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46-570: Hochstatt ( French pronunciation: [ɔkʃtat] ; Alsatian : Hooscht [huːʃt] ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France . This Haut-Rhin geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Alsatian language Alsatian is closely related to other nearby Alemannic dialects , such as Swiss German , Swabian , Markgräflerisch , Kaiserstühlerisch and

92-750: A 'good night' lenition is blocked ( nos as a feminine noun normally causes lenition of a following modifier, for example Gwener 'Friday' yields nos Wener 'Friday night'). Within Celtic, blocked lenition phenomena also occur in Irish (for example ao n d oras 'one door', an chéa d d uine 'the first person') and Manx (for example u n d orrys 'one door', yn chie d d ooinney 'the first man') however. Outside Celtic, in Spanish orthographic b d g are retained as [b, d, ɡ] following nasals rather than their normal lenited forms [β, ð, ɣ] . In

138-525: A consonant mutation , which means it is no longer triggered by its phonological environment but is now governed by its syntactic or morphological environment. For example, in Welsh , the word cath "cat" begins with the sound / k / , but after the definite article y , the / k / changes to [ ɡ ] : "the cat" in Welsh is y gath . This was historically due to intervocalic lenition, but in

184-525: A trill to a tap . The spirantization of Gaelic nasal /m/ to /v/ is unusual among forms of lenition, but it is triggered by the same environment as more prototypical lenition. (It may also leave a residue of nasalization in adjacent vowels.) The orthography shows that by inserting an h (except after l n r ). Some languages which have lenition have in addition complex rules affecting situations where lenition might be expected to occur but does not, often those involving homorganic consonants . This

230-525: A consonant mutation in which a consonant changes from one considered weak to one considered strong. Fortition is less frequent than lenition in the languages of the world, but word-initial and word-final fortition is fairly frequent. Italian, for example, presents numerous regular examples of word-initial fortition both historically (Lat. Januarius with initial /j/ > gennaio , with [dʒ] ) and synchronically (e.g., /ˈkaza/ "house, home" → [ˈkaːza] but /a ˈkaza/ "at home" → [aˈkːaːza] ). Catalan

276-409: A consonant to relax occlusion , to lose its place of articulation (a phenomenon called debuccalization , which turns a consonant into a glottal consonant like [ h ] or [ ʔ ] ), or even causing a consonant to disappear entirely. An example of synchronic lenition is found in most varieties of American English , in the form of tapping : the / t / of a word like wait [weɪt]

322-473: A feminine noun taking the ending -a . The historic development of lenition in those two cases can be reconstructed as follows: Synchronic lenition in Scottish Gaelic affects almost all consonants (except /l̪ˠ/ , which has lost its lenited counterpart in most areas). Changes such as /n̪ˠ/ to /n/ involve the loss of secondary articulation ; in addition, /rˠ/ → /ɾ/ involves the reduction of

368-609: A language has no obstruents other than voiceless stops, other sounds are encountered, as in Finnish, where the lenited grade is represented by chronemes , approximants , taps or even trills . For example, Finnish used to have a complete set of spirantization reflexes for /p t k/ , though these have been lost in favour of similar-sounding phonemes. In the Southern Ostrobothnian , Tavastian and southwestern dialects of Finnish, /ð/ mostly changed into /r/ , thus

414-524: A revised orthography meant for use by all dialects of Alsatian promoted by the Office pour la Langue et les Cultures d'Alsace et de Moselle (OLCA) . The latest version (2016) of Orthal is described below. Not all dialects are expected to use all letters & diacritics. For example, Owerlandisch from Southern Alsace primarily uses the additional vowel letters, Ä À Ì Ü. Dialects from the north (Strasbourg region) make use of more letters including Ë, Ö, Ù and

460-433: A stronger sound becomes a weaker one. Lenition can be seen as a movement on the sonority hierarchy from less sonorous to more sonorous, or on a strength hierarchy from stronger to weaker. In examples below, a greater-than sign indicates that one sound changes to another. The notation [t] > [ts] means that [t] changes to [ts] . The sound change of palatalization sometimes involves lenition. Lenition includes

506-668: A syllable is pronounced as a Short Vowel. e.g., Ross Alsatian has a set of 19 consonants: Three consonants are restricted in their distribution: /kʰ/ and /h/ only occur at the beginning of a word or morpheme, and then only if followed immediately by a vowel; /ŋ/ never occurs at the beginning of a word or morpheme. Alsatian, like some German dialects, has lenited all obstruents but [k] . Its lenes are, however, voiceless as in all Southern German varieties. Therefore, they are here transcribed /b̥/ , /d̥/ , /ɡ̊/ . Speakers of French tend to hear them as their /p, t, k/ , which also are voiceless and unaspirated. The phoneme /ç/ has

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552-495: A type of assimilation of the consonant to the surrounding vowels, in which features of the consonant that are not present in the surrounding vowels (e.g. obstruction, voicelessness) are gradually eliminated. Some of the sounds generated by lenition are often subsequently "normalized" into related but cross-linguistically more common sounds. An example would be the changes [b] → [β] → [v] and [d] → [ð] → [z] . Such normalizations correspond to diagonal movements down and to

598-876: A velar allophone [x] after back vowels ( /u/ , /o/ , /ɔ/ , and /a/ in those speakers who do not pronounce this as [æ] ), and palatal [ç] elsewhere. In southern dialects, there is a tendency to pronounce it /x/ in all positions, and in Strasbourg the palatal allophone tends to conflate with the phoneme /ʃ/ . A labiodental voiced fricative /v/ sound is also present as well as an approximant /ʋ/ sound. /ʁ/ may have phonetic realizations as [ʁ] , [ʁ̞] , and [ʀ] . Short vowels: /ʊ/ , /o/ , /ɒ/ , /a/ ( [æ] in Strasbourg), /ɛ/ , /ɪ/ , /i/ , /y/ . Long vowels: /ʊː/ , /oː/ , /ɒː/ , /aː/ , /ɛː/ , /eː/ , /iː/ , /yː/ Alsatian nouns inflect by case, gender and number: Lenition In linguistics , lenition

644-401: Is a sound change that alters consonants , making them “weaker” in some way. The word lenition itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin lēnis 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language at a particular point in time) and diachronically (as a language changes over time ). Lenition can involve such changes as voicing a voiceless consonant, causing

690-452: Is also a form of lenition. An example with geminate consonants comes from Finnish , where geminates become simple consonants while retaining voicing or voicelessness (e.g. katto → katon , dubbaan → dubata ). It is also possible for entire consonant clusters to undergo lenition, as in Votic , where voiceless clusters become voiced, e.g. itke- "to cry" → idgön . If

736-420: Is colloquially known as 'blocked lenition', or more technically as 'homorganic inhibition' or 'homorganic blocking'. In Scottish Gaelic, for example, there are three homorganic groups: In a position where lenition is expected due to the grammatical environment, lenition tends to be blocked if there are two adjacent homorganic consonants across the word boundary. For example: In modern Scottish Gaelic this rule

782-447: Is diachronic in the sense that the developments took place over time and displaced [b, d, g] as the normal pronunciations between vowels. It is also synchronic in an analysis of [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] as allophonic realizations of /b, d, g/ : illustrating with /b/ , /bino/ 'wine' is pronounced [bino] after pause, but with [β̞] intervocalically, as in [de β̞ino] 'of wine'; likewise, /loba/ → [loβ̞a] . A similar development occurred in

828-500: Is only productive in the case of dentals but not the other two groups for the vast majority of speakers. It also does not affect all environments any more. For example, while aon still invokes the rules of blocked lenition, a noun followed by an adjective generally no longer does so. Hence: There is a significant number of frozen forms involving the other two groups (labials and velars) and environments as well, especially in surnames and place names: Though rare, in some instances

874-870: Is pronounced as the more sonorous [ ɾ ] in the related form waiting [ˈweɪɾɪŋ] . Some varieties of Spanish show debuccalization of / s / to [ h ] at the end of a syllable , so that a word like estamos "we are" is pronounced [ehˈtamoh] . An example of diachronic lenition can be found in the Romance languages , where the / t / of Latin patrem ("father", accusative ) has become / d / in Italian and Spanish padre (the latter weakened synchronically / d / → [ ð̞ ] ), while in Catalan pare , French père and Portuguese pai historical / t / has disappeared completely. In some languages, lenition has been grammaticalized into

920-458: Is realized [ʒ] between vowels, and in typical speech of Central Tuscany, the voiceless stops /p t k/ in the same position are pronounced respectively [ɸ θ x/h] , as in /la kasa/ → [laˈhaːsa] 'the house', /buko/ → [ˈbuːho] 'hole'. Diachronic lenition is found, for example, in the change from Latin into Spanish , in which the intervocalic voiceless stops [p t k] first changed into their voiced counterparts [b d ɡ] , and later into

966-550: Is traditionally called "eclipsis" in Irish grammar). Although nasalization as a feature also occurs in most Scottish Gaelic dialects, it is not shown in the orthography on the whole, as it is synchronic (the result of certain types of nasals affecting a following sound), rather than the diachronic Irish type sonorization (after historic nasals). For example taigh [t̪ʰɤj] "house" → an taigh [ən̪ˠˈd̪ʱɤj] "the house". The phenomenon of consonant gradation in Finnic languages

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1012-478: The /k/ of /kasa/ as [ˈkaːsa] casa 'house' in a post-pause realization, [iŋˈkaːsa] in casa 'in (the) house' post-consonant, but [laˈhaːsa] la casa 'the house' intervocalically. Word-internally, the normal realization is also [h] : /ˈbuko/ buco 'hole' → [ˈbuːho] . In the Celtic languages , the phenomenon of intervocalic lenition historically extended across word boundaries. This explains

1058-540: The Gaelic script , fricating lenition (usually called simply lenition ) is indicated by a dot above the affected consonant, and in the Roman script, the convention is to suffix the letter h to the consonant, to signify that it is lenited. Thus, a ṁáṫair is equivalent to a mháthair . In Middle Irish manuscripts, lenition of s and f was indicated by the dot above, and lenition of p , t , and c

1104-581: The Germanic languages is evidenced by Latin-English cognates such as pater , tenuis , cornu vs. father , thin , horn . The Latin words preserved the original stops, which became fricatives in old Germanic by Grimm's law . A few centuries later, the High German consonant shift led to a second series of lenitions in Old High German , chiefly of post-vocalic stops, as evidenced in

1150-622: The diphthong /au/ , which was monophthongized , yielding the monophthong /o/ in Modern French. Sometimes a particular example of lenition mixes the opening and sonorization pathways. For example, [kʰ] may spirantize or open to [x] , then voice or sonorize to [ɣ] . Lenition can be seen in Canadian and American English , where /t/ and /d/ soften to a tap [ɾ] ( flapping ) when not in initial position and followed by an unstressed vowel. For example, both rate and raid plus

1196-856: The Celtic languages, where non-geminate intervocalic consonants were converted into their corresponding weaker counterparts through lenition (usually stops into fricatives but also laterals and trills into weaker laterals and taps), and voiceless stops became voiced. For example, Indo-European intervocalic * -t- in * teu̯teh₂ "people" resulted in Proto-Celtic *toutā , Primitive Irish * tōθā , Old Irish túath /t̪ʰuaθ/ and ultimately debuccalisation in most Irish and some Scottish dialects to /t̪ʰuəh/ , shift in Central Southern Irish to /t̪ʰuəx/ , and complete deletion in some Modern Irish and most Modern Scots Gaelic dialects, thus /t̪ʰuə/ . An example of historical lenition in

1242-481: The English-German cognates ripe , water , make vs. reif , Wasser , machen . Although actually a much more profound change encompassing syllable restructuring, simplification of geminate consonants as in the passage from Latin to Spanish such as cuppa > /ˈkopa/ 'cup' is often viewed as a type of lenition (compare geminate-preserving Italian /ˈkɔppa/ ). All varieties of Sardinian , with

1288-582: The United States by a group known as the Swiss Amish , whose ancestors emigrated there in the middle of the 19th century. The approximately 7,000 speakers are located mainly in Allen County, Indiana , with "daughter settlements" elsewhere. C , Q , and X are only used in loanwords. Y is also used in native words, but is more common in loanwords. Orthal ( Orthographe alsacienne ) is

1334-409: The adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, its use has been largely declining amongst the youngest generations. In 2023 local French public schools began offering Alsatian immersion for the first time. The programs have proven popular with students and parents but after years of official state suppression of the language, struggle to find enough teachers. A dialect of Alsatian German is spoken in

1380-505: The approximants or fricatives [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] : vita > vida , lupa > loba , caeca > ciega , apotheca > bodega . One stage in these changes goes beyond phonetic to have become a phonological restructuring , e.g. /lupa/ > /loba/ (compare /lupa/ in Italian, with no change in the phonological status of /p/ ). The subsequent further weakening of the series to phonetic [β̞ ð̞ ɣ̞] , as in [loβ̞a]

1426-546: The border with Basel , Switzerland , will speak their dialect with a Swiss person from that area, as they are mutually intelligible for the most part; similar habits may apply to conversations with people of the nearby German Markgräflerland . Some street names in Alsace may use Alsatian spellings (they were formerly displayed only in French but are now bilingual in some places, especially Strasbourg and Mulhouse ). Since 1992,

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1472-638: The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages , is recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France . France is a signatory to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages but has never ratified the law and has not given regional languages

1518-410: The dialects have a synchronic lenition of an alveolar stop into an alveolar trill /t/ → /r/ . Furthermore, the same phoneme /t/ undergoes assibilation /t/ → /s/ before the vowel /i/ , e.g. root vete- "water" → vesi and vere- . Here, vete- is the stem, vesi is its nominative, and vere- is the same stem under consonant gradation. Fortition is the opposite of lenition:

1564-481: The diphthong ÈI. In general the principles of Orthal are to: The vowels are pronounced short or long based on their position in the syllable besides the letter type. A vowel at the end of a syllable, without a subsequent consonant, is a long vowel "V" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., hà, sì A vowel followed by a single consonant in a syllable is pronounced as a long vowel "V + C" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., Ros Note – A vowel followed by several consonants ("V + C + C") in

1610-401: The loss of a feature, such as deglottalization , in which glottalization or ejective articulation is lost: [kʼ] or [kˀ] > [k] . The tables below show common sound changes involved in lenition. In some cases, lenition may skip one of the sound changes. The change voiceless stop > fricative is more common than the series of changes voiceless stop > affricate > fricative. In

1656-439: The modern Celtic languages, lenition of the "fricating" type is usually denoted by adding an h to the lenited letter. In Welsh, for example, c , p , and t change into ch , ph , th as a result of the so-called "aspirate mutation" ( carreg , "stone" → ei charreg "her stone"). An exception is Manx orthography , which tends to be more phonetic, but in some cases, etymological principles are applied. In

1702-548: The opening type of lenition, the articulation becomes more open with each step. Opening lenition involves several sound changes: shortening of double consonants, affrication of stops, spirantization or assibilation of stops or affricates, debuccalization , and finally elision . The sonorization type involves voicing. Sonorizing lenition involves several sound changes: voicing, approximation, and vocalization. Sonorizing lenition occurs especially often intervocalically (between vowels). In this position, lenition can be seen as

1748-990: The other Alemannic dialects of Baden . It is often confused with Lorraine Franconian , a more distantly related Franconian dialect spoken in the northwest corner of Alsace and in neighbouring Lorraine . Like other dialects and languages, Alsatian has also been influenced by outside sources. Words of Yiddish origin can be found in Alsatian, and modern conversational Alsatian includes adaptations of French words and English words, especially concerning new technologies. Many speakers of Alsatian could, if necessary, write in reasonable standard German . For most this would be rare and confined to those who have learned German at school or through work. As with other dialects, various factors determine when, where, and with whom one might converse in Alsatian. Some dialect speakers are unwilling to speak standard German, at times, to certain outsiders and prefer to use French. In contrast, many people living near

1794-642: The plural, lenition does not happen, so "the cats" is y cathod , not * y gathod . The change of / k / to [ ɡ ] in y gath is thus caused by the syntax of the phrase, not by the modern phonological position of the consonant / k / . The opposite of lenition, fortition , a sound change that makes a consonant "stronger", is less common, but Breton and Cornish have "hard mutation" forms which represent fortition. Lenition involves changes in manner of articulation , sometimes accompanied by small changes in place of articulation . There are two main lenition pathways: opening and sonorization. In both cases,

1840-405: The right in the above table. In other cases, sounds are lenited and normalized at the same time; examples would be direct changes [b] → [v] or [d] → [z] . L -vocalization is a subtype of the sonorization type of lenition. It has two possible results: a velar approximant or back vowel, or a palatal approximant or front vowel. In French , l -vocalization of the sequence /al/ resulted in

1886-421: The rise of grammaticalised initial consonant mutations in modern Celtic languages through the loss of endings. A Scottish Gaelic example would be the lack of lenition in am fear /əm fɛr/ ("the man") and lenition in a’ bhean /ə vɛn/ ("the woman"). The following examples show the development of a phrase consisting of a definite article plus a masculine noun (taking the ending -os ) compared with

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1932-463: The rules of blocked lenition can be invoked by lost historical consonants, for example, in the case of the past-tense copula bu , which in Common Celtic had a final -t. In terms of blocked lenition, it continues to behave as a dental-final particle invoking blocked lenition rules: In Brythonic languages, only fossilized vestiges of lenition blocking occur, for example in Welsh no s d

1978-510: The sole exception of Nuorese , offer an example of sandhi in which the rule of intervocalic lenition applying to the voiced series /b d g/ extends across word boundaries. Since it is a fully active synchronic rule, lenition is not normally indicated in the standard orthographies. A series of synchronic lenitions involving opening, or loss of occlusion, rather than voicing is found for post-vocalic /p t k/ in many Tuscan dialects of Central Italy . Stereotypical Florentine , for example, has

2024-427: The suffix -er are pronounced [ˈɹeɪ̯ɾɚ] . The Italian of Central and Southern Italy has a number of lenitions, the most widespread of which is the deaffrication of /t͡ʃ/ to [ʃ] between vowels: post-pausal cena [ˈt͡ʃeːna] 'dinner' but post-vocalic la cena [laˈʃeːna] 'the dinner'; the name Luciano , although structurally /luˈt͡ʃano/ , is normally pronounced [luˈʃaːno] . In Tuscany, /d͡ʒ/ likewise

2070-512: The support that would be required by the charter. Alsatian has gone from being the prevalent language of the region to one in decline. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France , making it the second-most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan ). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is declining. While 43% of

2116-546: Was indicated by the postposed h ; lenition of other letters was not indicated consistently in the orthography. Voicing lenition is represented by a simple letter switch in the Brythonic languages , for instance carreg , "stone" → y garreg , "the stone" in Welsh. In Irish orthography , it is shown by writing the "weak" consonant alongside the (silent) "strong" one: peann , "pen" → ár bpeann "our pen", ceann , "head" → ár gceann "our head" (sonorization

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