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86-410: HD DVD (short for High Density Digital Versatile Disc ) is an obsolete high-density optical disc format for storing data and playback of high-definition video . Supported principally by Toshiba , HD DVD was envisioned to be the successor to the standard DVD format, but lost to Blu-ray , supported by Sony and others. HD DVD employed a blue laser with a shorter wavelength (with the exception of

172-531: A Processing Key was found that could be used to decrypt all HD content that had been released at the time. The processing key was widely published on the Internet after it was found and the AACS LA sent multiple DMCA takedown notices with the aim of censoring it. This caused trouble on some sites that rely on user-submitted content, like Digg and Misplaced Pages , when administrators tried to remove any mentions of

258-528: A 1080-line format, with companion supplements in 480i or 480p . The vast majority of releases were encoded with VC-1, and most of the remaining titles encoded with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC . If a publisher wishes to restrict use of its HD DVD content, it may use the Advanced Access Content System ( AACS ) although this is not required for normal disc playback. AACS is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management . It

344-573: A 12 cm compact disc. Other factors that affect data storage density include: the existence of multiple layers of data on the disc, the method of rotation ( Constant linear velocity (CLV), Constant angular velocity (CAV), or zoned-CAV), the composition of lands and pits, and how much margin is unused is at the center and the edge of the disc. Types of Optical Discs: In the Netherlands in 1969, Philips Research physicist , Pieter Kramer invented an optical videodisc in reflective mode with

430-683: A Blu-ray writer that also read HD DVD discs (but could not write to them). HD DVD competed primarily with Blu-ray Disc. Both formats were designed as successors to DVD , capable of higher quality video and audio playback, and of greater capacity when used to store video, audio, and computer data. Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD share most of the same methods of encoding media onto discs with each other, resulting in equivalent levels of audio and visual quality, but differ in other aspects such as interactive capabilities, internet integration, usage control and enforcement, and in which features were mandatory for players. The storage size also varies: A dual-layer HD DVD holds

516-586: A Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s. Both Gregg's and Russell's disc are floppy media read in transparent mode, which imposes serious drawbacks, after this were developed four generations of optical drive that includes Laserdisc (1969), WORM (1979), Compact Discs (1984), DVD (1995), Blu-ray (2005), HD-DVD (2006), more formats are currently under development. From the start optical discs were used to store broadcast-quality analog video, and later digital media such as music or computer software. The LaserDisc format stored analog video signals for

602-423: A challenge. The BD-J environment is designed to run Xlets with non- javax . * packages available to take advantage of the features particular to this platform beyond that defined by Java TV . Even a simple example such as FirstBDJApp. A developer might choose to use not javax . * packages and instead use: A working example of a program using some features from each of the class trees would be

688-414: A coating called durabis that mitigates these problems. Optical discs are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm (3.0 and 11.8 in) in diameter, with 12 cm (4.7 in) being the most common size. The so-called program area that contains the data commonly starts 25 millimetres away from the center point. A typical disc is about 1.2 mm (0.047 in) thick, while the track pitch (distance from

774-466: A competing format, the HD DVD . A standard Blu-ray disc can hold about 25 GB of data, a DVD about 4.7 GB, and a CD about 700 MB. The following formats go beyond the current third-generation discs and have the potential to hold more than one terabyte (1 TB ) of data and at least some are meant for cold data storage in data centers : Announced but not released: In 2004, development of

860-413: A compromise in early 2005. One of the issues was that Blu-ray Disc companies wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity ( BD-J based on Sun Microsystems ' Java TV standards), while HD DVD companies wanted to use Microsoft's "iHD" (which became HDi ). Another problem was the physical formats of the discs themselves. The negotiations proceeded slowly and ultimately stalled. On August 22, 2005,

946-742: A consortium of manufacturers (Sony, Philips, Toshiba , Panasonic ) developed the second generation of the optical disc, the DVD . The DVD disc appeared after the CD-ROM had become widespread in society. Third-generation optical discs are used for distributing high-definition video and videogames and support greater data storage capacities, accomplished with short-wavelength visible-light lasers and greater numerical apertures. Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD uses blue-violet lasers and focusing optics of greater aperture, for use with discs with smaller pits and lands, thereby greater data storage capacity per layer. In practice,

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1032-582: A desktop/laptop personal computer (PC) running Windows XP , Windows Vista , Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard", and many varieties of Linux . Third-party player software for Windows and Linux have successfully played HD DVD titles using the add-on drive. Released at the end of November 2006, the Microsoft HD DVD drive for the Xbox 360 game-console gives the Xbox 360 the ability to play HD DVD movies. The drive

1118-537: A disc is usually recoverable from a defective optical drive by pushing an unsharp needle into the emergency ejection pinhole, and has no point of immediate water ingress and no integrated circuitry. As the media itself only is accessed through a laser beam and has no internal control circuitry, it cannot contain malicious hardware in the same way as so-called rubber-duckies or USB killers . Like any data storage media, optical discs can contain malicious data, they are able to contain and spread malware - as happened in

1204-607: A full programming environment available on every Blu-ray Disc player provides developers with a platform for creating content types not bound by the restrictions of standard DVD. In addition to the standard BD-J APIs, developers may make use of existing Java libraries and application frameworks, assuming they do not use features outside the constraints of the BD-J platform, include that Java ME only supports Java version 1.3 class files. A set of freely available tools that allow Java developers to produce complete disc images incorporating BD-J

1290-466: A larger market, but there was no inexpensive way to record or play back HD content. JVC 's D-VHS and Sony 's HDCAM formats could store that amount of data, but were neither popular nor well-known. It was known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths would yield optical storage with higher density. Shuji Nakamura invented practical blue laser diodes , but a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction. Sony started two projects applying

1376-468: A light through the disc, as different dye and material combinations have different colors. Blu-ray Disc recordable discs do not usually use an organic dye recording layer, instead using an inorganic recording layer. Those that do are known as low-to-high (LTH) discs and can be made in existing CD and DVD production lines, but are of lower quality than traditional Blu-ray recordable discs. File systems specifically created for optical discs are ISO9660 and

1462-520: A maximum of 30 GB of data, while a dual-layer Blu-ray Disc carries 50 GB. Even after finalizing the HD DVD standard, engineers continued developing the technology. A 51 GB triple-layer spec was approved at the DVD Forums 40th Steering Committee Meeting (held on November 15, 2007). No movies had been scheduled for this disc type, and Toshiba had declined to say whether the 51 GB disc

1548-430: A product based on the chip. HD DVD-R is the writable disc variant of HD DVD, available with a single-layer capacity of 15 GB or a dual-layer capacity of 30 GB. Write speeds depend on drive speed, with a data rate of 36.55 Mbit/s (4.36 MB/s) and a recording time of 56 minutes for 1× media, and 73 Mbit/s (8.71 MB/s) and a recording time of 28 minutes for 2×. The Toshiba SD-L902A for notebooks

1634-532: A protective caddy for the same purpose.) The Blu-ray Disc prototype's caddy was both expensive and physically different from DVD, posing several problems. In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs. In spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it

1720-470: A protective layer read by a focused laser beam U.S. patent 5,068,846 , filed 1972, issued 1991. Kramer's physical format is used in all optical discs. In 1975, Philips and MCA began to work together, and in 1978, commercially much too late, they presented their long-awaited Laserdisc in Atlanta . MCA delivered the discs and Philips the players. However, the presentation was a commercial failure, and

1806-556: A sale price of less than $ 100. This was done through several major retailers to make room for the new HD-A3 models. These closeout sales lasted less than a day each due to both limited quantities and high demand at that price point. In the same month, the HD DVD promotion group announced that 750,000 HD DVD players had been sold, which included stand-alone players and the Xbox 360 add-on. In January 2008 Toshiba announced that close to one million dedicated HD DVD players had been sold. As of June 24, 2008, 475 HD DVD titles had been released in

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1892-443: A scripting environment (BDMV) or a Java-based platform ( BD-J ). DVD video discs use pre-rendered MPEG segments, selectable subtitle pictures, and simple programmatic navigation which is considerably more limited. Backward compatibility is available with all HD DVD players, allowing users to have a single player to play all types of HD DVD, DVD and CD. There is also a hybrid HD DVD format which contains both DVD and HD DVD versions of

1978-451: A thicker substrate (usually polycarbonate ) that makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing layer. The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path covering the entire disc surface and extending from the innermost track to the outermost track. The data are stored on the disc with a laser or stamping machine , and can be accessed when the data path is illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive that spins

2064-542: A visible-light laser (usually red); the shorter wavelength and greater numerical aperture allow a narrower light beam, permitting smaller pits and lands in the disc. In the DVD format, this allows 4.7 GB storage on a standard 12 cm, single-sided, single-layer disc; alternatively, smaller media, such as the DataPlay format, can have capacity comparable to that of the larger, standard compact 12 cm disc. In 1995,

2150-484: A way of supporting their favorite works while getting something tangible in return and also since audio CDs (alongside vinyl records and cassette tapes ) contain uncompressed audio without the artifacts introduced by lossy compression algorithms like MP3 , and Blu-rays offer better image and sound quality than streaming media, without visible compression artifacts, due to higher bitrates and more available storage space. However, Blu-rays may sometimes be torrented over

2236-743: Is a specification supporting Java ME (specifically the Personal Basis Profile of the Connected Device Configuration or CDC) Xlets for advanced content on Blu-ray Disc and the Packaged Media profile of Globally Executable MHP (GEM). BD-J allows for more sophisticated bonus content on Blu-ray Disc titles than standard DVD , including network access, picture-in-picture, and access to expanded local storage . Collectively, these features (other than internet access) are referred to as " Bonus View ", and

2322-474: Is also notable as New Line Cinema 's only film to be released on HD DVD, as the studio quickly shifted to Blu-ray. Death Proof was released on HD DVD format as a special-release steelbook by Senator Films in Germany on December 15, 2008. On April 3, 2010, Engadget reported that Anthem Films would release the film Deadlands 2: Trapped on HD DVD in a limited run of 500 copies. This eventually happened in

2408-569: Is always optional for a BD player. Sony's PlayStation 3 has been the de facto leader in compliance and support of BD-J, adding Blu-ray Profile 1.1 support with a firmware upgrade used to showcase BD-Live at CES 2008. Content authors have a variety of development strategies available, including the use of traditional Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) like NetBeans or Eclipse , non-programming graphical environments similar to Macromedia Director, or via rendering engines which consume standard data formats such as HTML, XML, or SVG. Having

2494-472: Is available from the HD Cookbook Project. In order to test content in a typical development environment (MS Windows), one needs either a PlayStation 3 or a third-party software player for Windows, paying attention to player versions to ensure that the player supports BD-J. Because of the many different standards and components involved, creating unified documentation on BD-J has proven to be

2580-461: Is developed by AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a consortium that includes Disney , Intel , Microsoft, Panasonic , Warner Bros., IBM , Toshiba and Sony . One of the advantages over CSS , the content restriction system for DVDs, is that AACS allows content providers to revoke an individual player device model if its cryptographic keys have been compromised (meaning that it will not be able to decrypt subsequently released content). There

2666-406: Is no Region Coding in the existing HD DVD specification, which means that titles from any country can be played in players in any other country. Since appearing in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player ( WinDVD ). Notably,

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2752-462: Is that reader-writer technology available may not be able to support the additional data layers. NEC , Broadcom , Horizon Semiconductors , and STMicroelectronics have separately developed a single chip/laser that can read both the HD DVD and the Blu-ray Disc standard. Broadcom and STMicroelectronics will be selling their dual-format single chip/laser solution to any OEM willing to develop

2838-559: Is the HDi Interactive Format , and "HDi" is frequently used to refer to the Advanced Content system. Advanced Content is based on web technologies such as HTML , XML , CSS , SMIL , and ECMAScript ( JavaScript ), so authoring in Advanced Content should be a fairly easy transition for web developers. No existing DVD authoring experience is required. In comparison, Blu-ray Disc content is authored using either

2924-476: Is the reason why they are still (as of 2020) widely used by gaming consoles, like the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One X . As of 2020, it is unusual for PC games to be available in a physical format like Blu-ray. Discs should not have any stickers and should not be stored together with paper; papers must be removed from the jewel case before storage. Discs should be handled by the edges to prevent scratching, with

3010-443: The 3× DVD and HD REC variants), and it stored about 3.2 times as much data per layer as its predecessor (maximum capacity: 15 GB per layer compared to 4.7 GB per layer on a DVD). The format was commercially released in 2006 and fought a protracted format war with rival Blu-ray . On February 19, 2008, Toshiba abandoned the format, announcing it would no longer manufacture HD DVD players and drives. The HD DVD Promotion Group

3096-551: The Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by the nine initial members. The DVD Forum (chaired by Sony) was deeply split over whether or not to go with the more expensive blue lasers. Although today's Blu-ray Discs appear virtually identical to a standard DVD, when the Blu-ray Discs were initially developed they required a protective caddy to avoid mis-handling by the consumer (early CD-Rs also featured

3182-507: The GPL appears in the manuals. The current specification books for HD DVD are listed at the DVD FLLC website. HD DVD-ROM, HD DVD-R and HD DVD-RW have a single-layer capacity of 15 GB, and a dual-layer capacity of 30 GB. HD DVD-RAM has a single-layer capacity of 20 GB. Like the original DVD format, the data layer of an HD DVD is 0.6 mm below the surface to physically protect

3268-565: The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) commenced, which promised the storage of several terabytes of data per disc. However, development stagnated towards the late 2000s due to lack of funding. In 2006, it was reported that Japanese researchers developed ultraviolet ray lasers with a wavelength of 210 nanometers, which would enable a higher bit density than Blu-ray discs. As of 2022, no updates on that project have been reported. BD-J BD-J , or Blu-ray Disc Java ,

3354-458: The USB flash drive . This trend is expected to continue as USB flash drives continue to increase in capacity and drop in price. Additionally, music, movies, games, software and TV shows purchased, shared or streamed over the Internet has significantly reduced the number of audio CDs, video DVDs and Blu-ray discs sold annually. However, audio CDs and Blu-rays are still preferred and bought by some, as

3440-509: The Universal Disk Format (UDF). ISO9660 can be extended using the "Joliet" extension to store longer file names than standalone ISO9660. The "Rock Ridge" extension can store even longer file names and Unix/Linux-style file permissions, but is not recognized by Windows and by DVD players and similar devices that can read data discs. For cross-platform compatibility, multiple file systems can co-exist on one disc and reference

3526-424: The wavelength of the laser, so wavelength is a limiting factor upon the amount of information that can be stored in a given physical area on the disc. The infrared range is beyond the long-wavelength end of the visible light spectrum, so it supports less density than shorter-wavelength visible light. One example of high-density data storage capacity, achieved with an infrared laser, is 700 MB of net user data for

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3612-848: The Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed. Rumors surfaced that talks had stalled; publicly, the same reasons of physical format incompatibility were cited. By the end of September that year, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD. Hewlett-Packard attempted to broker a compromise between the Blu-ray Disc Association and Microsoft by demanding that Blu-ray Disc use Microsoft's HDi instead of BD-J and threatening to support HD DVD instead. The Blu-ray Disc Association did not agree to HP's demands. On March 31, 2006, Toshiba released their first consumer-based HD DVD player in Japan at ¥ 110,000 (US$ 934). HD DVD

3698-476: The HD DVD's original sleeve art to be returned to Warner as proof of purchase. The turnaround time for processing was approximately two weeks. Multi-disc sets were exchangeable at a discount, such as $ 14.95 for the five-disc Blade Runner release rather than $ 24.75. No exchanges were offered to customers outside the United States. Toshiba-branded HD DVD players use open source software such as Linux as

3784-498: The Library of Congress archiving efforts. The STC disks utilized a sealed cartridge with an optical window for protection U.S. patent 4,542,495 . The CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Philips , introduced in 1984, as an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio and adapted to hold any form of digital data. The same year, Sony demonstrated a LaserDisc data storage format, with a larger data capacity of 3.28 GB. In

3870-533: The Music Corporation of America bought Gregg's patents and his company, Gauss Electrophysics. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record a digital signal on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russell's patent application was first filed in 1966 and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by

3956-518: The SD-L902A. HD DVD-RW is the rewritable disc variant of HD DVD with equal storage capacity to an HD DVD-R. The primary advantage of HD DVD-RW over HD DVD-R is the ability to erase and rewrite to an HD DVD-RW disc, up to about 1,000 times before needing replacement, making them comparable with the CD-RW and DVD-RW standards. This is also of benefit if there are writing errors when recording data, as

4042-541: The US. As of April 29, 2008, 236 HD DVD titles had been released in Japan. Approximately 232 were released in the UK. On January 4, 2008, citing consumer confusion and indifference as a reason for lackluster high-definition software sales, Warner Bros. publicly announced it would stop supporting HD DVD by June 2008, and the company would release HD titles only on Blu-ray Disc. This was followed by news of Netflix phasing out support for

4128-478: The United States, along with 150,000 HD DVD add-on units for the Xbox 360 . On April 17, 2007, one year after the first HD DVD titles were released, the HD DVD group reported that they had sold 100,000 dedicated HD DVD units in the United States. In the middle of 2007, the first HD DVD recorders were released in Japan. In November 2007, the Toshiba HD-A2 was the first high-definition player to be sold at

4214-529: The Wild , Warner's P.S. I Love You and Twister , on May 27, 2008. In June, the final HD DVD, Freedom: 6 , was released by Bandai Visual, which acknowledged the demise of HD DVD, but stated that it wanted to complete the release of the seven-part Freedom Project , of which six parts had been released. The seventh part, due for August 2008, never saw a release. Disco Pigs was announced but postponed, with no new date announced for release. Pan's Labyrinth

4300-507: The Xbox 360 HD DVD add on drive would reflect a heavily discounted price down to $ 49.99. In 2007, LG and Samsung released standalone consumer players that could read both HD DVD and Blu-ray Discs. The machines were sold at premium prices, but failed to sell in large quantities. In May 2008, both companies announced they would stop manufacturing dual-compatibility drives. A few computer manufacturers (such as HP and Acer ) sold computers with combination HD DVD/Blu-ray Disc drives. LG marketed

4386-436: The addition of internet access is called " BD Live ". BD-J was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association . All Blu-ray Disc players supporting video content are required by the specification to support BD-J. Starting on October 31, 2007, all new players are required to have hardware support for the "Bonus View" features, but the players may require future firmware updates to enable the aforementioned features. "BD Live" support

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4472-574: The aforementioned formats, or in one of the HD DVD optional codecs: DTS-HD High Resolution Audio and DTS-HD Master Audio . For the highest-fidelity audio experience, HD DVD offers content-producers the choice of LPCM, Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio. HD DVD video can be encoded using VC-1 , H.264/MPEG-4 AVC , or H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 . A wide variety of resolutions are supported, from low-resolution CIF , all SDTV resolutions supported by DVD-Video, and HDTV formats: 720p , 1080i , and 1080p . All studio-released movie titles have featured video in

4558-437: The audible frequency range to 20 kHz without aliasing, with an additional tolerance to allow the use of less-than-perfect analog audio pre-filters to remove any higher frequencies. The first version of the standard allowed up to 74 minutes of music or 650 MB of data storage. Second-generation optical discs were for storing great amounts of data, including broadcast-quality digital video. Such discs usually are read with

4644-649: The case of the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal in 2005 where Sony misused discs by pre-loading them with malware. Many types of optical discs are factory-pressed or finalized write once read many storage devices and would therefore not be effective at spreading computer worms that are designed to spread by copying themselves onto optical media, because data on those discs can not be modified once pressed or written. However, re-writable disc technologies (such as CD-RW ) are able to spread this type of malware. The first recorded historical use of an optical disc

4730-494: The center of one track to the center of the next) ranges from 1.6 μm (for CDs) to 320 nm (for Blu-ray discs ). An optical disc is designed to support one of three recording types: read-only (e.g.: CD and CD-ROM ), recordable (write-once, e.g. CD-R ), or re-recordable (rewritable, e.g. CD-RW ). Write-once optical discs commonly have an organic dye (may also be a ( Phthalocyanine ) Azo dye , mainly used by Verbatim , or an oxonol dye, used by Fujifilm ) recording layer between

4816-454: The complete specifications for these devices. With the help of this kind of technology the possibility of representing the analog signal into digital signal was exploited to a great level. For this purpose, the 16-bit samples of the analog signal were taken at the rate of 44,100 samples per second . This sample rate was based on the Nyquist rate of 40,000 samples per second required to capture

4902-401: The computer's optical disc drive or corresponding disc player. File operations of traditional mass storage devices such as flash drives , memory cards and hard drives can be simulated using a UDF live file system. For computer data backup and physical data transfer, optical discs such as CDs and DVDs are gradually being replaced with faster, smaller solid-state devices, especially

4988-614: The cooperation ended. In Japan and the U.S., Pioneer succeeded with the Laserdisc until the advent of the DVD. In 1979, Philips and Sony , in consortium, successfully developed the audio compact disc . In 1979, Exxon STAR Systems in Pasadena, CA built a computer controlled WORM drive that utilized thin film coatings of Tellurium and Selenium on a 12" diameter glass disk. The recording system utilized blue light at 457 nm to record and red light at 632.8 nm to read. STAR Systems

5074-464: The data in large amount. So, there was the need of finding some more data storing techniques. As a result, it was found that by using optical means large data storing devices can be made that in turn gave rise to the optical discs. The very first application of this kind was the compact disc (CD), which was used in audio systems. Sony and Philips developed the first generation of the CDs in the mid-1980s with

5160-891: The data layer from damage. The numerical aperture of the optical pick-up head is 0.65, compared with 0.6 for DVD. All HD DVD players are backward compatible with DVD and CD. As with previous optical disc formats, HD DVD supports several file systems , such as ISO 9660 and Universal Disk Format (UDF). All HD DVD titles use UDF version 2.5 as the file system. In this file system, multiplexed audio and video streams are stored in EVO container format . The HD DVD format supports encoding in up to 24-bit/192 kHz for two channels, or up to eight channels of up to 24-bit/96 kHz encoding. All HD DVD players are required to decode uncompressed linear PCM , Dolby Digital AC-3, Dolby Digital EX , DTS , Dolby Digital Plus E-AC-3 and Dolby TrueHD . A secondary soundtrack, if present, can be stored in any of

5246-415: The disc at speeds of about 200 to 4,000 RPM or more, depending on the drive type, disc format, and the distance of the read head from the center of the disc (outer tracks are read at a higher data speed due to higher linear velocities at the same angular velocities ). Most optical discs exhibit a characteristic iridescence as a result of the diffraction grating formed by their grooves. This side of

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5332-494: The disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer . The reverse side of an optical disc usually has a printed label, sometimes made of paper but often printed or stamped onto the disc itself. Unlike the 3 1 ⁄ 2 -inch floppy disk , most optical discs do not have an integrated protective casing and are therefore susceptible to data transfer problems due to scratches, fingerprints, and other environmental problems. Blu-rays have

5418-486: The disc is not ruined and can still store data by erasing the faulty data. The dual-layer variant was never released and the single-layer variant was, but it is among the rarest of optical media. Optical disc Optical discs can store analog information (e.g. Laserdisc ), digital information (e.g. DVD ), or store both on the same disc (e.g. CD Video ). Their main uses are the distribution of media and data, and long-term archival . The encoding material sits atop

5504-465: The distribution of home video , but commercially lost to the VHS videocassette format, due mainly to its high cost and non-re-recordability; other first-generation disc formats were designed only to store digital data and were not initially capable of use as a digital video medium. Most first-generation disc devices had an infrared laser reading head. The minimum size of the laser spot is proportional to

5590-465: The effective multimedia presentation capacity is improved with enhanced video data compression codecs such as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and VC-1 . Announced but not released: The third generation optical disc was developed in 2000–2006 and was introduced as Blu-ray Disc. First movies on Blu-ray Discs were released in June 2006. Blu-ray eventually prevailed in a high definition optical disc format war over

5676-450: The form of HD DVD-Rs. Deadlands: The Rising , announced on September 5, 2010, was released on HD DVD in limited numbers. As with the previously released Deadlands 2: Trapped , the film was pressed on HD DVD-R disc. In mid-2009, Warner offered to replace any HD DVD Warner home video release with a Blu-ray Disc equivalent for $ 4.95, plus $ 6.95 shipping to the contiguous United States or $ 8.95 to Alaska, Hawaii or Puerto Rico. The deal required

5762-410: The format (including firmware updates), effectively making the platform obsolete. The company cited "recent major changes in the market". Shipments of HD DVD machines to retailers were reduced and eventually stopped by the end of March 2008. Toshiba later revealed that they lost about $ 986 million on the format's failure. The final HD DVD major-studio releases in the United States were Paramount's Into

5848-478: The format, and Best Buy 's decision to recommend Blu-ray Disc over HD DVD in its retail locations and to remove HD DVD players as part of its ongoing "HDTV advantage" promotion. Finally, retailer Wal-Mart announced that it would be supporting only Blu-ray Disc by June 2008. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced plans to discontinue development, marketing and manufacturing of HD DVD players while still providing product support and after-sale service to consumers of

5934-414: The internet, but torrenting may not be an option for some, due to restrictions put in place by ISPs on legal or copyright grounds, low download speeds or not having enough available storage space, since the content may weigh up to several dozen gigabytes. Blu-rays may be the only option for those looking to play large games without having to download them over an unreliable or slow internet connection, which

6020-551: The key. AACS has also been circumvented by SlySoft with their program AnyDVD HD, which allows users to watch HD DVD movies on non- HDCP -compliant PC hardware. SlySoft has stated that AnyDVD HD uses several different mechanisms to disable the encryption, and is not dependent on the use of a single compromised encryption key. Other AACS circumvention programs have become available, like DVDFab HD Decrypter. HD DVDs use Advanced Content to allow interactive content to be authored for discs. Microsoft's implementation of Advanced Content

6106-480: The late 1980s and early 1990s, Optex, Inc. of Rockville, MD, built an erasable optical digital video disc system U.S. patent 5,113,387 using Electron Trapping Optical Media (ETOM) U.S. patent 5,128,849 . Although this technology was written up in Video Pro Magazine's December 1994 issue promising "the death of the tape", it was never marketed. Magnetic disks found limited applications in storing

6192-456: The new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue together with Philips, a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE) and later on with Pioneer a format of read only discs (BD-ROM). The two formats share several technologies (such as the AV codecs and the laser diode). In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and

6278-606: The same files. Optical discs are often stored in special cases sometimes called jewel cases and are most commonly used for digital preservation , storing music (e.g. for use in a CD player ), video (e.g. for use in a Blu-ray player), or data and programs for personal computers (PC), as well as offline hard copy data distribution due to lower per-unit prices than other types of media. The Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) promoted standardized optical storage formats. Libraries and archives enact optical media preservation procedures to ensure continued usability in

6364-581: The same movie on a single disc, providing a smooth transition for the studios in terms of publishing movies, and allowing consumers with only DVD players to still use the discs. DVD replication companies can continue using their current production equipment with only minor alterations when changing over to the format of HD DVD replication. Due to the structure of the single-lens optical head, both red and blue laser diodes can be used in smaller, more compact HD DVD players. However, HD DVD discs can't be played on standard DVD players. HD DVD drives can also be used with

6450-423: The substrate and the reflective layer. Rewritable discs typically contain an alloy recording layer composed of a phase change material , most often AgInSbTe , an alloy of silver , indium , antimony , and tellurium . Azo dyes were introduced in 1996 and phthalocyanine only began to see wide use in 2002. The type of dye and the material used on the reflective layer on an optical disc may be determined by shining

6536-1143: The thumb on the inner edge of the disc. The ISO Standard 18938:2014 is about best optical disc handling techniques. Optical disc cleaning should never be done in a circular pattern, to avoid concentric cirles from forming on the disc. Improper cleaning can scratch the disc. Recordable discs should not be exposed to light for extended periods of time. Optical discs should be stored in dry and cool conditions to increase longevity, with temperatures between -10 and 23 °C, never exceeding 32 °C, and with humidity never falling below 10%, with recommended storage at 20 to 50% of humidity without fluctuations of more than ±10%. Although optical discs are more durable than earlier audio-visual and data storage formats, they are susceptible to environmental and daily-use damage, if handled improperly. Optical discs are not prone to uncontrollable catastrophic failures such as head crashes , power surges , or exposure to water like hard disk drives and flash storage , since optical drives' storage controllers are not tied to optical discs themselves like with hard disk drives and flash memory controllers , and

6622-418: Was announced with an MSRP of US$ 199 and includes a USB 2.0 cable for connection to the console. The first drives also included Peter Jackson's King Kong or Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins on HD DVD. The final "regular" for the drive was US$ 129.99 as of February 25, 2008. On February 23, 2008 Microsoft discontinued the Xbox 360 HD DVD player. On February 26, 2008, Microsoft "officially" announced that

6708-521: Was bought by Storage Technology Corporation (STC) in 1981 and moved to Boulder, CO. Development of the WORM technology was continued using 14" diameter aluminum substrates. Beta testing of the disk drives, originally labeled the Laser Storage Drive 2000 (LSD-2000), was only moderately successful. Many of the disks were shipped to RCA Laboratories (now David Sarnoff Research Center) to be used in

6794-632: Was compatible with existing drives and players. Specification 2.0 Part 1 (Physical Specification) for triple layer HD DVD had been approved in November 2007. At the CES 2007, Ritek revealed their high definition optical disc process that extended both competing high definition formats to ten layers, increasing capacity to 150 GB for HD DVD and 250 GB for Blu-ray Disc. A major obstacle to implementing this technology in either format (150 GB HD DVD will not be developed due to HD DVD's discontinuation)

6880-592: Was dissolved on March 28, 2008. The HD DVD physical disc specifications (but not the codecs ) were used as the basis for the China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD) formerly called CH-DVD. Besides recordable and rewritable variants, a HD DVD-RAM variant was proposed as the successor to the DVD-RAM and specifications for it were developed, but the format never reached the market. In the late 1990s, commercial HDTV sets started to enter

6966-485: Was in 1884 when Alexander Graham Bell , Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter recorded sound on a glass disc using a beam of light. Optophonie is a very early (1931) example of a recording device using light for both recording and playing back sound signals on a transparent photograph. An early analogue optical disc system existed in 1935, used on Welte's Lichttonorgel  [ de ] sampling organ. An early analog optical disc used for video recording

7052-450: Was invented by David Paul Gregg in 1958 and patented in the US in 1961 and 1969. This form of optical disc was a very early form of the DVD ( U.S. patent 3,430,966 ). It is of special interest that U.S. patent 4,893,297 , filed 1989, issued 1990, generated royalty income for Pioneer Corporation's DVA until 2007 —then encompassing the CD, DVD , and Blu-ray systems. In the early 1960s,

7138-407: Was officially dissolved on March 28, 2008, following Toshiba's announcement on February 19, 2008 that it would no longer develop or manufacture HD DVD players and drives. Much like the videotape format war between VHS and Betamax , HD DVD was competing with a rival format, Blu-ray Disc. In an attempt to avoid a costly format war, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum attempted to negotiate

7224-446: Was one of the first available HD DVD writers, although it was not meant for retail. Burning HD DVD (including Dual Layer) with a 1× write speed, it could also burn DVDs and CDs. In a test of the SD-L902A by C't computer magazine with Verbatim discs, the written HD DVD-Rs suffered from high noise levels, as a result, the written discs could not be recognized by the external HD DVD drive of the Xbox 360 , though they could be read back by

7310-677: Was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc. It was adopted by the DVD forum and renamed to HD DVD the next year. The HD DVD Promotion Group was a group of manufacturers and media studios formed to exchange thoughts and ideas to help promote the format worldwide. Its members comprised Toshiba as the Chair Company and Secretary, Memory-Tech Corporation and NEC as Vice-Chair companies, and Sanyo Electric as Auditors; there were 61 general members and 72 associate members in total. The HD DVD promotion group

7396-532: Was released in the United States on April 18, 2006, with players priced at $ 499 and $ 799. The first HD DVD titles were released on April 18, 2006. They were The Last Samurai , Million Dollar Baby , and The Phantom of the Opera by Warner Home Video and Serenity by Universal Studios . The first independent HD film released on HD DVD was One Six Right . In December 2006 Toshiba reported that roughly 120,000 Toshiba branded HD DVD players had been sold in

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