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65-491: The Hoffman Round Barn , also known as Gentry Round Barn, is a historic round barn and national historic district located near Wolftown , Madison County, Virginia . The district encompasses two contributing buildings , one contributing site and one other contributing structure . The barn was built in 1913. It is a 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story, wood frame barn with 12 sides and a 12-sided standing-seam metal, mansard-like roof. A wooden center silo protrudes several feet above

130-450: A storage silo through the center of the structures. These were not really added until silos became fixtures of American farms. Sometimes the central silo would project up through the roof. Some round barns were built with hay hoods . Advantages and disadvantages claimed for round barns are quite numerous. It is known that prominent agricultural colleges began to promote the design technique as round barns came to prominence. However,

195-482: A building or structure in Virginia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Round barn A round barn is a historic barn design that could be octagonal, polygonal, or circular in plan. Though round barns were not as popular as some other barn designs, their unique shape makes them noticeable. The years from 1880 to 1920 represent the height of round barn construction. Round barn construction in

260-409: A greater volume-to-surface ratio than a square barn. Regardless of size, this made round barns cheaper to construct than similar-sized square or rectangular barns because they required less materials. The structural stability is also enhanced over that of a typical quadrilaterally shaped barn. Simplified construction lacking elaborate truss systems for the arched roof was also seen as an advantage. In

325-510: A grid-based electricity connection have a low sanctioned load of 0–1 kW or 1–2 kW. Besides, disparity has also been noted in grid electricity access rate among agricultural and institutional consumers. During the 1930s most towns in Ireland were connected to the national grid. The outbreak of World War II in Europe lead to shortages of fuel and materials and the electrification process

390-647: A solar farm run by NextEra Energy Resources in Arkansas, which could meet the needs of 21,000 homes." The loans will go to projects in 13 states: Arkansas, Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia. By 2015, 100 percent of Chinese people had access to electric power. In the early 1990s the countryside of China still suffered from extreme energy poverty ; more than 40 percent of rural Chinese had no access to power or electric lighting at all, depending instead on kerosene lamps for lighting. In

455-724: A variety of polygonal shapes, including layouts of six, eight, nine, ten, twelve, fourteen and sixteen sides. Polygonal barns constructed before the advent of balloon framing tended to have interior spaces that were more rectangular than circular. The "True Circular Era" of round barn construction spanned from 1889 to 1936, overlapping the octagonal era and finally dwindling out as round barns fell out of popularity. True circular round barns began to rise as improvements in construction techniques made their design more practical. As balloon framing, circular silos and truly self-supporting roofs were developed, circular barns superseded polygonal structures and began to be built in greater number. Despite

520-454: A village must have electricity for it to be considered electrified. As of August 2018, 91% of the total households are electrified in India. Rural areas in India are electrified non-uniformly, with richer states being able to provide a majority of the villages with power while poorer states still struggling to do so. The Rural Electrification Corporation Limited was formed to specifically address

585-411: Is able to provide 20,000 to 30,000 liters of clean water per day, which helps to alleviate this issue and reduce the spread of water-borne illness. Additionally, the ease of distribution has reduced the amount of time spent collecting water, allowing for more time on productive tasks and a reduction in time poverty. Finally, GRID employs locals in the community to run the plant's day-to-day operations. From

650-489: Is also known as the Saubhagya Scheme have been announced to fasten the pace of electrification and diversify the procedure. The work is also on-going for reducing wastage, providing better equipment and improving the overall infrastructure for electrical transmissions in villages. The Saubhagya scheme was successfully in ensuring rapid expansion of the electricity infrastructure in India. Electricity infrastructure

715-532: Is an Indian start-up aimed at facilitating sustainable economic and social development through low-cost energy solutions in rural areas. Outside of microgrid systems, GRID has utilized solar energy to solve a myriad of issues that plague rural communities. For example, GRID has set up solar-powered reverse osmosis filtration plants in rural India to help eliminate water insecurity. Only 18% of India's rural population have access to treated tap water, forcing locals to rely on unsafe groundwater . GRID's filtration plant

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780-557: Is home to the De Turk Round Barn , a well-preserved example built in the late 1870s by local settler and businessman Isaac De Turk. Claims of round barn efficiency were overstated. The round barn never caught on as a standard barn, as some of those pushing the progressive, efficiency-based agricultural methods had hoped. The spread of machinery, especially with the Rural Electrification program, eliminated

845-429: Is now available within 50 meters of consumers' premises. The Government of India announced 100% electrification of all willing households in India in 2018. A deeper look into electrification rates across the country suggest that about 13% of household consumers still don't have electricity connections due to questions of affordability of grid electricity and poor quality of service. The majority of household consumers with

910-705: Is partially supplied by small local facility, and partially by the centralized facilities. This improves energy resources utilization as well as overall system flexibility and reliability. Viability of this model depends on the cost of building the optimal network. Based on multiplier-accelerated A* algorithm, the researchers have devised an effective method for evaluating all possible connections under complex geographical structure and hence practically optimize network design. Economic justification follows. Ethiopia Ethiopia rural electrification started in 1998 (although minor activities were there before 1995–1997 to electrify major cities called zone and woreda ) then followed by

975-561: Is that village location was determined historically based on soil, water, storage, etc., and might not be optimal for renewable energy generation. To mitigate these issues, the Networked Rural Electrification Model has been proposed. In this model, villages in a selected area are linked up via an optimal network, which in turn connects to a few centralized generation facilities located at spots with better renewable energy resources. As such, each village

1040-632: The Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994 . In September 2018, the U.S. Department of Agriculture said it would spend $ 398.5 million in infrastructure projects, by way of loans, that seek to improve electricity service in rural areas. The program is called the Electric Infrastructure Loan Program. Of the $ 398.5 million, $ 43 million will be to invest in smart grid technology. According to Smart Cities Dive , "The largest loan will send $ 68.5 million to back

1105-627: The Luz no Campo program to expand the distribution of electricity in Brazilian domiciles, with a focus on rural households. From 2003 on, the program was reinforced and renamed Luz para Todos by the Lula administration . The results were that, according to the PNAD, by 1996, 79.9% of all households had access to an electric power supply and that proportion rose to 90.8% in 2002 and 98.9% in 2009. Haiti remains

1170-492: The loft to the cow stable below. In many cases, a silo was constructed to rise up through the round barn's center. The round barn was promoted as a labor-saving design by agricultural colleges as a progressive way to house dairy cattle . In the case of the Pete French Round Barn near Frenchglen, Oregon , the barn was built with a rock wall around an inner stable area, and included a covered run around

1235-642: The 18th and early 19th century. George Washington designed and built a sixteen-sided threshing barn at his Dogue Run Farm in Fairfax County, Virginia in 1793. The first truly round barn in North America was constructed in 1826 at Hancock Shaker Village . A few other round barns appeared on the American landscape before the Civil War . Despite considerable publicity of the 1826 Shaker barn,

1300-599: The 6.3 million farms in the United States in January 1925, only 205,000 were receiving centralized electric services. The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) was created by executive order as an independent federal bureau in 1935, authorized by the United States Congress in the 1936 Rural Electrification Act , and later in 1939, reorganized as a division of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. It

1365-465: The Action Plan has faced considerable political and institutional barriers, notably institutional opposition, wavering ministerial support and lengthy stakeholder negotiations, as well as the inherent difficulties of implementing an innovative policy framework. Although the Action Plan has been very successful at attracting private finance, the political/institutional challenges it has faced reflect

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1430-669: The Civil War. In Indiana , for example, 219 round barns were constructed between 1850 and 1936; of those, 67 were polygonal, including 17 eight-sided barns built after 1900. An old belief that the barns were round to keep the devil from hiding in the corners may have helped drive the popularity of round barn construction. In the Midwest, especially in Illinois, the round barns at the University of Illinois led to an increase in

1495-658: The Energy Cell of the Ministry of Public Works and international partners are working to remove barriers and increase investment in renewable energy for both new, isolated mini-grids and regional grids. Using 2020 data, the Inter-American Development Bank estimated that 45% of the Haitian population had access to electricity. But frequent fuel shortages and other service disruptions mean that

1560-433: The Midwest, particularly, the buildings were thought more resilient against prairie thunderstorms. The interior layout of round barns was promoted as more efficient, since farmers could work in a continuous direction. In the days before mechanization, labor-saving features were a big selling point. The interest in round barns spread to California in the later 19th century and several were built there. Santa Rosa, California

1625-575: The Millennium Development Goal 1998-2002 Universal Electric Access Program (UEAP) started and the program planned to electrify 6000 villages in 5 years. After lessons were taken from that the Growth and transformation plan (GTPI &2) were launched. The program is one of the successfully accomplished in increasing the rural access rate and transforming the rural community, creating jobs, local contractors and cooperatives. The program

1690-628: The REA was authorized to make loans for telephone improvements; in 1988, REA was permitted to give interest-free loans for job creation and rural electric systems. By the early 1970s about 98% of all farms in the United States had electric service, a demonstration of REA's success. In 1994 the administration was reorganized into the Rural Utilities Service by the Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act of 1994 and

1755-508: The United States can be divided into two overlapping eras. The first, the octagonal era, spanned from 1850 to 1900. The second, the true circular era, spanned from 1889 to 1936. The overlap meant that round barns of both types, polygonal and circular, were built during the latter part of the nineteenth century. Numerous round barns in the United States are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Round barns date to

1820-460: The advantages of labor-saving designs that were more complicated to build, and the popularity of round barns faded. Regardless, numerous round barns were constructed during the period of popularity the design enjoyed, and a large number still stand today. The "Octagonal Era" of round barn design stretched from about 1850 until 1900. Round barns, such as Washington's, were often multi sided in their earliest incarnations. Multi-sided round barns came in

1885-727: The basement of the farmhouse. This was enough to provide lighting, washing machines and some limited well-pumping or refrigeration. Wind-electric plants were used mostly on the Great Plains , which have usable winds on most days. In 1933, the Tennessee Valley Authority was created, in part, to provide rural electrification in the Tennessee Valley and surrounding areas. TVA created the generation and wholesale transmission capabilities that enabled rural distribution systems through electric cooperatives . Of

1950-510: The decline in the popularity of round barn designs. The standardization of the construction industry and the resulting decline in timber framing following the American Civil War is one possible reason. Another possibility is that the mechanization of American agriculture was more suited to rectangular barn design. Designed in a distinctive circular shape, many of these barns were meant to take advantage of gravity to move hay from

2015-446: The design did not become popular until the 1880s, when some agricultural colleges began to push the design as they taught progressive farming methods, based on the principles of industrial efficiency. It was between 1880 and 1920 that round barns were most popular in the United States, especially in the Midwest. The rise in popularity and the promotion of round barns occurred surrounding the new focus on efficiency. The circular shape has

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2080-419: The earliest round barn constructions with Fowler's popular book because so many of the early round barns assumed the octagonal shape. Other historians discount Fowler's influence on the beginning of the round barn era in the United States. Soike asserts that Fowler did not have any direct connection with any octagonal round barns. He noted that the octagon had ceased to be the basis for building constructions by

2145-621: The early 1990s the average use of power in the countryside amounted to the equivalent of a 60W light bulb switched on for less than 30 minutes a day. China launched the China Township Electrification Program in 2001 to provide renewable electricity to 1,000 townships, one of the largest of such programs in the world. This was followed by the China Village Electrification Program , also using renewable energy, aimed at

2210-490: The electrical grid, there is a demand for thousands of jobs ranging from business development to construction. Projects to spread electricity create a wealth of job opportunities and help to alleviate poverty. For example, India set a target of 175GW of clean energy to be installed by 2022 to increase electrification throughout the country. An estimated 300,000 jobs will need to be created in order to reach these lofty goals. The availability of electricity can drastically increase

2275-628: The electrification of a further 3.5 million households in 10,000 villages by 2010, to be followed by full rural electrification by 2015. In December 2015, China brought the last 39,800 Chinese onto the national electric grid by spending $ 324 million and using over 5,000 workers to wire 2 extremely remote villages in Quighai province located at altitudes of 13,100 ft. Currently, all the villages in India have been electrified w.e.f. 29 April 2018 but it doesn't mean that all households are electrified. By India's own set standards, only 10% of households in

2340-610: The experiences of reform-based electrification schemes across Sub-Saharan Africa. This highlights the importance of designing initiatives to fit the local policy environment. In 1981, 74.9% of Brazilian households were served by electric power, according to the IBGE 's National Sample Survey of Households (PNAD). In 2000, the Federal government of Brazil , under the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration , launched

2405-533: The gains in popularity for circular barns, polygonal barns continued to be built up through the height of the True Circular Era. By the 1920s round barn construction had begun to decline in some locations. In Illinois, the popularity of round barns was in part due to the University of Illinois round barns , and round barn construction had tapered off considerably. Several reasons have been given for

2470-524: The grid, it is too expensive (to provide), and we are going to be deploying photovoltaic systems in these areas," he explained. In March 2015 he told a newspaper that, by 2017, "we should no longer have REP in the way we do now", adding that if the Government finds it too challenging to run power lines into communities, it will use solar." See Also Solar Power in Jamaica In 1892, Guy Beardslee,

2535-545: The human capital entering the labor force in the future. In addition to improved education, rural electrification also allows for greater efficiency and productivity. Businesses will be able to keep their doors open for longer and generate additional revenues. Farmers will have access to streamlined modern techniques such as irrigation, crop processing, and food preservation . In 2014, rural communities in India gained more than US$ 21 million from increased economic activity driven by recent additions of electricity. When expanding

2600-730: The island which do not have electricity are to be supplied with solar or wind electricity through the Rural Electrification Programme (REP). At a USAID-funded Analysis and Investigation for Low Emission (AILEG) project symposium, held at the Jamaica Pegasus Hotel, on Tuesday, July 9, 2013, Energy Minister Phillip Paulwell stated that the REP has also been mandated to complete its target of providing electricity to 100 per cent of rural areas. "Those three per cent that now remain are in areas that are so far from

2665-485: The issue of providing electricity in all the villages across the country. Poverty, lack of resources, lack of political will, poor planning, and electricity theft are some of the major causes which have left many villages in India without electricity, while urban areas have enjoyed growth in electricity consumption and capacity. In order to drastically increase electrification rates, the Indian Government has set

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2730-510: The least electrified country in the Western Hemisphere, but several ambitious efforts have launched to address rural electrification in the country. Some have pointed out that because so much of rural Haiti currently lacks utility infrastructure, Haiti is well-positioned to leapfrog into modern, modular energy systems like microgrids (or "mini-grids") powered by renewable energy. The Haitian Government's energy regulator, along with

2795-603: The level of the main roof, has a gable-roofed dormer on the east side, and is capped by a metal roof, resembling a cupola. Associated with the barn are the contributing Hoffman farmhouse and family cemetery . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. This article about a property in Madison County, Virginia on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about

2860-635: The nationwide grid to rural areas is expensive and challenging. Renewable energy based mini grids are less dependent on larger-scale infrastructure and can be implemented faster and cheaper. Where an electric power distribution grid can be set up single wire earth return is often used. The following technologies are used extensively: Researchers pointed out that while many supportive policies have been put in place, cost for providing electricity to remote villages remains high. Furthermore, both energy resources and demand in these areas can be very volatile, making it difficult to plan appropriately. Another issue

2925-478: The network (voltage fluctuations are still a problem in parts of Ireland – particularly in rural areas) and making three phase supplies available to larger farms and rural businesses requiring it. Like many other microgrid companies, Gram Oorja has set out to provide electricity to the millions who lack access to power in rural India. Gram Oorja created a model based upon “corporate-social partnership” and gains funding from corporate charity funds. Their first project

2990-504: The original owner of Beardslee Castle , was paid $ 40,000 to provide hydroelectric power to East Creek in New York. Despite widespread electricity in cities, by the 1920s electricity was not delivered by power companies to rural areas because of the general belief that the infrastructure costs would not be recouped. In sparsely-populated farmland, there were far fewer houses per mile of installed electric lines. A Minnesota state committee

3055-417: The population's real access to reliable electricity service is much lower. For example, in 2021 and 2022 even the nation's most important hospitals were curtailing their services due to lack of fuel to power their own generators for on-site electricity. The Rural Electrification Programme (REP) was incorporated in 1975 with the specific mandate to expand the reach of electricity supply to rural areas, where

3120-587: The provider of the initial impetus is the subject of some debate. In 1848 Orson Fowler published A Home For All: Of the Gravel Wall and Octagon Mode of Building, extolling the virtues of the octagonal shape in home construction. The book included a discussion on use of the shape in barns and other outbuildings. The book generated a flurry of octagonal home construction, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states. Some researchers have linked

3185-416: The provision of such services would not be economically viable for commercial providers of electricity. The REP extends the national grid through the construction of electrical distribution pole lines to un-electrified areas and provides house wiring assistance through a loan programme to householders. In June 2012 Energy Minister Phillip Paulwell disclosed that, approximately 16,000 homes in remote parts of

3250-420: The quality of healthcare provided. Improved lighting increases the time patients can come and get treatment. Refrigerators can be used to conserve incredibly valuable vaccines and blood. Sterilization measures will be improved and the implementation of high tech machines such as x-rays or ultrasound scanners can provide doctors and nurses the tools they need to perform. In Diara Rhashalpool, a cluster of villages on

3315-440: The river Ganges, 140 households are without power. The locals are forced to travel 2–3 hours across the river for treatment or access to vaccines. With access to electricity, treatment would be far more accessible to the local population. Renewable off-grid enterprises have emerged in many areas to meet the demand for electricity in rural communities. Due to their geographical location and relatively low aggregate demand, expanding

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3380-419: The set up and management of the mini-grid. A village trust collects bills every month and deposits the revenue into a corpus fund. This hybrid model proved to be successful and has been implemented in over 10 villages. Gram Oorja currently has an installed capacity of 45.7 kW and serves 230 households. They have also partnered with Bank of America to continue to implement these projects across India. GRID

3445-637: The style's popularity statewide. This was partly due to the University of Illinois's Agricultural Experiment Station's publishing regular "Bulletins". The Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin coupled with an article by H.C. Crouch touting round barns in the Illinois Agriculturalist led to the construction of round barns across the state. Anecdotal evidence of the impact of the University of Illinois round barns can be collected from farmers today. Stories about fathers and grandfathers recollect round barns being constructed on account of what

3510-488: The sun was shining are now able to study by the light of LEDs early in the morning or late into the night. In Kenya for example, interviews with school teachers revealed that access to light has allowed for extra hours of teaching earlier and later in the day to cover material not adequately reviewed during normal hours. Additionally, schools with access to electricity are able to recruit higher quality teachers and have seen improvements on test scores and graduation rates, raising

3575-487: The target of 175GW of installed renewable energy by 2022 and mandated the electrification of over 18,000 villages. At the end of 2016, India had around 45.6GW of installed renewable energy with a vast amount of work and investment required to meet their lofty targets. The central government is increasingly trying to improve the dire conditions by investing heavily in biogas, solar as well as wind energy. Programs such as The JNN solar mission, and Pradhan Mantri Gram Vidyut Yojana

3640-401: The wall where horses could be exercised during the harsh high desert winters. The earliest round barns tend to have several flat sides, usually twelve or sixteen. They also tend to be wood -sided while the later round barns are more often faced with brick or glazed tile . The interior design of round barns shifted as well. The early round barns had cattle stanchions on the first floor with

3705-466: The whole of the loft used for hay and feed storage. Later barns possessed a central space which rose up from the ground level through the entire building. The cattle stanchions in this variation of round barn were arranged around a circular manger on the lower level. Above the stanchion level a circular wagon drive allowed hay to be unloaded into the central mow as the wagon circled the perimeter. The final stage of interior design in round barns included

3770-474: Was brought to a virtual halt. In the early 1950s the Rural Electrification scheme gradually brought electric power to the countryside, a process that was completed on the mainland in 1973 (although it wasn't until 2003 that the last of the inhabited offshore islands were fully connected). Currently the Rural Electrification scheme continues, but is primarily concerned with upgrading the quality of

3835-545: Was charged with administering loan programs for electrification and telephone service in rural areas. Between 1935 and 1939 – or the first 4½ years after REA's establishment, the number of farms using electric services more than doubled. The REA undertook to provide farms with inexpensive electric lighting and power. To implement those goals the administration made long-term, self-liquidating loans to state and local governments, to farmers' cooperatives, and to nonprofit organizations; no loans were made directly to consumers. In 1949

3900-453: Was financed by supporting funds, loans and government. Karanja describes the role that a coordinated approach to rural electrification can play in Kenya and the challenges that arise. One solution is the combine numerical electricity system modeling with geographical information to explore various mixes of grid extension, mini-grids , and standalone systems. Senegal's electricity sector

3965-1011: Was going on "over at the University". Rochester, Indiana , county seat of Fulton County , hosts the annual Round Barn Festival in early June to assert Fulton County's status as the "Round Barn Capital of the World". The city also houses the Round Barn Golf Club at Mill Creek, whose clubhouse is in the renovated Gerig Round Barn. There are about 20 surviving historic round barns in Canada. The United States has several hundred. In Europe, round barns are common, but there are some notable ones much older than those in North America. [REDACTED] Media related to Round barns at Wikimedia Commons Rural Electrification Access to electricity facilitates sustainable economic and social growth. First, through an increase in educational achievement. Students who were previously forced to study when

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4030-576: Was in Darewadi, a rural village with 39 households. Gram Oorja raised funding from Bosch Solar Energy and received consultation and guidance from the Shakti Foundation. They installed a solar power plant capable of producing 9.4 kilowatts of power with a backup biogas unit to produce energy when sunlight is not available. Local ownership of the project is one of the key tenets of Gram Oorja's business model, so they encouraged participation in

4095-473: Was organized to carry out a study of the costs and benefits of rural electrification. The University of Minnesota Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , working jointly with Northern States Power Company (NSP, now Xcel Energy ), conducted an experiment, providing electricity to nine farms in the Red Wing area. Electricity was first delivered on December 24, 1923. The " Red Wing Project "

4160-517: Was reformed in 1998. Since then the country has implemented several electrification initiatives: The Senegalese Rural Electrification Action Plan was launched in 2002 with the aim of maximising investment from the private sector. It raised an average of 49% private finance over 2002–2012, more than double the 22% global average for energy access projects. However, during the same period it directly increased rural electrification levels by less than 1%. Analysis by Mawhood and Gross (2014) indicates that

4225-456: Was successful – the power company and the university concluded that rural electrification was economically feasible. The results of the report were influential in the National government's decision to support rural electrification. Before 1936, a small but growing number of farms installed small wind-electric plants . These generally used a 40V DC generator to charge batteries in the barn or

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