ISO 15919 (Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters ) is an international standard for the romanization of Brahmic and Nastaliq scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of a series of international standards by the International Organization for Standardization .
24-532: Kurmali or Kudmali ( ISO : Kuṛmāli) is an Indo-Aryan language classified as belonging to the Bihari group of languages spoken in eastern India. As a trade dialect, it is also known as Panchpargania ( Bengali : পঞ্চপরগনিয়া), for the "five parganas " of the region it covers in Jharkhand. Kurmali language is spoken by around 550,000 people mainly in fringe regions of Jharkhand , Odisha and West Bengal , also
48-621: A Manbhumi dialect . Kurmali also closely resembles the Khortha language and has a good number of loanwords from the Munda language family, specifically from the Santali language , although not as much as Khortha language. It is believed that the early form of the Kurmali language was spoken by Kudmi Mahato , a group that was one of the original homesteaders of Jharkhand ( Manbhum region). As
72-400: A mother tongue , including two Scheduled Tribe and three Scheduled Caste communities. Those ten communities include Bedia , Bagal , Dharua, Dom , Jolha, Kamar , Kumhar , Tanti , Nai , Ghasi , Karga, and Rautia . In addition, bilingual tribals like Bhumij , Ho , Kharia , Lohara (or Lohar), Mahli , Munda , Oraon , Santal , Savar and Bathudi communities speak the language as
96-520: A language, Kurmali has its own traditional precedence, and has nothing to do with Magahi as a source. Although the language is now Indo-Aryan in nature, it has some distinctive features like lexical items , grammatical markers and categories that are neither available in Indo-Aryan nor Dravidian , nor even in Munda languages . Thus it is believed that the language was once a separate, unrelated language. However, because of its long settlement in
120-492: A second or subsequent language. The language contributes to community identity in festivals like Bandna , Tusu , Karam and Jhumair , in which the songs are formatted in Kurmali. An example of this is the Jhumar song . There are some institutions, where the Kurmali language is a higher education core subject. ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which
144-902: A sizeable population speak Kurmali in Assam tea valleys. Kurmali is one of the demanded languages for enlisting in Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India . Kurmali language is mainly spoken in three eastern states of India, that is, in southeastern district Seraikela Kharswan , East Singhbhum , West Singhbhum , Bokaro and Ranchi districts of Jharkhand ; in northern district Mayurbhanj , Balasore , Kendujhar , Jajpur and Sundargarh of Odisha ; and in south western district Paschim Medinipur , Jhargram , Bankura , Purulia and northern districts Maldah , Uttar Dinajpur , Dakhin Dinajpur , Jalpaiguri of West Bengal . Apart from
168-797: A total of 556,089 Kurmali speakers in India . They are grouped under the umbrella of " Hindi languages ". Note that both, Kurmali Thar and Panch Pargania are dialects of the Kurmali language. In Nepal , there are 227 Kurmali speakers. However, it is claimed that the actual number of Kurmali speakers is far higher than the number cited in the census. The speakers of Kurmali are spread over a vast region of East India, especially in fringe areas of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. These states are mostly dominated by Bengali , Nagpuri and Odia speakers. Local dialectal change and language shift can be noticed in these areas. The Kurmi of West Bengal identify themselves as speakers of Kurmali but due to age-long settlement in
192-613: Is a kind of mixed dialect essentially Bihārī in its nature, but with a curious Bengali colouring. [...] In each case this dialect is the language of a strange people in a strange land. ... In Manbhum this [Kuṛmalī] language is principally spoken by people of the Kuṛmī caste, who are numerous in the districts of Chota Nagpur, and in the Orissa Tributary state of Mayurbhanja. ... [They] do not all speak corrupted Bihārī. Many of them speak Bengali and Oriya. ... In
216-416: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Manbhumi dialect Manbhumi Bengali ( Bengali : মানভূমী বাংলা , romanized : Mānbhūmī Bāṅlā , pronounced [manbhumi baŋla] ) or Western Bengali is the local Bengali dialect spoken in
240-421: Is transferred orally from generation to generation and the Kurmali language remains unstandardised due to influence of other Indo Aryan languages. Thus its speakers use different varieties and accents. However, the language can be classified on the basis of the speakers' territorial region, viz., Singhbhum Kudmali, Dhalbhum Kudmali, Ranchi Kudmali (Panchpargania), Manbhum Kudmali, Mayurbhanj Kudmali are
264-401: The transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in
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#1732797346020288-958: The Aryan belt, the native speakers gradually abandoned the original structure and switched to an Aryan form of the language, while retaining the substrate of the old. The language currently falls in 6b (threatened) and 7 ( Language shifting ) level of the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), which correspond to the UNESCO language endangerment category level " Vulnerable " and " Definitely Endangered ". However, Ethnologue place Kurmali at 6a (vigorous) level and its variety Panchpargania (widely used in Jharkhand) at level 3 ( trade ) of EGIDS, both of which correspond to "Safe" status of UNESCO language endangerment category level. The language
312-650: The Bengali region their language is shifting towards the Manbhumi dialect of Bengali, as similarly occurred in northern Odisha with Bengali and Odia admixture. In the 1903 Linguistic survey of India , the shift was explained this way: There are ... emigrants from ... highlands into the Bengali-speaking area. These have retained their own language, though ... borrowing words and grammatical forms from those amongst whom they live. The result
336-685: The Orissa Tributary States, the Kuṛmī nearly all talk Bengali, although living in an Oriya speaking country. Similarly, in the 1911 census, according to the Linguistic Survey of India and Deputy Commissioner of Ranchi the Panchpargania was noted as: [Panch Pargania] closely resembles the Kurmali Thar of Manbhum. The principal apparent difference is the result of the characters employed in writing. In Manbhum
360-412: The Panchpargania is usually considered a major variety of the Kurmali language, although sometimes it is classified as a distinct language. Similarly, due to the great influence of the Bengali language on Kurmali (as the speakers of this language are in the process of shifting to dominant or prestige languages of the region), many linguists label it as Jharkhandi Bangla and sometimes it is clustered as
384-553: The character adopted is the Bengali , and the language looked at, so to speak, through Bengali spectacles. Hence words are spelled as a Bengali would spell them. In the five Parganas, on the other hand, the Kaithi alphabet is used, and the language is looked at through Hindi spectacles. ... Panch Pargania or Tamaria is really a composition of language formed of Bengali, Oriya and Bihari words and terminations. The Kurmali language
408-638: The core area of the language, the language is also spoken in Udalguri and a few speakers are also found in Cachar , Santipur , Nagaon of Assam; the eastern districts of Chandrapur and Gadchiroli in Maharashtra . Apart from this, a few speakers are also found in the states of Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and in neighbour country Bangladesh and Nepal . During the British Raj , the Kurmali language
432-1002: The district of Purulia and adjacent area of other districts of West Bengal and Jharkhand , previously Manbhum district in Bengal Presidency . It is one of the Bengali dialects , having some influences of neighbouring dialects of Hindi and Odia in it. Manbhumi Bengali has a rich tradition of folk songs sung in various occasions. Tusu songs are sung by village girls during a month-long observance of Tusu festival in villages of Purulia and some parts of Barddhaman , Bankura and Birbhum districts of West Bengal and parts of East Singhbhum , Saraikela Kharsawan , Bokaro , Dhanbad and Ranchi districts of Jharkhand . Bhadu songs, Karam songs, Baul songs and Jhumar songs are also composed in Manbhumi Bengali. Manbhumi Bengali songs are used by Chhau performers of Purulia School to depict various mythological events. Chhau
456-472: The major regional varieties. All those varieties bear between 58 and 89 per cent lexical similarity with each other. The basic Kurmali cardinal numbers are: The language Kurmali (Kudmali) is spoken by 555,465 people as a native language in India. The Kudmi ( Kudmi Mahato ), the native speakers of the language, are the main users. As per The People of India (1992), the language is spoken by ten communities as
480-643: The table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There
504-510: Was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN),
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#1732797346020528-666: Was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for
552-687: Was initially categorised under the Bengali language in the first two censuses of independent India (1951 and 1961), following colonial linguistic G.A. Grierson, who identified Kurmali as 'a form of western Bengali' [ sic ] in his publications from 1898 to 1927. Since the 1971 census, Kurmali has been classified under the Hindi language group. The Kurmali language bears between 61 and 86 per cent lexical similarity with Panchpargania; 58–72 per cent with Khortha ; 51–73 per cent with Nagpuri ( Sadri ); 46–53 per cent with Odia ; 41–55 per cent with Bengali ; and 44–58 per cent with Hindi . Hence
576-713: Was known as Panchpargania (means "language of five regions") for present-day Bundu , Barenda, Sonahatu (split into Sonahatu and Rahe ), Silli , Tamar blocks of Ranchi district of Jharkhand state as a trade language between four linguistic region. Now the Sonahatu and Rahe make the core region of Panchpargania. Distribution of Kurmali language in the state of India As per the Census of 2011 , there are 311,175 Kurmali Thar speakers in India (hailing mostly from West Bengal , Odisha , Assam and Maharashtra ) and 244,914 Panch Pargania speakers (mostly from Jharkhand ), making
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