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69-560: The majority of the residents of Kwimba are Wasukuma from the Sukuma tribe and speak Sukuma along with Swahili . Most of the residents are engaged in the subsistence farming of rice, sweet potatoes, cassava, millet or maize. As of 2012, the population of the Kwimba District was 406,509. By 2022, the population had increased to 480,025. The 2002 Tanzania National Census showed the following statistics for livestock population in

138-579: A Bantu ethnic group from the southeastern African Great Lakes region. They are the largest ethnic group in Tanzania and North Western Uganda, with an estimated 10 million members or 16 percent of the country's total population. Sukuma means "north" and refers to "people of the north." The Sukuma refer to themselves as Basukuma (plural) and Nsukuma (singular). They migrate from North Western Uganda to Tanzania to keeping animals and agriculture activities. The Sukuma live in northwestern Tanzania on or near

207-649: A dybbuk is a disembodied spirit that wanders restlessly until it inhabits the body of a living person. The Baal Shem could expel a harmful dybbuk through exorcism . Possession-trance and adorcism are also engaged with by some Jews. Notably, Ethiopian Jewish women may participate in zār , and Tuisinian Jewish women have a practice called Stambali. Stambali uses incense, music (traditionally performed by Black musicians from fraternal orders), dance, animal sacrifice, and large spreads of food to induce trance and to appease jinn which may be afflicting someone, and ceremonies may be regularly repeated by that person. Stambali

276-401: A jinn might seek to possess an individual, such as falling in love with them, taking revenge for hurting them or their relatives, or other undefined reasons. At an intended possession, the covenant with the jinn must be renewed. Soothsayers ( kāhin pl. kuhhān ), would use such possession to gain hidden knowledge. Inspirations from jinn by poets requires neither possession nor obedience to

345-551: A Nyamwezi people who had moved northwestward to escape Mirambo 's raids with the result that game and tsetse re-occupied the deserted area. Unyanyembe, the most important kingdom of the Nyamwezi, centered on Tabora and obtained its meat supplies from the Sukuma. By 1892, however, the herds of cattle began to decline due to rinderpest and tsetse fly , and while two-thirds of German East Africa became unsuitable for cattle, and cattle in general probably did not recover until after

414-459: A graveyard or a tomb is believed to enable contact with the ghosts of the dead, who visit the sleeper in dreams and provide hidden knowledge. Possession by ʻafarit (a vengeful ghost) are said to grant the possessed some supernatural powers, but it drives them insane as well. Jinn are much more physical than spirits. Due to their subtle bodies , which are composed of fire and air ( marijin min nar ), they are purported to be able to possess

483-501: A holistic view the world as interconnected with all living things, natural and supernatural. The Sukuma are one of many ethnic groups who use animals in their traditional medicine, also known as "zootherapy." Like other African groups including the Eswatini Inyangas and Bight of Benin, many believe that traditional medicines derived from animals are more effective than Western-style medicine . Plants and animals have been

552-416: A household with holy water , placing wax and herbs on thresholds to "ward off witches occult ", and avoiding certain areas of townships known to be frequented by witches and Devil worshippers after dark. Afflicted persons were restricted from entering the church, but might share the shelter of the porch with lepers and persons of offensive life. After the prayers, if quiet, they might come in to receive

621-479: A human might find pleasure in obeying the demons first, according to Islamic thought, the human soul can only be free if the demons are bound by the spirit (ruh). Sufi literature, as in the writings of Rumi and Attar of Nishapur , pay a lot of attention to how to bind the inner demons. Attar of Nishapur writes: "If you bind the div , you will set out for the royal pavilion with Solomon" and "You have no command over your self's kingdom [body and mind], for in your case

690-846: A knowledge of future events (Acts 16:16) and great strength (Act 19:13–16), among others, and shows that those with evil spirits can speak of Christ (Mark 3:7–11). Some Evangelical denominations believe that demonic possession is not possible if one has already professed their faith in Christ, because the Holy Spirit already occupies the body and a demon cannot enter. Various types of creatures, such as jinn , shayatin , ʻafarit , found within Islamic culture, are often held to be responsible for spirit possession. Spirit possession appears in both Islamic theology and wider cultural tradition. Although opposed by some Muslim scholars, sleeping near

759-525: A sample of 488 societies in all parts of the world, with the highest numbers of believing societies in Pacific cultures and the lowest incidence among Native Americans of both North and South America . As Pentecostal and Charismatic Christian churches move into both African and Oceanic areas, a merger of belief can take place, with demons becoming representative of the "old" indigenous religions, which Christian ministers attempt to exorcise . From

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828-402: A sermon in which he presented the cause of autism as, "the devil's attacked them, he's brought this infirmity upon them, he's got them where he wants them". He asserted that the cure for the neurodevelopmental disorder was prayer by claiming to "know a minister who has seen lots of kids that are autistic, that he cast that demon out, and they were healed, and then he had to pray and their brain

897-601: Is a form of compensation among deprived men in the deeply competitive society of the Sidama, for if a man cannot gain prestige as an orator , warrior, or farmer, he may still gain prestige as a spirit healer. Women are sometimes accused of faking possession, but men never are. Kenya Mayote Mozambique Uganda Tanzania In many of the African diaspora religions possessing spirits are not necessarily harmful or evil, but are rather seeking to rebuke misconduct in

966-420: Is a form of compensation for being deprived within Sidama society, although they do not draw from I.M. Lewis (see Cultural anthropology section under Scientific views). The majority of the possessed are women whose spirits demand luxury goods to alleviate their condition, but men can be possessed as well. Possessed individuals of both sexes can become healers due to their condition. Hamer and Hamer suggest that this

1035-401: Is also sometimes done preventatively as part of wedding, bnei mitzvah, and housewarming festivities to ward away the evil eye. The afflictions of jinn may simply be buildups of emotional stress or more serious illness. During trance, the jinn enter the body, and the participants do not remember what occurred during trance afterwards. If a particular person has needed a Stambali ceremony organized,

1104-471: Is an involuntary affliction, some biblical verses have been interpreted as indicating that possession can be voluntary. For example, Alfred Plummer writes that when Devil entered into Judas Iscariot in John 13 :27, this was because Judas had continually agreed to Satan's suggestions to betray Jesus and had wholly submitted to him. The New Testament indicates that people can be possessed by demons, but that

1173-406: Is believed to be caused by a spirit called awre . This affliction presents itself by loss of appetite, nausea, and attacks from severe stomach pains. If it persists, the victim may enter a trance-like stupor, in which he sometimes regains consciousness long enough to take food and water. Breathing is often labored. Seizures and trembling overcome the patient, and in extreme cases, partial paralysis of

1242-472: Is found, possession may be thought of as voluntary or involuntary and may be considered to have beneficial or detrimental effects on the host. The experience of spirit possession sometimes serves as evidence in support of belief in the existence of spirits, deities or demons. In a 1969 study funded by the National Institute of Mental Health , spirit-possession beliefs were found to exist in 74% of

1311-401: Is mostly a flat, scrubless savannah plain between 910 and 1,220 metres (3,000 and 4,000 ft) elevation. Twenty to forty inches (51 to 102 cm) of rain fall from November to March. High temperatures range from 26 to 32 °C (79 to 90 °F) while lows at night seldom drop below 15 °C (59 °F). The population is spread out among small farm plots and sparse vegetation. As with

1380-645: Is sometimes used for the Sukuma area. The name "Sukuma" literally means "north," but it has become a term of ethnic identification. The Nyamwezi and Sukuma region lies between 2°10′ and 6°20′ S and 31°00′ and 35°00′ E. The Nyamwezi "home" area is in the Tabora Region and western Shinyanga Region, and Sukumaland lies to the north and east, covering the eastern Shinyanga Region and the Mwanza Region. There has been much population movement in and beyond these areas, and members of both groups have also settled on

1449-537: Is the legal and illegal trafficking of wild animals for pets. There are also weak policies for regulating the census of endangered animals. Traditional healers do not pose as big of a threat to conservation efforts as commercial hunters do. Unlike the latter group, traditional hunters and medicine men only hunt what they need. Other than medicinal purposes, the Sukuma people use animal resources for things such as decoration and clothing. For example, animal skins are used for house decoration and bags. Relationships between

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1518-544: The Brachystegia - Isoberlinia association; these areas are often called miombo country, after one of these trees. Lower areas of grass and thornbush steppe are also common, and in Sukumaland there are large tracts of park steppe interspersed with baobabs . Spirit possession Spirit possession is an unusual or an altered state of consciousness and associated behaviors which are purportedly caused by

1587-575: The Loa (or lwa ). When the Loa descends upon a practitioner, the practitioner's body is being used by the spirit, according to the tradition. Some spirits are believed to be able to give prophecies of upcoming events or situations pertaining to the possessed one, also called a Chwal or the "Horse of the Spirit". Practitioners describe this as a beautiful but very tiring experience. Most people who are possessed by

1656-530: The Book of Tobias . In the 16th century , Isaac Luria , a Jewish mystic , wrote about the transmigration of souls seeking perfection. His disciples took his idea a step further, creating the idea of a dybbuk , a soul inhabiting a victim until it had accomplished its task or atoned for its sin. The dybbuk appears in Jewish folklore and literature, as well as in chronicles of Jewish life. In Jewish folklore ,

1725-841: The Mongo people but is also practised among various ethnic groups in Kinshasa . Among the Gurage people of Ethiopia, spirit possession is a common belief. William A. Shack postulated that it is caused by Gurage cultural attitudes about food and hunger, while they have a plentiful food supply, cultural pressures that force the Gurage to either share it to meet social obligations, or hoard it and eat it secretly cause feelings of anxiety. Distinctions are drawn between spirits that strictly possess men, spirits that possess women, and spirits that possess victims of either sex. A ritual illness that only affects men

1794-725: The Nyamwezi , all members of the five groups in Greater Unyamwezi identified themselves as Wanyamwezi to those outside of the "greater" area, but among themselves use Sukuma. They call themselves "Sukuma" (Northerners) when speaking to Nyamwezi, but use Nyamwezi when speaking to anyone else. The groups can be called the Nyamwezi–Sukuma complex, for, while never united, they were very closely related in attitude and way of life. Like most of their neighbors, they were an ethnic group divided into many smaller groups. Some claim they were

1863-542: The Roman Ritual , true demonic or Satanic possession has been characterized since the Middle Ages , by the following four typical characteristics: The New Catholic Encyclopedia states, " Ecclesiastical authorities are reluctant to admit diabolical possession in most cases, because many can be explained by physical or mental illness alone. Therefore, medical and psychological examinations are necessary before

1932-468: The awre serves to bring the possessed man to the center of social attention, and to relieve his anxieties over his inability to gain prestige from redistributing food, which is the primary way in which Gurage men gain status in their society. The belief in spirit possession is part of the native culture of the Sidama people of southwest Ethiopia . Anthropologists Irene and John Hamer postulated that it

2001-573: The div is in the place of Solomon". He further links the demons to the story alluded in the Quran (38:34) that a demon replaced the prophet Solomon: one must behave like a triumphant 'Solomon' and chain the demons of the nafs or lower self, locking the demon-prince into a 'rock', before the rūḥ (soul) can make the first steps to the Divine. Although forbidden in the Hebrew Bible , magic

2070-701: The Baptist Deliverance Study Group of the Baptist Union of Great Britain , a Christian denomination , issued a "warning against occult spirituality following the rise in people trying to communicate with the dead". The commission reported that "becoming involved in activities such as Spiritualism can open up a doorway to great spiritual oppression which requires a Christian rite to set that person free". In September 2023, Pastor Rick Morrow of Beulah Church in Richland, Missouri gave

2139-465: The First World War, large valuable herds of cattle were retained by the Sukuma who were then still able to escape any great social change by exploiting the herds economically. Sukuma tradition suggests that famine did become more common towards the end of the nineteenth century, leaving conservative Sukuma blaming religious innovation for the natural disasters and expecting regular sacrifices for

Kwimba District - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-507: The Kwimba district: Paved trunk road T8 from Shinyanga to Mwanza passes through Kwimba district from south to north. The Central Line railway from Tabora to Mwanza passes through the district from east to west and there are three railway stations within the district's boundaries at the villages of Malya, Bukwimba and Mantare . As of 2012, Kwimba District was divided into five divisions and 30 wards. Wasukuma The Sukuma are

2277-586: The Sukuma and their non-Nyamwezi neighbors, the Tatoga , were generally good and they did not regard each other as enemies, as they were mutually dependent on one another. The Tatoga needed the grain of the Sukuma while the Sukuma needed the cattle and the highly regarded rainmaking diviners of the Tatoga (the Tatoga were considered the very best at this important and highly specialized activity). The Maasai , however, were considered enemies. The Tatoga–Sukuma relationship

2346-780: The Sukuma. For this reason, up until the time of the dissolution of the chieftain system, all chiefs and major headmen represented themselves as Taturu even though they were now within the Sukuma area. The Nyamwezi (also called Dakama, or people of the South ) and Sukuma (also called people of the North) are two closely related ethnic groups that live principally in the region to the south of Lake Victoria in west-central Tanzania. When using ethnic names, they describe themselves as "Banyamwezi" (sing. Munyamwezi) and "Basukuma" (sing. Musukuma) respectively; they refer to their home areas as "Bunyamwezi" or " Unyamwezi ," and as "Busukuma." The term "Sukumaland"

2415-474: The Tatoga (Taturu) were their leaders and chiefs when they migrated from the north; the Taturu were the cattle herders and needed open plains for their cattle and moved into the greater Serengeti area. The Sukuma were left closer to the big Nyanza (Lake Victoria), cleared the forests and became the agriculturalists. Even then, when the Taturu moved out toward the plains, they left Taturu administrators to "rule" over

2484-472: The authority of a bishop and in accordance with strict rules; a simple exorcism also occurs during baptism . The infliction of demonic torment upon an individual has been chronicled in premodern Protestant literature. In 1597, King James discussed four methods of daemonic influence upon an individual in his book Daemonologie : King James attested that the symptoms derived from demonic possession could be discernible from natural diseases. He rejected

2553-421: The basis for Sukuma medicine for centuries; however, nowadays plant medicines are used more. The Sukuma people use a system of naming that allows them to distinguish animals according to their medical purposes. Healers organize faunal medicines by first taking a list of known diseases and their symptoms, then making another list of plants, animals, and their healing properties. Within the communities, healers are

2622-534: The beginning of Christianity , adherents have held that possession derives from the Devil (i.e. Satan ) and demons. In the battle between Satan and Heaven , Satan is believed to engage in "spiritual attacks", including demonic possession , against human beings by the use of supernatural powers to harm them physically or psychologically. Prayer for deliverance, blessings upon the man or woman's house or body, sacraments , and exorcisms are generally used to drive

2691-521: The bishop's blessing and listen to the sermon . They were fed daily and prayed over by the exorcists and, in case of recovery, after a fast of from 20 to 40 days, were admitted to the Eucharist , and their names and cures entered in the church records. In 1603, the Church of England forbade its clergy from performing exorcisms because of numerous fraudulent cases of demonic possession. In May 2021,

2760-414: The bodies of humans. Such physical intrusion of the jinn is conceptually different from the whisperings of the devils. Since jinn are not necessarily evil, they are distinguished from cultural concepts of possession by devils/demons. Since such jinn are said to have free will , they can have their own reasons to possess humans and are not necessarily harmful. There are various reasons given as to why

2829-461: The casting out of Devils, is by virtue of fasting and prayer, and in-calling of the name of God, suppose many imperfections be in the person that is the instrument, as CHRIST himself teaches us (Mat. 7) of the power that false Prophets all have cast out devils". In medieval Great Britain , the Christian church had offered suggestions on safeguarding one's home. Suggestions ranged from dousing

Kwimba District - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-582: The coast and elsewhere. Sukuma and members of other groups, such as the Tutsi and the Sumbwa, are often found in Nyamwezi villages, but Sukuma villages are ethnically more homogeneous. Sukuma took over the Geita area of Mwanza Region during the colonial period, and they have expanded farther west since then. They have also moved down into Nzega District and the neighboring Igunga District , and some have migrated into

2967-402: The control of a human body and its functions by spirits , ghosts , demons , angels , or gods . The concept of spirit possession exists in many cultures and religions, including Buddhism , Christianity , Haitian Vodou , Dominican Vudú , Hinduism , Islam , Judaism , Wicca , and Southeast Asian , African , and Native American traditions. Depending on the cultural context in which it

3036-675: The demon out. Some theologians , such as Ángel Manuel Rodríguez , say that mediums , like the ones mentioned in Leviticus 20 :27, were possessed by demons. Another possible case of demonic possession in the Old Testament includes the false prophets that King Ahab relied upon before re-capturing Ramoth-Gilead in 1 Kings 22 . They were described as being empowered by a deceiving spirit. The New Testament mentions several episodes in which Jesus drove out demons from persons . Whilst most Christians believe that demonic possession

3105-488: The demons respond and submit to Jesus Christ's authority: In the synagogue , there was a man possessed by a demon, an evil spirit. He cried out at the top of his voice, "Ha! What do you want with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are—the Holy One of God!" "Be quiet!" Jesus said sternly. "Come out of him!" Then the demon threw the man down before them all and came out without injuring him. All

3174-449: The devils whisper from within the human body, within or next to the heart , and so "devilish whisperings" ( Arabic : waswās وَسْوَاس ) are sometimes thought of as a kind of possession. Unlike possession by jinn , the whispering of devils affects the soul instead of the body. Demons (also known as div ), though part of the human conception, get stronger through acts of sin. By acts of obedience (to God), they get weaker. Although

3243-488: The drier months. The year can be broadly divided into a rainy season, from about November until April, and a dry season the rest of the year. Average annual rainfall is about 75 centimetres (30 in) for most of the Sukuma area, and about 90 centimetres (35 in) for Unyamwezi, but there is much variation from year to year and from place to place. Across the region, there is a regular sequence of soil and vegetation zones. The upper levels are dry woodland typified by trees of

3312-560: The early years by Maturidite scholars such as al-Rustughfanī . The Mu'tazila are associated with substituting jinn-possession by devilish-whisperings, denying bodily possession altogether. In contrast to jinn , the devils ( shayatin ) are inherently evil. Iblis , the father of the devils, dwells in the fires of hell, although not suffering wherein, he and his children try to draw people into damnation of hell. Devils don't physically possess people, they only tempt humans into sin by following their lower nafs . Hadiths suggest that

3381-585: The evil eye directed at them. Showers are also seen as particularly vulnerable places where a jinn may attach themselves to a person. Zebola is a women's spirit possession dance ritual practised by certain ethnic groups of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . It is believed to have therapeutic qualities and has been noted in the West as a traditional form of psychotherapy . It originated among

3450-415: The extremities. If the victim does not recover naturally, a traditional healer, or sagwara , is summoned. Once the sagwara has determined the spirit's name through the use of divination, he prescribes a routine formula to exorcise the spirit. This is not a permanent cure, it merely allows the victim to form a relationship with the spirit while subject to chronic repossession, which is treated by repeating

3519-549: The formula. This formula involves the preparation and consumption of a dish of ensete , butter, and red pepper. During this ritual, the victim's head is covered with a drape, and he eats the ensete ravenously while other ritual participants participate by chanting. The ritual ends when the possessing spirit announces that it is satisfied. Shack notes that the victims are overwhelmingly poor men, and that women are not as food-deprived as men, due to ritual activities that involve food redistribution and consumption. Shack postulates that

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3588-474: The household or chiefdom ancestors. As with all Nyamwezi, the Sukuma, being agriculturalists, ridged their fields to accommodate the fertile but rather arid region. At the same time they had herds, having acquired them from the Tatoga people, but since "mixed" farming was practiced they were not considered pastoralists. Sukumaland also contained and used iron deposits, re-exporting some 150,000 iron hoes to Tabora. The Sukuma believe in spirit possession and have

3657-458: The jinn afflicting them will be asked what it wants as it possesses them. Usually requests involve clothes and an animal for sacrifice. The atmosphere is festive, and participants wear bright clothes and henna. Aside from musicians, the participants are all women. The dances and lyrics are improvised. Those seen as particularly susceptible to jinn affliction are the victims and perpetrators of aggression, those who are frightened, and those who may have

3726-510: The jinn. Their relationship is rather described as mutual. The concept of jinn-possession is alien to the Quran and derives from pagan notions. It is widespread among Muslims and also accepted by most Islamic scholars. It is part of the aqida (theological doctrines) in the tradition of Ashari , and the Atharis , such as ibn Taimiyya and ibn Qayyim . Among Maturidites it is debated, as some accept it, but it has been challenged since

3795-462: The living. Possession by a spirit in the African diaspora and traditional African religions can result in healing for the person possessed and information gained from possession as the spirit provides knowledge to the one they possessed. In Haitian Vodou and related African diaspora religions, one way that those who participate or practice can have a spiritual experience is by being possessed by

3864-437: The ones who direct what and how each animal will be used. For example, pangolins are believed to be a sign for a good harvest year, so healers will sell pangolin scales to protect crops. Because snakes and porcupines are a danger to people and crops in Sukumaland, medicine men and healers captured them to be used as entertainment. There is little information on the Sukuma tribes' use of animals in their medicine because most of

3933-569: The people were amazed and said to each other, "What is this teaching? With authority and power he gives orders to evil spirits and they come out!" And the news about him spread throughout the surrounding area It also indicates that demons can possess animals as in the exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac . Roman Catholic doctrine states that angels are non-corporeal , spiritual beings with intelligence and will . Fallen angels , or demons , are able to "demonically possess" individuals without

4002-569: The performance of major exorcism . The standard that must be met is that of moral certitude ( De exorcismis , 16). For an exorcist to be morally certain, or beyond reasonable doubt, that he is dealing with a genuine case of demonic possession, there must be no other reasonable explanation for the phenomena in question". Official Catholic doctrine affirms that demonic possession can occur as distinguished from mental illness , but stresses that cases of mental illness should not be misdiagnosed as demonic influence. Catholic exorcisms can occur only under

4071-408: The person are possessed by a guiding spirit, the possessed person the give guidance to people that ask for consultation, they answer questions and sometimes explain rituals to help the consulting person to achieve their goals or solve problems in their life, exemples of such spirits are Pomba Gira (female guardian spirit) or Exu (male guardian spirit), who possesses both women and males. According to

4140-705: The research that has been done on the medicinal practices of this tribe has been plant based. A study was conducted in the Busega District of Tanzania, an area comprising the Serengeti Game Reserve and Lake Victoria , to determine which faunal resources healers use to treat illnesses within the community. Many of the traditional medicines, referred to as dawa, are no longer practiced, as many Sukuma tribe members rely more on Western-style medicine. The biggest threat to conservation in Tanzania

4209-439: The southern highland areas of Tanzania, and even into Zambia. These Sukuma movements have stemmed from political factors, such as colonial cattle-culling policies, and from local overcrowding and deteriorating soil conditions. The two areas form a large and undulating tableland, most of it at elevations between 1,150 and 1,275 metres (3,773 and 4,183 ft). There are several rivers in the region, but most of them do not flow during

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4278-676: The southern shores of Lake Victoria , and various areas of the administrative districts of the Mwanza , southwestern tip of Mara Region , Simiyu Region and Shinyanga Region . The northern area of their residence is in the Serengeti Plain. Sukuma families have migrated southward, into the Rukwa Region and Katavi Region , encroaching on the territory of the Pimbwe . These Sukuma have settled outside Pimbwe villages. The Sukuma land

4347-511: The spirit describe the onset as a feeling of blackness or energy flowing through their body. The concept of spirit possession is also found in Umbanda , an Afro-Brazilian folk religion that has origins in Yoruba people . According to tradition, there is some guiding spirits that possess a voluntary person, this normally are made when there is a person that wants to ask for some guidance, when

4416-579: The symptoms and signs prescribed by the Catholic church as vain (e.g. rage begotten from Holy Water , fear of the Cross , etc.) and found the exorcism rites to be troublesome and ineffective to recite. The Rites of the Catholic Church to remedy the torment of demonic spirits were rejected as counterfeit since few possessed could be cured by them. In James' view: "It is easy then to understand that

4485-566: The victim's knowledge or consent, leaving them morally blameless. The Catholic Encyclopedia says that there is only one apparent case of demonic possession in the Old Testament, of King Saul being tormented by an "evil spirit" ( 1 Samuel 16:14), but this depends on interpreting the Hebrew word " rûah " as implying a personal influence which it may not; as a result, even this example is described as "not very certain". In addition, Saul

4554-646: Was centered on cultural and economic exchange, while the Sukuma–Maasai connection was centered on fear and hatred, for cattle were the only thing the Maasai wanted from the Sukuma, believing that God had granted the Maasai all the cattle in the world. However, it is still possible that some peaceful relationships did exist. The Sukuma were very selective in what they assimilated, just as the Nyamwezi were; they were able to assimilate others but were unable to assimilate themselves into other societies. One Sukuma myth states that

4623-428: Was only described to be tormented, rather than possessed, and he was relieved from these torments by having David play the lyre to him. Catholic exorcists differentiate between "ordinary" Satanic/demonic activity or influence (mundane everyday temptations ) and "extraordinary" Satanic/demonic activity, which can take six different forms, ranging from complete control by Satan or demons to voluntary submission: In

4692-658: Was rewired and they were fixed." Members of the pastor's community found his comment to be "derogatory toward individuals with certain disabilities." Their public outcry led to Morrow's resignation from the school board on which he was a member. In both charismatic and evangelical Christianity, exorcisms of demons are often carried out by individuals or groups belong to the deliverance ministries movement. According to these groups, symptoms of such possessions can include chronic fatigue syndrome , homosexuality , addiction to pornography , and alcoholism . The New Testament's description of people who had evil spirits includes

4761-554: Was widely practiced in the late Second Temple Period and well documented in the period following the destruction of the Temple into the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries C.E. Jewish magical papyri were inscriptions on amulets , ostraca and incantation bowls used in Jewish magical practices against shedim and other unclean spirits . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Jewish methods of exorcism were described in

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