interests, questions, methods, aesthetics, and ethics of Islam. Many academic Islamic studies programs include

1066-477: The impactful comprehensive syntheses of the early 1990's, more in-depth and context-specific studies have delved into social customs, religious beliefs, and the interplay between the two. Sufism ( تصوف taṣawwuf ) is a mystic tradition of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi (one who practices Sufism).According to Renard (2021) quoted by Green

1107-409: The increasing, strategic importance for Western governments since 9/11 of Islamic studies in higher education and also provides an international overview of the state of the field. With the events of 11 September 2001, Islam has become the most prominent world religion and occupies center stage in world politics. In Islamic Studies, there is a tendency to rely on history (as method and approach) as

1148-626: The influence of Kunta-haji only grew. Considering Kunta-haji as a threat, the Governor-General of Terek ordered his arrest. Kunta-haji and his brother, Movsar, were arrested and taken to Novocherkassk prison in January 1863. The arrest caused the so-called Dagger Uprising (or delo pod Shali), when three thousand of Kunta-haji's murids armed only with the ceremonial daggers tried to free their teacher in Shali. The rebels were dispersed by

1189-405: The life of Muslims. It is divided in fields like: Key distinctions include those between fiqh , hadith and ijtihad . Islamic studies scholars also deal with the long and rich tradition of philosophy as developed by Muslim philosophers . It is divided in fields like: Islamic studies scholars are also active in the history and philosophy of science . Significant progress in science

1230-414: The meaning of Sufism is “a strong method of Muslim’s knowledge and practice bringing proximity to or meditation with God and believed that it came from Prophet Muhammad from generation to generation who followed him” (P.8). The etymological term Suf has mysticism to the educational notion of asceticism. The ascetics and mystics have different and separate roles in each setting, and everyone needs to search

1271-470: The methods adapted from several ancillary fields, ranging from Biblical studies and classical philology to modern history , legal history and sociology . Scholars in the field of Islamic studies are often referred to as "Islamicists" and the discipline traditionally made up the bulk of what used to be called Oriental studies . The transitional generation of Islamicists were betwixt and between an era when Islamic studies were dominated by Orientalism and

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1312-477: The position of the president and the prime minister, and democratic features. These democratic features included competitive multi-party elections, separation of powers, federalism, and protection of civil liberties. In 1999, Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin the Prime Minister. Later that year, Yeltsin resigned from the presidency, and Putin took over as the acting president. In its first round, Putin won

1353-425: The post-Orientalist era of post-colonial criticism and critical theory in the social sciences and much of religious studies. In fact, some of the more traditional Western universities still confer degrees in Arabic and Islamic studies under the primary title of "Oriental studies". This is the case, for example, at the University of Oxford , where classical Arabic and Islamic studies have been taught since as early as

1394-660: The pre-modern period. Increased contact with the Western civilization may also have contributed to human depictions in Islamic art in modern times. Islamic comparative religion is the study of the relationship between Islam and other religions. Islamic economics studies how economics may be brought in accordance with Islamic law . One field of study deals with how Islam reacts on the contact with Western modernity. Russian government The government of Russia ( Russian : Правительство Российской Федерации , romanized :  Pravitelstvo Rossiyskoy Federatsii )

1435-493: The production of all places that have come under the varying levels of Islamic influence. Islamic visual art has, throughout history, been mainly abstract and decorative, portraying geometric, floral, Arabesque , and calligraphic designs. Unlike the strong tradition of portraying the human figure in Christian art , Islamic art is typically distinguished as not including depictions of human beings. The lack of portraiture

1476-579: The regular troops of General Tumanov. 160 rebels were killed. For a long time there was no information about the fate of Kunta-haji. In 1928 documents were found confirming that Kunta-haji died in exile in the town of Ustyuzhna (then Novgorod Guberniya , now Vologda Oblast ). (This is not correct). Despite being originally persecuted and its members often sent to Siberia , the Qadiriyyah Tariqah started in Caucasus by Kunta-haji became

1517-456: The religion of the majority of Chechens (exact estimations vary: 60% or 70-75%). The followers of Kunta-haji believe that their teacher is one of the 360 saints that keep the world alive and that he would return to Earth at a future time. The tomb of Kunta-haji's mother, Kheda, is considered sacred as the spring nearby that is believed to have been started by Kunta-haji pushing his stick into the earth. The tomb of Kunta-haji's mother, Kheda, became

1558-473: The second half of the 19th century, philological and historical approaches were predominant. Leading in the field were German researchers like Theodore Nöldeke   with his History of the Quran , and Ignaz Goldziher  's work on hadith ( Muslim Studies ). Orientalists and Islamic scholars alike preferred to interpret the history of Islam in a conservative way. They did not question the traditional account of

1599-613: Was made in the Muslim world during the Middle Ages , especially during the Islamic Golden Age , which is considered a major period in the history of science. Scholars also study the relationship between Islam and science , for example in the application of Islamic ethics to scientific practice. This field includes the study of modern and classical Arabic and the literature written in those languages. It also often includes other modern, classic or ancient languages of

1640-424: Was preceded by the government of the Soviet Union . The government's structure has undergone several significant changes since the Russian Federation emerged from 1991 to 1992. In the initial years, many government bodies, primarily the different ministries, underwent massive reorganization as the old Soviet governing networks were adapted to the new state. Many reshuffles and renamings occurred. On 28 November 1991,

1681-528: Was worried by the unusual practice and ordered an examination of the Koranic knowledge of the youth. After Kunta passed the examination, Shamil left him alone. By another version of the same legend, Shamil forbade Kunta Zikr and promised to execute him if he continued. Yet another legend tells that Shamil exiled Kunta to Mekka and did not allow him to come back. By the end of 1850s Kunta made his Hajj (according to Mustafa Eldibiev, Kunta made his first hajj at

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