67-620: The Opel Combo is a panel van and leisure activity vehicle from the German automaker Opel . The Combo first appeared in 1993, a second generation model was introduced in 2001, and the third was manufactured from December 2011 to December 2017, based on the Fiat Doblò . The name "Combo" was previously applied as a suffix to a three-door panel van body style of Opel Kadett E from 1986 until 1993. Opel/Vauxhall joined Groupe PSA in March 2017:
134-476: A Euro-pallet . The Combo B had symmetrical twin rear doors that opened to the side (rather than a single tailgate). These are counted as a single "door" when referring to the body style as three door. Following the increasing popularity of leisure activity vehicles , Opel launched a five passenger version of the Combo in the summer of 1995, called Opel Combo Tour . It differed from the panel van version by having
201-872: A concept car edition of a panel van based on the PT Cruiser at the North American International Auto Show , but it was not manufactured. In 2007 Chevrolet released a panel van version of the HHR , marketed as the HHR Panel. The small cargo vans currently sold by American manufacturers are from their overseas divisions, for example, the Ford Transit Connect and Ram ProMaster City ; however, both vehicles are planned to be discontinued by their respective manufacturers by 2023 due to lackluster sales. European panel vans of
268-645: A basic HZ Holden panel van was priced at A$ 6,076, with the Sandman option package an additional A$ 1,700. If a buyer selected every Sandman extra, which would cost in excess of 50% more than a basic HZ panel van, Holden would include a velvet mattress with the Holden logo embroidered. The Sandman ute and panel van were phased out in October 1979, with the end of the HZ series. Panel vans generally declined in popularity through
335-795: A corresponding ute and station wagon models. In May 1961, Ford Australia released a panel van version of the XK Falcon , marketed as the "sedan delivery" body style. The first panel van by Chrysler Valiant was part of the CL Valiant model range and was introduced in April 1977. Panel vans' combination of cargo space and customisable interior in a relatively compact vehicle made them attractive to painters, electricians, general labourers and film crews. Australian police forces also used panel vans (nicknamed "divvy vans" or " paddywagons "). Early Australian panel vans used swing-down and -up tailgates and
402-583: A halt." In an impressive manner, the general public confirmed that this indeed was the right decision to take: more than 800,000 people visited this "quiet IAA". In spite of the Great Recession , the IAA Cars 2009 proved to be a magnet for visitors. Around 850,000 people visited the auto show in Frankfurt, which greatly exceeded the target of 750,000. The headline "A Moving Experience" showed, where
469-570: A new grille separate from the bumper (as for the Kadett). At the same time, production was transferred to Azambuja, Portugal and the vans were now built by Opel . In Germany, it was sold with a 1.3 litre petrol engine or a 1.6 (later 1.7) litre diesel unit. The 1.3 petrol unit was then changed to a 1.4. Buyers in some countries, including the United Kingdom, also had the choice of a 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) 1.6-liter petrol unit. In
536-577: A result of the different passenger car platforms upon which panel vans are based in each region. A panel van is often known as a "delivery" or "sedan delivery" in North America. It is an older term that usually only applies to station wagon-based vehicles (sedan deliveries/delivery wagons) such as the Chevrolet Delray and Ford Courier , or pickup-based vans (panel deliveries). Large, boxy unibody vans based on truck platforms (such as
603-629: A standard roof height, indicative of their ute and station wagon/sedan delivery origins. In the mid 60s first Holden, then Ford introduced unique rooflines to their panelvan models. These were higher than the previous stagion wagon based roof, giving greater cargo space and functionality. In the early 70s, Ford introduced horizontally opening rear doors (nicknamed "barn doors"). By the early 1970s, when panel vans were in decline in America, they had become cultural icons in Australia. The most popular model
670-466: Is a sister model to the Citroën Berlingo and Peugeot Rifter and Partner, as Groupe PSA bought Opel in March 2017. Panel van A panel van , also known as a delivery van (United Kingdom), blind van , car-derived van or sedan delivery (United States), is a small cargo vehicle with a passenger car chassis , typically with a single front bench seat and no side windows behind
737-782: Is one of the world's largest mobility trade fairs . It consists of two separate fairs, that subdivided in 1991. While the IAA Mobility displays passenger vehicles, motorcycles and bikes, the IAA Transportation specializes in commercial vehicles. Before the separation, the show was held solely at the Messe Frankfurt. In 2021, the IAA adopted the New Mobility World concept, formats and business model, rebranded to IAA Mobility, and moved to Munich . The IAA
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#1732790654573804-735: Is organized by the Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA – Association of the German Automotive Industry) and is scheduled by the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), who recognize the IAA as one of the "big five" most prestigious auto shows worldwide. In 1897 the first IAA was held at the Hotel Bristol in Berlin , with a total of eight motor vehicles on display. As
871-488: The B-pillar . Panel vans are smaller than panel trucks or cargo vans , both of which use body-on-frame truck chassis. As they are derived from passenger cars, the development of panel vans is typically closely linked with the passenger car models upon which they depend. North American panel vans were initially based upon the two-door station wagon models, while Europe's narrower roads dictated that panel vans utilize
938-562: The Beetle . This was the last IAA before it was again suspended during World War II . After World War II Germany and Berlin were divided. From 1947 to 1949, West Germany's automobile and accessories manufacturers took part in the export trade fair in Hanover . The automobile industry's hall acted like a magnet on the public, with a great number of visitors coming to the show. In 1951 the Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA – Association of
1005-851: The Chevrolet Vega Panel Express and the Ford Pinto Panel Wagon. The Vega Panel Express was introduced in September 1970 and it was Chevy's first sedan delivery in ten years since the final full-size model was offered in 1960. The Vega Panel Express body style accounted for less than 2% of the total Chevrolet Vegas produced during the 1971 through 1975 model years. First-year sales of the Vega Panel Express peaked at 7,800 units and after leveling off to 4,000 units per year, only 1,525 were sold in 1975. The Pontiac Astre Panel, Pontiac's version of
1072-527: The DKW van and the first-generation Ford Transit in 1965. In the United Kingdom, panel vans benefit from having lower taxes than station wagons and do not have the speed restrictions which apply to larger vans. This has given rise to some anomalies. Authorities and dealers are not always certain on what qualifies as a car-derived van. SUVs and crossovers are also popularly turned into light commercial vehicles without rear seats. Examples of panel vans from
1139-605: The Ford Model A model range. Later Plymouth produced a sedan delivery from 1935 until 1941. Pontiac produced deliveries until 1953 in the U.S. and until 1958 in Canada based on the Pontiac Pathfinder . Sedan delivery models were usually produced in small quantities of 200 or less, for example 449 Canadian Pontiac sedan deliveries were built in 1958. From 1959 on, the sedan delivery was no longer practical; it
1206-482: The Ford Transit , Ram ProMaster , and Chevrolet Express ) as well as smaller unibody vans (like the Ford Transit Connect and Ram Promaster City ) are usually referred to as cargo vans or just panel vans. Larger vehicles built on a chassis cab with a custom cargo box are usually called box trucks or moving vans. In the late 1920s, Ford produced "Town Car Delivery" and "Wood Panel Delivery" as part of
1273-650: The IAA Passenger Cars was extremely well attended. In the following year the first IAA Commercial Vehicles took place in Hanover , Germany. It saw 1,284 exhibitors from 29 countries and gathered 287,000 people, 66 per cent being trade visitors. In 2001 the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York cast a shadow over the IAA Cars in Frankfurt. The exhibition went ahead all
1340-548: The 1.4 litre C14NZ engine, upgraded to C14SE specification in 1997. Sales continued until 2002, although the last SB Combos were built in 2001, but complianced as models of 2002. Production of the Combo A ended in August 2001. The second generation was launched at the Frankfurt Motor Show , in September 2001. While most competitors severed their connections with their subcompact brethren, Opel decided to base
1407-405: The 1957 show: The following introductions were made at the 1959 show: The following introductions were made at the 1961 show: The following introductions were made at the 1963 show: The following introductions were made at the 1965 show: The following introductions were made at the 1969 show: The following introductions were made at the 1973 show: The following introductions were made at
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#17327906545731474-461: The 1977 show: The 1979 Show occurred in a tough year for the automobile industry, with a focus on decreased speed limits and conserving energy, with most of Western Europe on the brink of a severe recession . It also occurred at a time when car design was changing substantially, with hatchbacks and front-wheel drive becoming increasingly popular, as well as demand increasing for smaller "supermini" cars. The following introductions were scheduled for
1541-569: The 1979 show: The following introductions were made at the 1981 show: 1983 was, in most of Western Europe, a year of recovery in the new car market, as the economy recovered from the recent recession. Many important new cars were launched at Frankfurt and elsewhere during 1983. Those launched elsewhere include the Austin Maestro , Fiat Uno , Nissan Micra , Peugeot 205 and Renault 11 . The Opel Corsa (launched in Spain in September 1982)
1608-626: The 1980s. Holden's last panel van, the WB , ceased production in 1984. Ford was the last manufacturer of Australian panel vans, until production of the XH Falcon , ceased in 1999. In 2000, Holden unveiled a retro-styled Sandman show car based on the Holden VU Ute . While this Sandman was never released, a canopy or "camper shell" featuring the same styling was made available as an A$ 6,150 accessory for Holden utes from 2003 through 2006. Installation
1675-411: The 1991 show: The following introductions were made at the 1993 show: The 1995 show ran from 14 to 24 September. The following introductions were made at the 1995 show: The 1997 show ran from 11 to 21 September. The following introductions were made at the 1997 show: The 1999 show opened on 16 September, and had nearly 1,200 exhibitors from 44 countries The following introductions were made at
1742-423: The 1999 show: The 2001 show opened to international media on 11 September, with a series of concept and production vehicle debuts kicking off in the early morning. The following introductions were made at the 2001 show: For the first time, the passenger car-only exhibition in Frankfurt broke the barrier of one million visitors. It featured 2,000 exhibitors from 42 countries. The following introductions were made at
1809-641: The 20th century include the Citroën 2CV Fourgonnette, Citroën H Van , Citroën C15 , Ford Escort , Morris Minor , Renault Estafette , SEAT Inca and more recently the Renault Kangoo and the Opel Combo . From the 1950s onwards, a larger alternative to the panel van was the van (based on a commercial vehicle chassis instead of a passenger car chassis), such as the Volkswagen Type 2 ,
1876-485: The 240 speakers and 47% attendees at the English-only conference coming from abroad. International media perceived New Mobility World to have "become the meeting point for the world's leading companies in automotive technologies and mobility" by now. The IAA itself recorded only 560,000 visitors (including NMW), the number of exhibitors fell to 873, in particular due to a further loss of international exhibitors. It
1943-618: The Electric Mobility Conference as well as the CarIT Conference dealing with the issue of connected driving. This approach was repeated in 2013. In 2015, the IAA introduced New Mobility World, a platform for the entire ecosystem of electric mobility, autonomous driving, connectivity and urban mobility. In the second week of the IAA, the emissions scandal (Dieselgate) became public. Until the IAA Cars 2015, exhibitor numbers were consistently above 1,000, and
2010-529: The German Automotive Industry) moved the IAA to Frankfurt and the federal State of Hesse purchased shares in the Messe Frankfurt . The trade fair was held in April and attracted a total of 570,000 visitors, with exhibits including the first HGV to have a turbo diesel engine. Just six months later, in September 1951, a second exhibition in Berlin was held, gathering 290,000 visitors. From then on,
2077-571: The German automobile industry bade farewell to its traditional exhibition site in Berlin and relocated the motor show completely to Frankfurt. The IAA was also rescheduled to only take place every other year. In 1989 the last IAA to feature both passenger cars and commercial vehicles in one show confirmed that the exhibition site in Frankfurt was now too small for this major event. Almost 2,000 exhibitors squeezed onto an exhibition site measuring 252,000 square metres. More than 1.2 million visitors attended
Opel Combo - Misplaced Pages Continue
2144-867: The Sandman was the Surferoo, which was introduced into the XB Falcon model range in 1973. In 1977, the Surferoo was replaced by the more popular Sundowner, in the XC Falcon range. The traditional tailgate style doors were also reintroduced as an option with the XC range. In 1976, Chrysler released a similar model called the Drifter , which was part of the Chrysler CL Valiant product range. The Drifter ceased production in 1978. Younger drivers were especially attracted to panel vans, not least because of
2211-570: The United Kingdom, the three door estate based van was known as both the Bedford and Vauxhall Astravan , and the high roof van as the Bedford Astramax, later sold as a Vauxhall. The changeover from Bedford to Vauxhall took place on 1 June 1990, as Bedfords were better known as a producer of heavier trucks. The Astramax was available in base or somewhat better equipped L versions. Both models were offered in 365 or 560 versions, referring to
2278-502: The Vega Panel Express, was available in Canada in the 1973–75 model years and in the US for 1975. The Pinto Panel Wagon was introduced in 1976 and was offered in both a commercial and a "factory customized" Pinto Cruising Wagon version that featured a round porthole style window on each side. The Ford Courier name, previously used for Ford sedan delivery vans, began to be used with Ford's import pickup truck line. In 2002, Chrysler showed
2345-465: The automobile became more known and accepted, the IAA became a fixed event in Germany, with at least one held every year, usually in Berlin. From 1905 to 1907, there were two per year, as the production had increased to an industrial level. In the next years the show was suspended due to the ongoing World War I , and was then reinstated in 1921 with 67 automobile manufacturers displaying 90 vehicles under
2412-484: The cargo bay while carrying surfboards on the roof. By the end of 1979, the Sandman had largely lost its place in the contemporary Australian youth culture – order figures were down and many of the vehicles were now being sold with the stripes and tailgate logos deleted. The final Sandman was in the Holden HZ series and featured V8 engines only, along with a four-headlight grille and under bumper front spoiler. In 1979,
2479-522: The cargo section fitted with side windows, and a three-passenger split folding bench seat . Although Combo's primary market was Europe, it has also been sold on other continents, in markets where GM traditionally use Opel derived models. As the Azambuja Opel plant in Portugal is the sole production site of all Combos, all those models were replaced gradually with the Combo C in 2001. The Combo
2546-528: The codes SB and XC respectively, reflecting the relation with SB and XC Holden Barinas (Opel Corsa B and C, respectively). The Opel Kadett Combo was introduced in January 1986, and finished production in August 1993. It was based on the Opel Kadett E small family car . It was built in the United Kingdom, at Ellesmere Port by Vauxhall until January 1989. This was when the model was facelifted, with
2613-424: The ease with which a mattress could be installed within the cargo bay. Consequently, panel vans also attracted nicknames such as "sin bins," and "shaggin' wagons". During the 1970s many Australian panel van owners took to applying airbrush mural art to the sides of their vans, paralleling a similar trend in America. Along with Volkswagen Kombi micro-busses, panel vans were popular with surfers, who could sleep in
2680-548: The event. Because of the high demand, it was no longer possible to meet exhibitors' requirements for adequate exhibition stands. In view of this, the VDA decided to split the IAA from now on, with a focus on passenger vehicles in odd years, and a focus on commercial vehicles in even years. The first IAA focused solely on passenger cars, held in 1991, was a huge success. A total of 1,271 exhibitors from 43 countries displayed their new products and innovations. With more than 935,000 visitors,
2747-519: The final 2011 build vehicles complianced in the beginning of 2012. In August 2013, CarAdvice announced that the Holden Combo had been quietly discontinued, and will not be replaced by the Combo D, available to European customers. Production of the Combo C ended in the end of 2011, in time for the December 2011 launch of the Combo D, which is based on the Fiat Doblò . The third generation Combo
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2814-578: The final round: Cologne , Frankfurt, Hanover , and Stuttgart . On 3 March 2020, VDA chose Munich . Munich beat out Berlin and Hamburg based on three criteria. Munich Airport is the second Lufthansa hub and has many direct international flights (second to Frankfurt); Munich is home to BMW and several other high tech industries such as Apple, Google, and many start-up companies; the city has 130,000 employees working in automobile industry. The Greens -led city council and Bavarian state government have given their support, along with 2/3 of people who responded to
2881-400: The final year that the IAA hosted its automotive exhibition in Frankfurt. In the several previous years, more and more manufacturers opted out of the IAA or greatly downsized their presence. The marques that specialise in high performance and luxury vehicles — such as Aston Martin, Bentley, Bugatti, Ferrari, and Rolls-Royce — were often the biggest draw at the IAA show, and they were absent from
2948-487: The fourth generation Combo, launched in March 2018, shares the platform and bodywork of the Peugeot Rifter and Partner , as well as the Citroën Berlingo . The Combo B and Combo C share platforms, vital components and some body panels with contemporary subcompact Opel Corsas , which used to be a typical pedigree for such a vehicle. The generations are denoted B and C in typical Opel fashion, but Holden applied
3015-506: The intention to conjure a sturdy, outdoor sports related image. The Combo Tour was not offered by Vauxhall in the United Kingdom. Commercial van versions retained the symmetrical twin rear doors, while the Tour versions have an option of a single tailgate (opening to the top). The tailgate is standard on Tour Tramp/Arizona. In December 2006, the Azambuja , Portugal factory closed down, and
3082-508: The last 30 years are the Renault Kangoo (1997), the Fiat Doblò (2001), Opel Combo (2001), Ford Transit Connect (2002) or the Volkswagen Caddy (2004). They are also purpose-designed to be utilitarian base model MPVs / people carriers, for a range of such vehicles. Since the 1980s, most manufacturers have offered light van versions of their small hatchbacks, sharing bodywork with the regular passenger version. These versions have
3149-423: The mobility of tomorrow is heading. A huge number of options were presented at the IAA, ranging from the mild hybrid and the plug-in hybrid to the all-electric car, fuel cells and hydrogen power. The 2010s were marked by the transformation of the automotive industry : In 2011 the 63rd IAA featured the all-new "Hall of Electric Mobility", a first-timer to all Motor Shows worldwide. Additional IAA-premieres included
3216-442: The motto "comfort". Despite the still perceptible after-effects of the global recession, the 22nd IAA was held in Berlin in 1931, with a total of 295,000 visitors. For the first time the exhibition included front-wheel drive vehicles. In 1939, the 29th installation of the event gathered a total of 825,000 visitors – an all-time record at that time. The new Volkswagen was presented for the first time, which later came to be known as
3283-479: The number of visitors was 931,700. The 67th IAA Cars 2017 – the first after the emissions scandal – was overshadowed by a loss of confidence in the German automotive industry. For the first time, the number of exhibitors fell below 1,000, while the number of visitors dropped to 810,000 – the worst figure since 2001. Meanwhile, New Mobility World grew significantly to 250 participating organizations, 200 conference speakers and 250,000 visitors. Since 2017, NMW's purpose
3350-514: The payload in kilograms. The first generation of Combo, launched in October 1993, was based heavily on the Opel Corsa B , launched six months earlier. The front part (up to the B-pillar ) is practically identical with the Corsa (except for the roof spoiler), but the platform (and thus wheelbase and the body in general) is extended to accommodate a tall, boxy cargo compartment, capable of carrying
3417-527: The production of the Opel Combo transferred to Zaragoza , Spain in 2007. Holden in Australia launched the XC series Combo in September 2002. It offered the 1.6 litre Z16SE engine, upgraded to 1.4 litre Z14XEP specification in December 2004 for the MY05 update. Although production ended in the end of 2011, Holden in Australia and New Zealand stockpiled sufficient Combo inventory to last until 2013, with
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#17327906545733484-464: The rear seats removed and may have blanked rear windows, depending on local regulations. As of 2019, the market consists of the following models and many more: The first Holden panel van produced in Australia was the FJ Holden , which was released in December 1953, although many manufacturers offered panel vans in their range prior to this. Like many Australian panel vans, it was based on
3551-492: The same. As a mark of solidarity with the victims and their dependants, all show elements and loud music as well as the official opening ceremony with the Federal Chancellor were cancelled. VDA President Gottschalk explained this decision: "Because we could not permit terrorist forces to take away our freedom of action. And because, as a key international sector, we have a responsibility not to allow things to grind to
3618-412: The several previous exhibitions. BMW had downsized its presence from 11,000 to 3,000 square metres. Since 2017, visitor numbers have almost halved, this, in addition to controversies such as Dieselgate and the global climate change issue, have prompted the IAA to change the scope of the exhibition and to pick a new venue. The rapidly decreasing number of visitors in the last several exhibitions reflected
3685-418: The smaller donor chassis of subcompact cars in that market. In Australia, panel vans were a development of the ute , a small pickup truck based on a passenger car chassis, e.g. Holden Ute , often using the longer wheelbase of a station wagon chassis. Panel vans were a well-established body type by the end of the 1920s. Panel vans have experienced divergent evolution in America, Europe, and Australia, as
3752-412: The survey. The event was planned to take place from 7 to 12 September, before the start of Oktoberfest , but was cancelled due to Covid. The IAA Mobility finally took place in September 2021. The following introductions were made at the 1951 show: The following introductions were made at the 1953 show: The following introductions were made at the 1955 show: The following introductions were made at
3819-616: The vehicle on the Corsa again. The use of subcompact Gamma platform constrained the overall width of the vehicle. The front clip is thus still shared with the Corsa, although now only back to the A-pillar. This allowed Opel to more fully integrate the overall design of the car, giving it a "flush" look more in line with its competitors. Compared to previous generation, the Combo C gained sliding rear side doors (versions with either single passenger side door or double doors are available). Sales began in January 2002. An Opel Combo Tour version
3886-512: The waning enthusiasm for the IAA, along with prominent protests against the car industry by environmental activists. The contract between Messe Frankfurt and VDA , the IAA organiser, expired in 2019. VDA chose not to renew the contract, citing the above reasons. Instead, VDA indicated its intention of moving its biannual automotive exhibitions to another city for 2021 onward. The final three candidate cities were Berlin , Hamburg, and Munich . Four other cities had also submitted bids but didn't make
3953-526: Was also accompanied by much larger protests than in the past. According to the organizers, a total of 25,000 participants, 18,000 of them by bicycle, came to a demonstration on 14 September for a change in traffic policy; the police spoke of about 15,000. The IAA Cars 2019 was the last IAA held in Frankfurt. In 2021, IAA adopted the New Mobility World concept, formats and business model, rebranded to IAA Mobility, and moved to Munich. 2019 marked
4020-553: Was also imported to the UK from April 1983, where it was sold as the Vauxhall Nova . The following introductions were made at the 1983 show from 12 to 22 September: The following introductions were made at the 1985 show: The following introductions were made at the 1987 show: The following introductions were made at the 1988 show: The following introductions were made at the 1989 show: The following introductions were made at
4087-410: Was also introduced, followed by Opel Combo Tour Tramp (Combo Tour Arizona in some markets), in an effort to attract leisure activity vehicle buyers. Combo Tour Tramp/Arizona was thought as a more off-road recreational vehicle. It features enhanced suspension tuning, increased ground clearance, chassis protection covers and numerous styling details that differentiate it from standard Combo Tours, with
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#17327906545734154-413: Was also produced in relatively small numbers by SAIC subsidiary SAIC-Yizheng as the "Shanghai Auto (Shangqi) Saibao SAC6420", equipped with the same 1.6 litre engine and five speed manual transmission as the Buick Sail . Built from 2002 until 2005, there was also a DeLuxe version available, with alloy wheels and other extras. Holden in Australia launched the SB series Combo in February 1996. It offered
4221-418: Was complicated, however, and the rear window and cab wall of the ute were retained, preventing movement between the cargo bay and the passenger cab as was possible in purpose-built panel vans. Frankfurt Motor Show The International Motor Show Germany or International Mobility Show Germany , in German known as the Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung ( IAA – International Automobile Exhibition),
4288-422: Was manufactured from January 2012 to December 2018, and was based on the Fiat Doblò . The third generation Combo was manufactured in Turkey by Tofaş . Sales began in January 2012. It is built in the Stellantis plant in Mangualde, Portugal, and in the Stellantis plant in Vigo, Spain, alongside the new Peugeot Rifter and Citroën Berlingo. The fourth generation Combo was unveiled at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show . It
4355-416: Was phased out in 1960 as a Chevrolet model, so the requisite Chevrolet body was no longer available. With the growing sales of the Volkswagen Type 2 and the introduction of compact vans , sedan deliveries faded from the scene. Chevrolet dropped the body type after 1960, while Ford moved it to the Falcon line-up until 1965. In the 1970s, Chevrolet and Ford offered subcompact sedan deliveries with
4422-436: Was the Holden Sandman , which was marketed to surfing lifestyle. The first Sandman was built in small quantities in 1974 in the HQ model range, but the model's popularity greatly increased in the subsequent HJ generation, which was released in October 1974. In the 1979 movie Mad Max , a modified 1975 HJ Sandman model was one of the vehicles driven by the lead character (played by Mel Gibson ). Ford's competitor to
4489-414: Was to not only to be Europe's leading innovation platform for future mobility, but also to develop and establish formats and business models beyond the booth rental of conventional auto shows. This trend continued at the 58th IAA Cars 2019, with New Mobility World growing to over 400 participating organizations, doubling the number of attendees to 500,000, and increasing its international reach, with 62% of
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