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77-619: Holstein once existed as the German County of Holstein (German: Grafschaft Holstein ; 811–1474), the later Duchy of Holstein (German: Herzogtum Holstein ; 1474–1866), and was the northernmost territory of the Holy Roman Empire . The history of Holstein is closely intertwined with the history of the Danish Duchy of Schleswig (Danish: Slesvig ). The capital of Holstein is Kiel . Holstein's name comes from

154-475: A Danish fief, it had to fall back to King Christian I of Denmark, who, himself a nephew of Adolf, also sought to enter into possession of Holstein. He was backed by the local nobility, who supported the continued common administration of both lands and by the 1460 Treaty of Ribe proclaimed him as the new Count of Holstein. Nevertheless, the comital Holstein lands south of the Eider River officially remained

231-521: A condominial government binding both together, partially superseding their legally different affiliation as Holy Roman and Danish fiefs. The County of Holstein-Pinneberg, which had remained a separately ruled territory in Holstein until its line was extinct in 1640, was merged into the then royal share of the Duchy of Holstein. The Duke of Holstein-Gottorp became emperor of Russia in 1762 as Peter III and

308-539: A factual partition. The elder three brothers determined their youngest brother Frederick for a career as Lutheran administrator of an ecclesiastical state within the Holy Roman Empire. So the revenues of the duchies were divided in three equal shares by assigning the revenues of particular areas and landed estates to each of the elder brothers, while other general revenues, such as taxes from towns and customs dues, were levied together but then shared among

385-565: A great benefactor to the Jews – his enemies described him as "more of a Jew than a Holy Roman Emperor". He favoured such Jewish scholars like Jacob ben Jehiel Loans  [ de ] , who was the teacher of the Hebraist Johann Reuchlin . His empress Eleanor also favoured Jews. For unknown reasons, their son Maximilian developed a dislike for the Jews as a child though, to the horror of both parents. His own relationship with

462-584: A mediate fief held by the Ascanian dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg . In 1474 Emperor Frederick III conferred Imperial immediacy to Christian by elevating him to a Duke of Holstein. In 1544, the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were partitioned in three parts between Christian's grandson Christian III of Denmark and his two younger half-brothers (who had to renounce the Danish throne), as follows: In addition, significant parts of Holstein were jointly administered by

539-471: A night outside the walls of Rome before entering the city on 9 March, where Frederick and Pope Nicholas V exchanged friendly greetings. Because the emperor had been unable to retrieve the Iron Crown of Lombardy from the cathedral of Monza where it was kept, nor be crowned King of Italy by the archbishop of Milan (on account of Frederick's dispute with Francesco Sforza , lord of Milan), he convinced

616-430: A reserved lifestyle. Although he was willing to appear in social events like festivals and tournaments, he disliked lavish feasts. Later he became horrified when his son, still in early teen years, displayed a tendency towards wine, feasts and women. As Frederick was rather distant to his family, Eleanor had a great influence on the raising and education of Frederick's children, and she therefore played an important role in

693-698: A single state, for his son. This imperial revival (as well as the rise of the territorial state) began under the reign of Frederick. Born at the Tyrolean residence of Innsbruck in 1415, Frederick was the eldest son of the Inner Austrian duke Ernest the Iron , a member of the Leopoldian line of the Habsburg dynasty, and his second wife Cymburgis of Masovia . According to the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg ,

770-622: A sovereign state. Because of its personal union with Denmark, the Duchy of Holstein did not come under French occupation during the Napoleonic era (however, the neighboring duchy of Lauenburg was annexed by France in 1811 and became a part of Bouches-de-l'Elbe ). From 1815 to 1864 it was a member of the German Confederation , though still in personal union with Denmark (the King of Denmark being also Duke of Holstein). Following

847-502: A step that no previous Duke of Austria had been able to achieve. Frederick failed to gain control over Hungary and Bohemia in the Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–78) . Frederick proclaimed himself King of Hungary on 27 February 1459, but this did not intimidate Mathias Corvinus . Frederick decided to invade, but his army never got far, as he was no general. From Mantua, Pius II (who was also Frederick's former secretary) urged

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924-638: The Battle of Stellau (1201), but was reconquered by the Count of Schauenburg and his allies in the Battle of Bornhöved (1227) . The Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein partitioned Holstein several times among the inheriting sons into up to six lines, named after their towns of residence: In 1386 King Oluf II of Denmark and his mother, Queen Margaret I , enfeoffed in Nyborg Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg and his cognatic successors with

1001-532: The Burgundian inheritance, he laid the foundations for the later Habsburg Empire. Despite being mocked as "Arch-Sleepyhead of the Holy Roman Empire" ( German : Erzschlafmütze ) during his lifetime, he is today increasingly seen as an effective ruler. Historian Thomas A. Brady Jr. credited Frederick with leaving a credible claim on the imperial title and a secure grip on the Austrian lands, now organized as

1078-481: The County of Oldenburg , and Holstein was reunited as a single state. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Duchy of Holstein gained sovereignty. After the 1815 Congress of Vienna , the Duchy of Holstein became a member of the German Confederation , resulting in several diplomatic and military conflicts about the so-called Schleswig-Holstein question . Denmark defended its rule over Holstein in

1155-636: The Duchy of Austria from 1439. He was elected and crowned King of Germany in 1440. His reign of 53 years is the longest in the history of the Holy Roman Empire or the German monarchy. Upon his death in 1493 he was succeeded by his son Maximilian . During his reign, Frederick concentrated on re-uniting the Habsburg " hereditary lands " of Austria and took a lesser interest in Imperial affairs. Nevertheless, by his dynastic entitlement to Hungary as well as by

1232-681: The First Schleswig War of 1848-51 against the Kingdom of Prussia . However, in the Second Schleswig War (1864) Prussian and Austrian troops conquered Schleswig. Christian IX of Denmark had to renounce both Schleswig and Holstein in the Treaty of Vienna (1864) on October 30. At first placed under joint rule in a condominium, Prussia and Austria then assumed administration of Schleswig and Holstein, respectively, under

1309-683: The Gastein Convention of August 14, 1865. However, tensions between the two powers culminated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Following the Peace of Prague (1866) , the victorious Prussians annexed both Schleswig and Holstein by decree of December 24, 1866, and later established the unified Province of Schleswig-Holstein . The Danish king in his function as duke of Holstein, and duke of Schleswig, appointed statholders (German: Statthalter; Latin: produx) to represent him in

1386-1185: The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg ), the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck , and the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg in the east, and the Kingdom of Hanover and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in the south. It also borders the North Sea in the west and the Baltic Sea in the east. Its only major island is Fehmarn , originally a part of the Duchy of Schleswig until 1867. Cities in Holstein included Kiel , Altona , Glückstadt , Rendsburg , Segeberg , Heiligenhafen , Oldenburg in Holstein , and Plön . It had an area of 8,385 km. Circles est. 1500: Bavarian , Swabian , Upper Rhenish , Lower Rhenish–Westphalian , Franconian , (Lower) Saxon 54°10′00″N 9°40′00″E  /  54.1667°N 9.66667°E  / 54.1667; 9.66667 Duchy of Holstein The Duchy of Holstein ( German : Herzogtum Holstein ; Danish : Hertugdømmet Holsten )

1463-828: The Holcetae , a Saxon tribe mentioned by Adam of Bremen as living on the north bank of the Elbe, to the west of Hamburg. The name means "dwellers in the wood" or "hill-sitters" (Northern Low Saxon: Hol(t)saten ; German: Holzsassen ). After the Migration Period of the Early Middle Ages , Holstein was adjacent to the Obotrites on the coast of the Baltic Sea and the land of the Danes in Jutland . With

1540-519: The Saxon Wars reached an agreement with King Hemming of Denmark in 811. The lands of Schleswig beyond the river remained a fief of the Danish Crown , while Holstein became an integral part of East Francia , the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. Adolf VIII , the last Count of Holstein-Rendsburg and Duke of Schleswig had died without heirs in 1459. As Schleswig had been

1617-710: The Siege of Vienna . Emperor Frederick failed to procure help from the Prince-electors and the Imperial States . In 1483 he had to leave his Hofburg residence in Vienna and fled to Wiener Neustadt , where he also was besieged by Matthias' troops for 18 months until the fortress was captured in 1487. Humiliated, Frederick fled to Graz , and later to Linz in Upper Austria . Frederick's personal motto

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1694-527: The duchy of Austria (Further Austria). (Ladislaus would die before coming of age). Frederick was now the undisputed head of the Habsburg dynasty, though his regency in the lands of the Albertinian Line (Further Austria) was still viewed with suspicion. As a cousin of late King Albert II, Frederick became a candidate for the 1440 imperial election . On 2 February 1440, the prince-electors convened at Frankfurt and unanimously elected him King of

1771-643: The "New Monastery". In 1469 Friedrich founded the Order of St. George , which still exists today, whereby the first investiture in the Lateran Basilica in Rome was carried out by him and Pope Paul II . Mary of Burgundy , sole heir to the rich Burgundian kingdom, after the death of her father Charles the Bold , soon made her choice among the many suitors for her hand by selecting Archduke Maximilian of Austria,

1848-401: The "true founder of the Habsburg imperial position". German historians Paul-Joachim Heinig (author of Kaiser Friedrich III. (1440–1493). Hof, Regierung und Politik , Böhlau, 1997) writes that it would be unfair to say that Maximilan stood on the shoulders of a giant, yet nevertheless Frederick provided the shoulders without which Maximilian could not have become a giant himself. Frederick was

1925-402: The 1720 Treaty of Frederiksborg , Duke Charles Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp ceded them to his liege lord the Danish crown. His remaining territories formed the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, administered from Kiel . In 1773, Charles Frederick's grandson, Emperor Paul I of Russia finally gave his Holstein lands to the Danish king, in his function as duke of Holstein, in exchange for

2002-637: The British occupation government elevated the province to the State of Schleswig-Holstein , followed by the official dissolution of Prussia in 1947. For a list of rulers, see Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein and List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein . As of 1864, Holstein bordered Denmark in the north, the Principality of Lübeck (formerly the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck, an exclave of

2079-698: The Duchies, and soon the German Confederation, led by Prussia and Austria , went to the Second Schleswig War with Denmark, quickly defeating it in 1864 and forcing it to cede the duchies. However, the duchies were not given to the Duke of Augustenborg. In 1865 an arrangement was worked out between Prussia and Austria where the Austrians occupied and administered Holstein, while the Prussians did

2156-570: The Duchy of Schleswig, a Danish fief. Through the Treaty of Ribe (1460) Christian was elected Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, then still a Saxe-Lauenburgian subfief within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1474 Lauenburg's liege lord , the German Emperor Frederick III , elevated Christian I as Count of Holstein-Rendsburg to Duke of Holstein, thus becoming an immediate imperial ( reichsunmittelbar ) vassal (see imperial immediacy ). The Duchy of Holstein retained that status until

2233-626: The Duchy of Schleswig. He thus became as Gerhard II duke of Schleswig. Until 1390 the Rendsburg branch united by inheritance all branches except of that of Holstein-Pinneberg. When the Holstein-Rendsburg line of the Schauenburg counts became extinct with the death of Adolf VIII of Holstein-Rendsburg (and in personal union as Adolf I Duke of Schleswig) in 1459, Christian I of Denmark inherited – from his maternal uncle Adolf I –

2310-618: The Duchy was partitioned between various Oldenburg branches, most notably the dukes of Holstein-Glückstadt (identical with the Kings of Denmark ) and Holstein-Gottorp . The duchy ceased to exist when the Kingdom of Prussia annexed it in 1866 after the Austro-Prussian War . The northern border of Holstein along the Eider River had already formed the northern border of the Carolingian Empire , after Emperor Charlemagne upon

2387-519: The Elder conveniently called Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev produced no issue, so no branch emerged from his side. Similar to the above-mentioned agreement Christian III's youngest son John the Younger gained for him and his heirs a share in Holstein's and Schleswig's revenues in 1564, comprising a third of the royal share, thus a ninth of Holstein and Schleswig as to the fiscal point of view. John

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2464-658: The Emperor as a person who wanted to conquer the world while remaining seated. Although this was regarded as a character flaw in older academic research, his delaying tactics are now viewed as a means of coping with political challenges in far-flung territorial possessions. Frederick is credited with having the ability to sit out difficult political situations patiently. According to contemporary accounts, Frederick had difficulties developing emotional closeness to other persons, including his children and wife Eleanor . Unlike his brother Albert and his son Maximilian, Frederick maintained

2541-558: The Emperor to leave Mathias alone. Hungary, he proclaimed, "is the shield of all Christendom under cover of which we have hitherto been safe. [...] If the road is thus opened to the barbarians, destruction will break in over all and the consequences of such a disaster will be imputed by God to its authors." Frederick was even defeated in the Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–88) by Matthias Corvinus in 1485, who managed to maintain residence in Vienna until his death five years later in

2618-465: The House of Habsburg's rise to prominence. Despite the fact that their marriage had been unhappy, when Eleanor died the Emperor was affected by her loss and remained widowed for the rest of his long life. Frederick's political initiatives were hardly bold, but they were still successful. Frederick III was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1452, the first since the death of Emperor Sigismund . His ascension to

2695-405: The Jews evolved over the years though. Ursula Schattner-Rieser opines that the foundation of Modern Judaism , arising in the eras of Frederick and Maximilian, was "embedded in the principles of humanism". Frederick had five children from his marriage with Eleanor of Portugal : For the last 10 years of Frederick's life, he and Maximilian ruled jointly. In his last years Friedrich remained in

2772-463: The Leopoldinian branch ruled over the duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, or what was referred to as Inner Austria. Only three of Frederick's eight siblings survived childhood: his younger brother Albert (later to be Albert VI, archduke of Austria), and his sisters Margaret (later the electress of Saxony ) and Catherine . In 1424, nine-year-old Frederick's father died, making Frederick

2849-725: The Romans as Frederick IV; his rule was still based on his hereditary lands of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, or Inner Austria. In 1442, Frederick allied himself with Rudolf Stüssi , burgomaster of Zürich , against the Old Swiss Confederacy in the Old Zürich War (Alter Zürichkrieg) but lost. In 1448, he entered into the Concordat of Vienna with the Holy See , which remained in force until 1806 and regulated

2926-753: The Saxons were restored to Western Holstein. The Wagrians were pushed out of the Limes Saxoniae - the new border running from the Elbe River near Boizenburg northwards along the Bille River to the mouth of the Schwentine at the Kiel Fjord and the Baltic Sea . For the following 300 years, Holstein continued to be a part of Saxony. The new county of Holstein was established in 1111; it

3003-463: The Younger and his heirs, however, had no share in the condominial rule, so they were not ruling but mere titular dukes. The share of John the Elder, who died in 1581, was halved between Adolf and Frederick II, thus increasing again the royal share by a fiscal sixth of Holstein and Schleswig. As an effect the complicated fiscal division of both separate duchies, Holstein and Schleswig, with shares of each party scattered in both duchies, provided them with

3080-541: The beginning, Frederick's younger brother Albert asserted his rights as a co-ruler, as the beginning of a long rivalry. Already in these years, Frederick had begun to use the symbolic A.E.I.O.U. signature as a kind of motto with various meanings. In 1436 he made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land , accompanied by numerous nobles knighted by the Order of the Holy Sepulchre , which earned him great reputation. Upon

3157-568: The brothers. The estates, whose revenues were assigned to the parties, made Holstein and Schleswig look like patchworks, technically inhibiting the emergence of separate new duchies, as intended by the estates of the duchies. The secular rule in the fiscally divided duchies thus became a condominium of the parties. As dukes of Holstein and Schleswig the rulers of both houses bore the formal title of "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Ditmarsh and Stormarn ". The three shares are usually called: The dynastic name Holstein-Gottorp comes as convenient usage from

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3234-740: The cause of death the consequences of leg amputation, senility or rapid diarrhea caused by melon consumption. His bowels were probably buried separately on 24 August 1493 in the Linz parish church. The arrival of Turks in Carinthia and the Krain delayed the arrival of Maximilian and with it the funeral service. On 6 and 7 December 1493, the funeral took place in St. Stephen's Cathedral. His grave, built by Nikolaus Gerhaert von Leyden , in St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna ,

3311-406: The conquest of Old Saxony by Charlemagne circa 800, he granted the land north of the Eider River (Schleswig) to the Danes by the Treaty of Heiligen signed in 811. The ownership of what would late become eastern Holstein (districts of Plön and Ostholstein) was given to the Obotrites , namely the Wagrians , and the Saxon elite was deported to various areas of the empire. After 814, however,

3388-419: The death of King Frederick VII of Denmark ( House of Oldenburg ) in 1863, the inheritance of Schleswig and Holstein was disputed. The new king, Christian IX ( House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg , a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg), made his claim to the Danish throne through a female line. The Duke of Augustenborg , a minor scion from another cadet line of the House of Oldenburg, claimed

3465-415: The death of his uncle Duke Frederick IV in 1439, Frederick took over the regency of Tyrol and Further Austria for the duke's heir Sigismund . Again he had to ward off the claims raised by his brother Albert VI; he prevailed by the support of the Tyrolean aristocracy. Likewise he acted as regent for his nephew Ladislaus the Posthumous , son of late King Albert II and his consort Elizabeth of Luxembourg , in

3542-479: The dissolution of the Empire in 1806. In 1490, the Duchy of Holstein was divided into Holstein-Segeberg and Holstein-Gottorp . Holstein-Segeberg remained with the Danish king and was also known as Royal Holstein ; later it came to be known as Holstein-Glückstadt . Holstein-Gottorp, also known as Ducal Holstein , was given to a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg , to which the kings of Denmark belonged. Between 1533 and 1544 King Christian III of Denmark ruled

3619-653: The duchies. The statholders fulfilled the tasks related to the ducal power as patrimonial lords in the royal shares of Holstein and Schleswig, as well as the royal part in the condominial government with the houses of Gottorp and Haderslev (the latter extinct in 1580) for all the duchies of Holstein (until retreat of Gottorp in 1773) and Schleswig (until Gottorp's deposal from dukedom there in 1720). Circles est. 1500: Bavarian , Swabian , Upper Rhenish , Lower Rhenish–Westphalian , Franconian , (Lower) Saxon Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III ( German : Friedrich III, 21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493)

3696-410: The duke of Inner Austria, as Frederick V, with his uncle, Duke Frederick IV of Tyrol , acting as regent. From 1431, Frederick tried to obtain majority (to be declared "of age", and thus allowed to rule) but for several years was denied by his relatives. Finally, in 1435, Albert V, duke of Austria (later Albert II, the king of Germany), awarded him the rule over his Inner Austrian heritage. Almost from

3773-417: The dukes of Holstein-Glückstadt and the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp, mainly on the Baltic Sea coast. In 1640, the County of Holstein-Pinneberg , whose ruling house was extinct, was merged in the royal part of the Duchy of Holstein. In 1713, during the Great Northern War , the estates of the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp in Schleswig including Schloss Gottorf were conquered by royal Danish troops. In

3850-416: The emperor was besieged in his residence by rebellious subjects. In this war between the brothers, Frederick received support from the King of Bohemia, George of Poděbrady . These conflicts forced him into an anachronistic itinerant existence, as he had to move his court between various places through the years, residing in Graz , Linz and Wiener Neustadt . Wiener Neustadt owes him its castle and

3927-435: The entire Duchies of Holstein and of Schleswig also in the name of his then still minor half-brothers John the Elder and Adolf . In 1544 they partitioned the Duchies of Holstein (a fief of the Holy Roman Empire) and of Schleswig (a Danish fief) in an unusual way, following negotiations between the brothers and the Estates of the Realm of the duchies, which had constituted in 1460 by the Treaty of Ribe and strictly opposed

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4004-494: The fiefs as a dower . Frederick agreed at first, but after Albert took over yet another fief, Regensburg , Frederick withdrew his consent. On 2 January 1487, however, before Frederick's change of heart could be communicated to his daughter, Kunigunde married Albert. A war was prevented only through the mediation of the Emperor's son, Maximilian. In some smaller matters, Frederick was quite successful: in 1469 he managed to establish bishoprics in Vienna and Wiener Neustadt ,

4081-421: The future Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (son of Frederick III) who became her co-ruler. With the inheritance of Burgundy, the House of Habsburg began to rise to predominance in Europe. This gave rise to the saying "Let others wage wars, but you, happy Austria, shall marry", which became a motto of the dynasty. Frederick secured in 1486 the succession of the son in his own lifetime. On 16 February 1486 Maximilian

4158-413: The historical importance and meaning of his rule and of the early gaining of the Imperial title. Frederick had been very careful regarding the reform movement in the empire. For most of his reign, he considered reform as a threat to his imperial prerogatives. He avoided direct confrontation, which might lead to humiliation if the princes refused to give way. After 1440, the reform of the Empire and Church

4235-420: The impartial judge between options suggested by the princes. Frederick was an important and powerful patron of music, with a "preference for importing Western talent". This, combined with the efforts by non-coủrtly institutions like the Cathedral at Trent, would contribute to the flourishing of music under Maximilian I. The 110 books he collected form the core collection of the later Bibliotheca Regia , that

4312-523: The imperial election for Maximilian. Thus in his last years, he presided over the initial phase of Imperial Reform, which would mainly unfold under his son Maximilian. Maximilian himself was more open to reform, although naturally he also wanted to preserve and enhance imperial prerogatives. After Frederick retired to Linz in 1488, as a compromise, Maximilian acted as mediator between the princes and his father. When he attained sole rule after Frederick's death, he would continued this policy of brokerage, acting as

4389-448: The pope to crown him as such with the German crown, which had been brought for the purpose. This coronation took place on the morning of 16 March, in spite of the protests of the Milanese ambassadors, and in the afternoon Frederick and Eleanor were married by the pope. Finally, on 19 March, Frederick and Eleanor were anointed in St Peter's Basilica by the Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Francesco Condulmer , and Frederick

4466-413: The region on the Danube, in Vienna and in Linz. In 1492 he was elected Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece . Since February 1493, Frederick's health deteriorated increasingly. In the Lent of 1493, Friedrich's personal physicians diagnosed Kaiser in the left leg as a symptom, usually referred to as age-burning, in the research literature, which according to current medical terminology is considered to be

4543-495: The relationship between the Habsburgs and the Holy See. In 1452, at the age of 37, Frederick III travelled to Italy to receive his bride and to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor . His fiancée, the 17-year-old infanta Eleanor , daughter of King Edward of Portugal , landed at Livorno (Leghorn) after a 104-day trip. Her dowry would help Frederick alleviate his debts and cement his power. The couple met at Siena on 24 February and proceeded together to Rome. As per tradition, they spent

4620-424: The result of arteriosclerosis. On 8 June 1493 he was amputated under the direction of the surgeon Hans Seyff in the Linz castle of the affected area of the leg. This leg amputation is considered one of the most famous and best-documented surgical procedures of the entire Middle Ages. Although Frederick initially survived the procedure well, he died on 19 August 1493 in Linz at the age of 77. The contemporaries cited as

4697-437: The role of Emperor came with the stipulation that should the previous queen of Bohemia (wife of Albert V of the Albertine line) give birth to a male heir, Frederick would become his guardian. When the queen gave birth to Ladislaus the Posthumous , as according to the stipulations, Frederick took on his guardianship. This led to conflicts between Frederick and other members of the royal family and nobility. His first major opponent

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4774-656: The royal election Frederick accompanied his son to Aachen, where Maximilian was crowned on 9 April 1486. There seemed to be tensions between father and son due to differences in personalities and leadership styles. But Frederick saw Maximilian's values in negotiating with the Estates, thus even though he was wary of infringements on his imperial power, Maximilian quickly became an essential partner in imperial politics. In 1487, his daughter Kunigunde married Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria . Albert illegally took control of some imperial fiefs and then asked to marry Kunigunde (who lived in Innsbruck, far from her father), offering to give her

4851-433: The same in Schleswig. This arrangement came to an end with the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which resulted in Schleswig and Holstein both being incorporated into Prussia as the Province of Schleswig-Holstein . Holstein, meanwhile including former Saxe-Lauenburg (as of 1876) and the former Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck and Region of Lübeck (both as of 1937) regained statehood, now united with Schleswig, in 1946, when

4928-496: The technically more correct Duke of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp . Adolf, the third son of Duke and King Frederick I and the second youngest half-brother of King Christian III , founded the dynastic branch called House of Holstein-Gottorp , which is a cadet branch of the then royal Danish House of Oldenburg . The Danish monarchs and the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp ruled both duchies together as to general government, however, collected their revenues in their separate estates. John

5005-444: Was Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death in 1493. He was the penultimate emperor to be crowned by the pope , and the last to be crowned in Rome . He was the first emperor from the House of Habsburg , which was to retain the title until it disappeared centuries later. Prior to his imperial coronation, he was duke of the Inner Austrian lands of Styria , Carinthia and Carniola from 1424, and also acted as regent over

5082-406: Was a natural choice for Frederick and the Estates to counter Hungary's ambitions. On the occasion of the election of Maximilian, a ten-year land peace was decided. In order to safeguard the peace of the land and against the expansive territorial policy of the House of Wittelsbach , numerous affected empire-related states of Swabia joined in 1488 on Frederick's initiative for the Swabian League. After

5159-433: Was again united in one state. The territory of Holstein was enlarged by the conquest of the independent Republic of Dithmarschen in 1559, which was divided among the three ducal houses. After 1581 the southern part remained to the Danish Crown, the northern part was ruled by the House of Gottorp until 1773. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 Holstein's imperial vassal status turned void. It thus became

5236-428: Was first a fief of the Duchy of Saxony , then of the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg , and finally of the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck . With the establishment of the new territorial unit, expansion to the East began and the Wagrians were finally defeated in 1138. The County of Holstein was ruled by the House of Schaumburg ; the first count was Adolf I, Count of Holstein . Holstein was temporarily occupied by Denmark after

5313-574: Was freed in 1452 by the Lower Austrian estates. He acted similarly towards his first cousin Sigismund of the Tyrolian line of the Habsburg family. One of his important advisors during this time was Friedrich II von Graben . Ultimately, Frederick prevailed in all those conflicts by outliving his opponents and sometimes inheriting their lands, as was the case with Ladislaus, from whom he gained Lower Austria in 1457, and with his brother Albert VI, whom he succeeded in Upper Austria . In 1462, his brother Albert raised an insurrection against him in Vienna and

5390-448: Was his brother Albert VI , who challenged his rule. He did not manage to win a single conflict on the battlefield against him, and thus resorted to more subtle means. He held his second cousin once removed Ladislaus the Posthumous , the ruler of the Archduchy of Austria , Hungary and Bohemia, (born in 1440) as a prisoner and attempted to extend his guardianship over him in perpetuity to maintain his control over Lower Austria . Ladislaus

5467-419: Was planning an attack on Denmark to recover the Holstein-Gottorp lands possessions in Schleswig, which were seized by the Danish king in 1713. Although Peter was soon overthrown by his wife, Catherine the Great , the Danes determined to rid themselves of this problem. In 1773, they exchanged the County of Oldenburg for the Gottorp lands in Holstein, bringing all of Holstein under their control. Thus, Holstein

5544-511: Was sustained and led by local and regional powers, particularly the territorial princes. In his last years, however, there was more pressure on him taking action from a higher level. Berthold von Henneberg , the Archbishop of Mainz, who spoke on behalf of reform-minded princes (who wanted to reform the Empire without strengthening the imperial hand), capitalized on Frederick's desire to secure

5621-435: Was the mysterious string A.E.I.O.U. , which he imprinted on all his belongings. He never explained its meaning, leading to many different interpretations being presented, although it has been claimed that shortly before his death he said it stands for Austriae Est Imperare Orbi Universali or Alles Erdreich ist Österreich untertan ("All the world is subject to Austria"). It may well symbolise his own understanding of

5698-499: Was the northernmost state of the Holy Roman Empire , located in the present German state of Schleswig-Holstein . It originated when King Christian I of Denmark had his County of Holstein-Rendsburg elevated to a duchy by Emperor Frederick III in 1474. Members of the Danish House of Oldenburg ruled Holstein – jointly with the Duchy of Schleswig – for its entire existence. From 1490 to 1523 and again from 1544 to 1773

5775-408: Was the predecessor of the later Imperial Library and the current Austrian National Library ( Österreichische Nationalbibliothek ). German historians tend to be more critical of Frederick than Austrian ones. Austrian historian Adam Wandruszka opines that while he was not an impressive emperor, Frederick III was effective in defending and expanding his family's dynastic interests. Wandruszka calls him

5852-559: Was then crowned with the Imperial Crown by the pope. Frederick was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned in Rome. His great-grandson Charles V was the last emperor to be crowned, but this was done in Bologna . Frederick's style of rulership was marked by hesitation and a sluggish pace of decision making. The Italian humanist Enea Silvio Piccolomini, later Pope Pius II , who at one time worked at Frederick's court, described

5929-603: Was unanimously elected Roman-German king at the Frankfurt Reichstag by the six electors present. The Elector of Bohemia was not invited because the Bohemian spa law might have been claimed by the Hungarian King Corvinus. There are still discussions regarding whether Frederick actively provided the initiative for his son's election or not. As Frederick's only surviving male heir though, Maximilian

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