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104-548: A home , or domicile , is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or more human occupants, and sometimes various companion animals . It is a fully- or semi-sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Homes provide sheltered spaces, for instance rooms , where domestic activity can be performed such as sleeping, preparing food, eating and hygiene as well as providing spaces for work and leisure such as remote working, studying and playing. Physical forms of homes can be static such as

208-437: A failed state . Personal insolvency , development or sustaining of mental illness or severe physical incapacity without affordable domestic care commonly lead to a change of home. The underlying character of a home may be debased by structural defects , natural subsidence , neglect or soil contamination . Refugees are people who have fled their homes due to violence or persecution . They may seek temporary housing in

312-411: A garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have a backyard or a front yard or both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax or eat. Houses may provide "certain activities, which gradually accumulate meaning until they become homes". Joseph Rykwert distinguished between home and house in their physicality; a house requires a building whereas

416-477: A house or an apartment , mobile such as a houseboat , trailer or yurt or digital such as virtual space. The aspect of 'home' can be considered across scales; from the micro scale showcasing the most intimate spaces of the individual dwelling and direct surrounding area to the macro scale of the geographic area such as town , village , city , country or planet . The concept of 'home' has been researched and theorized across disciplines – topics ranging from

520-427: A house , ship , hospital or factory , such as cleaning , tidying/organizing, cooking , shopping , and bill payment. These tasks may be performed by members of the household , or by persons hired for the purpose . This is a more broad role than a cleaner , who is focused only on the cleaning aspect. The term is also used to refer to the money allocated for such use. By extension, it may also refer to an office or

624-547: A "symbol of the self", bound to the events of one's life. Emmanuel Levinas wrote of home as where, upon seclusion from the greater world, a sense of self can be regained. There exist many connotations regarding the concept of a home, including of security, identity, ritual and socialisation, varied definitions and residents may associate their home with meanings, emotions, experiences and relationships. Home has been described as an " essentially contested concept ". Common connotations of home are espoused by both those with or without

728-461: A boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime . The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe . However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework . In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are non-Euclidean , in which space

832-402: A concept of neighbourhood is defined, frequently by means of a distance ( metric spaces ). The elements of a space are often called points , but they can have other names such as vectors in vector spaces and functions in function spaces . Space is one of the few fundamental quantities in physics , meaning that it cannot be defined via other quantities because nothing more fundamental

936-522: A corporation, as well as the maintenance of computer storage systems. The basic concept can be divided into domestic housekeeping, for private households, and institutional housekeeping for commercial and other institutions providing shelter or lodging, such as hotels, resorts, inns, boarding houses, dormitories, hospitals and prisons. There are related concepts in industry known as workplace housekeeping and Industrial housekeeping, which are part of occupational health and safety processes. Housing tenure

1040-414: A fixed or regular way." A person's conception of home can be dependent on congealing conditions, such as culture, geography or emotion; the sense of being at home may be contingent upon the presence of multiple emotions, such as joy, sorrow, nostalgia and pride. Further psychological interperation contends that homes serve the purpose of satisfying identity-based desires and expression and that it functions as

1144-440: A flat surface. After a while, as the bucket continues to spin, the surface of the water becomes concave. If the bucket's spinning is stopped then the surface of the water remains concave as it continues to spin. The concave surface is therefore apparently not the result of relative motion between the bucket and the water. Instead, Newton argued, it must be a result of non-inertial motion relative to space itself. For several centuries

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1248-480: A home does not. Home and house are often used interchangeably, although their connotations may differ: house being "emotionally neutral" and home evoking "personal, cognitive aspects". By the mid-18th century, the definition of home had extended beyond a house. "Few English words are filled with the emotional meaning of the word home". Home as constitutionally mobile and transient has been contended by anthropologists and sociologist. A mobile home (also known as

1352-416: A home. It is the sociality and action of homes which some scholars have said conditions a house in to a home, which is, according to Gram-Hanssen, "a phenomenon made by its residents". Dysfunctional sociality may negate the sense of a residence being a home whereas the physical contents may endow the sense; alienated from home one may feel "metaphorically homeless". Romantic or nostalgic notions are typical in

1456-461: A house is known as a household . Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, although households may also be other social groups , such as roommates or, in a rooming house , unconnected individuals. Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group; larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain numerous family dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as

1560-639: A house outright, or it may be mortgaged . In the case of tenancy, the landlord may be a private individual, a non-profit organization such as a housing association , or a government body, as in public housing . Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use . The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there were one billion slum residents and squatters globally. Squatting occurs worldwide and tends to occur when people find empty buildings or land to occupy for housing. It has

1664-444: A house trailer, park home, trailer, or trailer home) is a prefabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent homes, or for holiday or temporary accommodation, they are often left permanently or semi-permanently in one place, but can be moved, and may be required to move from time to time for legal reasons. A houseboat

1768-471: A limited capacity. The distinction between home and work formulated in the 20th century, with home acting as sanctuary. Modern definitions portray home as a site of supreme comfort and familial intimacy, operating as a buffer to the greater world. The concept of home is one with multiple interpretations, influenced by one's history and identity. People of differing ages, genders, ethnicities and classes may have resultingly different meanings of home. Commonly, it

1872-698: A long history, broken down by country below. In developing countries and least developed countries , shanty towns often begin as squatted settlements. In African cities such as Lagos much of the population lives in slums . There are pavement dwellers in India and in Hong Kong as well as rooftop slums . Informal settlements in Latin America are known by names such as villa miseria (Argentina), pueblos jóvenes (Peru) and asentamientos irregulares (Guatemala, Uruguay). In Brazil, there are favelas in

1976-443: A plane or sphere and, Poincaré argued, the same is true for the debate over whether real space is Euclidean or not. For him, which geometry was used to describe space was a matter of convention . Since Euclidean geometry is simpler than non-Euclidean geometry, he assumed the former would always be used to describe the 'true' geometry of the world. In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity , which led to

2080-498: A point P not on L 1 , there is exactly one straight line L 2 on the plane that passes through the point P and is parallel to the straight line L 1 . Until the 19th century, few doubted the truth of the postulate; instead debate centered over whether it was necessary as an axiom, or whether it was a theory that could be derived from the other axioms. Around 1830 though, the Hungarian János Bolyai and

2184-472: A series of caves near Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites of Sterkfontein , Swartkrans , Kromdraai B, Drimolen , Malapa , Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, including Australopithecus africanus , Australopithecus sediba and Paranthropus robustus . However, it

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2288-430: A shelter or they may claim asylum in another country in an attempt to relocate permanently. A dysfunctional home life commonly precipitates one's homelessness. The dichotomy between home and homelessness is to the extent that the concept of home, scholars have said, is dependent on homelessness: "in a sense, without homelessness, we would not be concerned with what home means". The connection between humans and dwelling

2392-513: A significant element in one's appraisal of their life, a time in which notions of home, it has been observed, are more profound. The connection between home and family is pertinent, to the extent that some scholars consider the terms to be synonymous. Space Space is a three-dimensional continuum containing positions and directions . In classical physics , physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions . Modern physicists usually consider it, with time , to be part of

2496-481: A similar way to the relations between family members. Although people in the family are related to one another, the relations do not exist independently of the people. Leibniz argued that space could not exist independently of objects in the world because that implies a difference between two universes exactly alike except for the location of the material world in each universe. But since there would be no observational way of telling these universes apart then, according to

2600-438: A square pit on the spot, and then dig the cave horizontally on the four walls to form the underground courtyard. In most parts of western Henan, this form of cave is called the "pit yard". Sunken yaodongs have two types, according to the form of entrance: slope-entrance and flat-entrance. Both are excavations of pits in the flat ground. First, if the yaodong is surrounded by flat ground, a slope can be used for entering and leaving

2704-544: A standard meter or simply meter, is defined as the distance traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of exactly 1/299,792,458 of a second. This definition coupled with present definition of the second is based on the special theory of relativity in which the speed of light plays the role of a fundamental constant of nature. Geography is the branch of science concerned with identifying and describing places on Earth , utilizing spatial awareness to try to understand why things exist in specific locations. Cartography

2808-405: A way that all objects expand and contract in similar proportions in different places on the sphere. With a suitable falloff in temperature, if the scientists try to use measuring rods to determine the sum of the angles in a triangle, they can be deceived into thinking that they inhabit a plane, rather than a spherical surface. In fact, the scientists cannot in principle determine whether they inhabit

2912-416: Is a priori because it belongs to the subjective constitution of our mind as the form or manner of our intuition of external objects. Euclid's Elements contained five postulates that form the basis for Euclidean geometry. One of these, the parallel postulate , has been the subject of debate among mathematicians for many centuries. It states that on any plane on which there is a straight line L 1 and

3016-593: Is hyperbolic-orthogonal to each of the three spatial dimensions. Before Albert Einstein 's work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. Einstein's discoveries showed that due to relativity of motion our space and time can be mathematically combined into one object– spacetime . It turns out that distances in space or in time separately are not invariant with respect to Lorentz coordinate transformations, but distances in Minkowski space along spacetime intervals are—which justifies

3120-559: Is PP13B at Pinnacle Point . This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at Giants Castle . Caves such as the yaodong in China were used for shelter; other caves were used for burials (such as rock-cut tombs ), or as religious sites (such as Buddhist caves ). Among

3224-745: Is a boat that has been designed or modified to be used primarily as a home. Some houseboats are not motorized, because they are usually moored , kept stationary at a fixed point and often tethered to land to provide utilities. However, many are capable of operation under their own power. Float house is a Canadian and American term for a house on a float (raft); a rough house may be called a shanty boat. In Western countries, houseboats tend to be either owned privately or rented out to holiday-goers, and on some canals in Europe, people dwell in houseboats all year round. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, Amsterdam, London, and Paris. A traditional yurt or ger

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3328-511: Is a collective historical identity, such as Gettysburg or Ground Zero . The time spent with one's home is a considerable element in establishing one's attachment. Those without significant time spent of their life in a residence often struggle to consider home as a feature of residences. The perception of one's home can extend beyond the residence itself, to their neighbourhood, family, workplace or nation and one may feel as though they have multiple homes; to have felt at home beyond residence can be

3432-406: Is a financial arrangement and ownership structure under which someone has the right to live in a house or apartment . The most frequent forms are tenancy , in which rent is paid by the occupant to a landlord , and owner-occupancy , where the occupant owns their own home. Mixed forms of tenure are also possible. The basic forms of tenure can be subdivided, for example an owner-occupier may own

3536-536: Is a legal entity which owns real estate consisting of one or more residential buildings. The entity is usually a cooperative or a corporation and constitutes a form of housing tenure . Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as single family home ownership, condominiums and renting . Home repair involves

3640-430: Is a portable round tent covered with skins or felt and used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic groups in the steppes of Central Asia . The structure consists of an angled assembly or latticework of wood or bamboo for walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam-bent. The roof structure is often self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting

3744-465: Is associated with various forms of abodes such as wagons, cars, boats or tents although it is equally considered to extend beyond the space, in mind and emotion. The space of a home need not be significant or fixed though the boundaries of home are often tied to the space. There have been multiple theories regarding one's choice of home with the residential conditions of their childhood often reflected in their later choice of home. According to Paul Oliver ,

3848-528: Is conceived as curved , rather than flat , as in the Euclidean space . According to Albert Einstein 's theory of general relativity , space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a better model for the shape of space. Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity; namely, to treatises like

3952-474: Is curved. Carl Friedrich Gauss , a German mathematician, was the first to consider an empirical investigation of the geometrical structure of space. He thought of making a test of the sum of the angles of an enormous stellar triangle, and there are reports that he actually carried out a test, on a small scale, by triangulating mountain tops in Germany. Henri Poincaré , a French mathematician and physicist of

4056-427: Is important due to its necessary relevance to survival, especially with regards to hunting and self preservation as well as simply one's idea of personal space . Several space-related phobias have been identified, including agoraphobia (the fear of open spaces), astrophobia (the fear of celestial space) and claustrophobia (the fear of enclosed spaces). The understanding of three-dimensional space in humans

4160-541: Is insufficient, or the bedrock is exposed. A hoop yaodong is usually built wholly or partially outdoors, with an arched structure inspired by the underground dwellings. This arch-shaped form not only reflects the Chinese traditional thinking of a Round sky and Square earth , but more importantly, the high arch of the cave along with high windows allows the sun to further penetrate the cave in winter, therefore making full use of solar radiation. This new vaulted home of this type

4264-408: Is known at the present. On the other hand, it can be related to other fundamental quantities. Thus, similar to other fundamental quantities (like time and mass ), space can be explored via measurement and experiment. Today, our three-dimensional space is viewed as embedded in a four-dimensional spacetime , called Minkowski space (see special relativity ). The idea behind spacetime is that time

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4368-475: Is no more than the collection of spatial relations between objects in the world: "space is that which results from places taken together". Unoccupied regions are those that could have objects in them, and thus spatial relations with other places. For Leibniz, then, space was an idealised abstraction from the relations between individual entities or their possible locations and therefore could not be continuous but must be discrete . Space could be thought of in

4472-520: Is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them. The first early hominid ever found in Africa, the Taung Child in 1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where it had been deposited after being preyed upon by an eagle. However, this is now debated. Caves do form in the dolomite of

4576-481: Is not known, but space is known to be expanding very rapidly due to the cosmic inflation . The measurement of physical space has long been important. Although earlier societies had developed measuring systems, the International System of Units , (SI), is now the most common system of units used in the measuring of space, and is almost universally used. Currently, the standard space interval, called

4680-508: Is now common among farmers in the area. The first yaodongs were underground dwellings that date back to the 2nd millennium BC , China's Bronze Age , and according to Chinese tradition, the Xia dynasty . Chinese scholars generally believe that this type of habitat was developed mainly from the Han dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD) on, along with a progressive improvement of construction techniques during

4784-767: Is on the multiple and overlapping social processes that produce space. In his book The Condition of Postmodernity, David Harvey describes what he terms the " time-space compression ." This is the effect of technological advances and capitalism on our perception of time, space and distance. Changes in the modes of production and consumption of capital affect and are affected by developments in transportation and technology. These advances create relationships across time and space, new markets and groups of wealthy elites in urban centers, all of which annihilate distances and affect our perception of linearity and distance. In his book Thirdspace, Edward Soja describes space and spatiality as an integral and neglected aspect of what he calls

4888-531: Is postulated that spacetime is geometrically distorted – curved – near to gravitationally significant masses. One consequence of this postulate, which follows from the equations of general relativity, is the prediction of moving ripples of spacetime, called gravitational waves . While indirect evidence for these waves has been found (in the motions of the Hulse–Taylor binary system, for example) experiments attempting to directly measure these waves are ongoing at

4992-513: Is profound, such that, the likes of Gaston Bachelard and Martin Heidegger consider it an "essential characteristic" of humanity. A home is generally a place that is close to the heart of the owner, and can become a prized possession. It has been argued that psychologically "The strongest sense of home commonly coincides geographically with a dwelling. Usually, the sense of home attenuates as one moves away from that point, but it does not do so in

5096-438: Is stationary with respect to them; and objects are measured to be shortened in the direction that they are moving with respect to the observer. Subsequently, Einstein worked on a general theory of relativity , which is a theory of how gravity interacts with spacetime. Instead of viewing gravity as a force field acting in spacetime, Einstein suggested that it modifies the geometric structure of spacetime itself. According to

5200-415: Is the mapping of spaces to allow better navigation, for visualization purposes and to act as a locational device. Geostatistics apply statistical concepts to collected spatial data of Earth to create an estimate for unobserved phenomena. Geographical space is often considered as land, and can have a relation to ownership usage (in which space is seen as property or territory). While some cultures assert

5304-522: Is the result of popular media and capitalist interest. Differing cultures may perceive the concept of a home differently, ascribing less value to the privacy of a residence or the residence itself – although housing issues have been seen as of great concern to immigrants. The home can render to men and women in significant differences: men conditioned to experience great control and little labour and vice versa for women; homelessness too can be subject to differences per gender. Sociologist Shelley Mallett preposed

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5408-412: Is thought to be learned during infancy using unconscious inference , and is closely related to hand-eye coordination . The visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions is called depth perception . Space has been studied in the social sciences from the perspectives of Marxism , feminism , postmodernism , postcolonialism , urban theory and critical geography . These theories account for

5512-664: The Timaeus of Plato , or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks called khôra (i.e. "space"), or in the Physics of Aristotle (Book IV, Delta) in the definition of topos (i.e. place), or in the later "geometrical conception of place" as "space qua extension" in the Discourse on Place ( Qawl fi al-Makan ) of the 11th-century Arab polymath Alhazen . Many of these classical philosophical questions were discussed in

5616-572: The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake is claimed to be in part because it was centered on the Loess Plateau, where many yaodongs collapsed. Though yaodongs were found to have better earthquake resistance than some other types of dwelling common in the region, such as adobe buildings, at lower earthquake intensities wooden truss buildings collapsed at lower rates than yaodong. As a result of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake both conventional homes and yaodongs collapsed, since neither type of dwelling common to

5720-672: The Ghaap Plateau , including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age site of Wonderwerk Cave ; however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesized for the Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit called tufa . There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including Homo erectus in China at Zhoukoudian , Homo rhodesiensis in South Africa at

5824-510: The LIGO and Virgo collaborations. LIGO scientists reported the first such direct observation of gravitational waves on 14 September 2015. Relativity theory leads to the cosmological question of what shape the universe is, and where space came from. It appears that space was created in the Big Bang , 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. The overall shape of space

5928-519: The Renaissance and then reformulated in the 17th century, particularly during the early development of classical mechanics . Isaac Newton viewed space as absolute, existing permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in the. In contrast, other natural philosophers , notably Gottfried Leibniz , thought that space was in fact a collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In

6032-696: The Sui (581 to 618) and Tang (618 to 907) dynasties. During the dynasties Ming (1368 to 1644) and Qing (1644 to 1912), the pace of construction reached its peak. The yaodong homes are common on the Loess Plateau of China in the North, and are found mainly in five provinces: Gansu , Shaanxi , Shanxi , Henan , and the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia . In the Qingyang, Gansu region,

6136-460: The identity of indiscernibles , there would be no real difference between them. According to the principle of sufficient reason , any theory of space that implied that there could be these two possible universes must therefore be wrong. Newton took space to be more than relations between material objects and based his position on observation and experimentation. For a relationist there can be no real difference between inertial motion , in which

6240-576: The " trialectics of being ," the three modes that determine how we inhabit, experience and understand the world. He argues that critical theories in the Humanities and Social Sciences study the historical and social dimensions of our lived experience, neglecting the spatial dimension. He builds on Henri Lefebvre's work to address the dualistic way in which humans understand space—as either material/physical or as represented/imagined. Lefebvre's "lived space" and Soja's "thirdspace" are terms that account for

6344-424: The 1850s, Bernhard Riemann developed an equivalent theory of elliptical geometry , in which no parallel lines pass through P . In this geometry, triangles have more than 180° and circles have a ratio of circumference-to-diameter that is less than pi . Although there was a prevailing Kantian consensus at the time, once non-Euclidean geometries had been formalised, some began to wonder whether or not physical space

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6448-454: The 18th century, the philosopher and theologian George Berkeley attempted to refute the "visibility of spatial depth" in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision . Later, the metaphysician Immanuel Kant said that the concepts of space and time are not empirical ones derived from experiences of the outside world—they are elements of an already given systematic framework that humans possess and use to structure all experiences. Kant referred to

6552-477: The Aristotelian worldview with a theory about space and motion as determined by natural laws . In other words, he sought a metaphysical foundation or a mechanical explanation for his theories about matter and motion. Cartesian space was Euclidean in structure—infinite, uniform and flat. It was defined as that which contained matter; conversely, matter by definition had a spatial extension so that there

6656-574: The Cave of Hearths ( Makapansgat ), Homo neanderthalensis and Homo heidelbergensis in Europe at Archaeological Site of Atapuerca , Homo floresiensis in Indonesia, and the Denisovans in southern Siberia. In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time. The oldest known site

6760-505: The Russian Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky separately published treatises on a type of geometry that does not include the parallel postulate, called hyperbolic geometry . In this geometry, an infinite number of parallel lines pass through the point P . Consequently, the sum of angles in a triangle is less than 180° and the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter is greater than pi . In

6864-399: The area was particularly earthquake resilient. According to eyewitnesses, yaodongs withstood the 1976 Tangshan earthquake better than conventional homes, attributed to the soft soil of the region. In Ningxia however, yaodongs were three times more likely to collapse during an earthquake compared to conventional homes. This was attributed to harder soil and the yaodongs being mainly located at

6968-528: The bucket argument was considered decisive in showing that space must exist independently of matter. In the eighteenth century the German philosopher Immanuel Kant published his theory of space as "a property of our mind" by which "we represent to ourselves objects as outside us, and all as in space" in the Critique of Pure Reason On his view the nature of spatial predicates are "relations that only attach to

7072-477: The community, and managed in their name by delegated bodies; such spaces are open to all, while private property is the land culturally owned by an individual or company, for their own use and pleasure. Abstract space is a term used in geography to refer to a hypothetical space characterized by complete homogeneity. When modeling activity or behavior, it is a conceptual tool used to limit extraneous variables such as terrain. Psychologists first began to study

7176-476: The complex ways in which humans understand and navigate place, which "firstspace" and "Secondspace" (Soja's terms for material and imagined spaces respectively) do not fully encompass. Postcolonial theorist Homi Bhabha 's concept of Third Space is different from Soja's Thirdspace, even though both terms offer a way to think outside the terms of a binary logic. Bhabha's Third Space is the space in which hybrid cultural forms and identities exist. In his theories,

7280-449: The concept that space and time can be viewed as a single construct known as spacetime . In this theory, the speed of light in vacuum is the same for all observers—which has the result that two events that appear simultaneous to one particular observer will not be simultaneous to another observer if the observers are moving with respect to one another. Moreover, an observer will measure a moving clock to tick more slowly than one that

7384-415: The concept with the bourgeoisie . The connection between home and house was reinforced by a case law declaration from Edward Coke : "The house of everyman is to him as his castle and fortress, as well as his defense against injury and violence, as for his repose". Colloquially, this was adapted into the phrase "The Englishman's home is his castle" which popularised the notion of home as house. A result of

7488-481: The conceptions of "ideal homes", at once a cultural and individual concept. An ideal working-class home in Postwar Britain was one of comfort and cleanliness, plentiful with food and compassion. In modern America, an owned house has greater cachet as a home than other residences; debate exists as to if a rooming house can provide a home. Some housing scholars have contended that a conflation of house and home

7592-413: The crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes the force of the roof ribs. Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden platform; they may use modern materials such as steam-bent wooden framing or metal framing, canvas or tarpaulin, plexiglass dome, wire rope, or radiant insulation . A housing cooperative , or housing co-op,

7696-406: The design of buildings and structures, and on farming. Ownership of space is not restricted to land. Ownership of airspace and of waters is decided internationally. Other forms of ownership have been recently asserted to other spaces—for example to the radio bands of the electromagnetic spectrum or to cyberspace . Public space is a term used to define areas of land as collectively owned by

7800-518: The diagnosis and resolution of problems in a home, and is related to home maintenance to avoid such problems. Many types of repairs are " do it yourself " (DIY) projects, while others may be so complicated, time-consuming or risky as to require the assistance of a qualified handyperson , property manager , contractor /builder, or other professionals . Housekeeping is the management and routine support activities of running and maintaining an organized physical institution occupied or used by people, like

7904-427: The early 2000s, between 30 to 40 million people in northern China still lived in yaodongs, a number rapidly decreasing as millions move to more modern dwellings nearby or move away as part of urbanization in China . The landscape of the Loess Plateau terrain is very complicated, with valleys, slopes, ridges, and hillocks. In order to avoid the wind and utilize sunlight and water, most yaodongs are distributed along

8008-416: The effect of the history of colonialism, transatlantic slavery and globalization on our understanding and experience of space and place. The topic has garnered attention since the 1980s, after the publication of Henri Lefebvre 's The Production of Space . In this book, Lefebvre applies Marxist ideas about the production of commodities and accumulation of capital to discuss space as a social product. His focus

8112-485: The experience of "space" in his Critique of Pure Reason as being a subjective "pure a priori form of intuition". Galilean and Cartesian theories about space, matter, and motion are at the foundation of the Scientific Revolution , which is understood to have culminated with the publication of Newton 's Principia Mathematica in 1687. Newton's theories about space and time helped him explain

8216-406: The form of intuition alone, and thus to the subjective constitution of our mind, without which these predicates could not be attached to anything at all." This develops his theory of knowledge in which knowledge about space itself can be both a priori and synthetic . According to Kant, knowledge about space is synthetic because any proposition about space cannot be true merely in virtue of

8320-462: The general theory, time goes more slowly at places with lower gravitational potentials and rays of light bend in the presence of a gravitational field. Scientists have studied the behaviour of binary pulsars , confirming the predictions of Einstein's theories, and non-Euclidean geometry is usually used to describe spacetime. In modern mathematics spaces are defined as sets with some added structure. They are typically topological spaces , in which

8424-463: The home as the center of and as an attempt to amalgamate everyday life; one's conduct there, she said, can reflect greater culture or social values, such as gender roles insinuating the home to be the domain of women. To be homesick is to desire belonging , said Zygmunt Bauman . Places like homes can trigger self-reflection, thoughts about who someone is or used to be or who they might become. These types of reflections also occur in places where there

8528-402: The idea of home as abstractions: space, feeling, praxis or "a way of being in the world". Abstract notions of home are present in the proverb "A house is not a home". Since it can be said that humans are generally creatures of habit , the state of a person's home has been known to physiologically influence their behavior , emotions , and overall mental health . Marianne Gullestad wrote of

8632-525: The idea of home, the interior, the psyche, liminal space, contested space to gender and politics. The home as a concept expands beyond residence as contemporary lifestyles and technological advances redefine the way the global population lives and works. The concept and experience encompasses the likes of exile , yearning, belonging , homesickness and homelessness. The earliest homes that humans inhabited were likely naturally occurring features such as caves . The earliest human fossils found in caves come from

8736-402: The known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas and the sacred caves of Crete . As technology progressed, humans and other hominids began constructing their own dwellings. Buildings such as huts and longhouses have been used for living since the late Neolithic . From the 14th to the 16th century, homelessness was perceived of as a "vagrancy problem" and legislative responses to

8840-413: The late 19th century, introduced an important insight in which he attempted to demonstrate the futility of any attempt to discover which geometry applies to space by experiment. He considered the predicament that would face scientists if they were confined to the surface of an imaginary large sphere with particular properties, known as a sphere-world . In this world, the temperature is taken to vary in such

8944-423: The longstanding association between home and women, 18th century English women, of upper-class status, were scorned for pursuing activities outside of the home, thus seen to be of undesirable character. The concept of home took on unprecedent prominence by the 18th century, reified by cultural practice. The concept of a smart home arose in the 19th century in turn with electricity having been introduced to homes in

9048-635: The major cities and rural land-based movements. The state of being without a home can occur in many ways, ranging from the upheavals of natural disasters , fraud, theft, arson , or war-related destruction, to the more common voluntary sale, loss for one or more occupants on relationship breakdown, expropriation by government or legislated cause, repossession or foreclosure to pay secured debts, eviction by landlords , disposal by time-limited means – lease , or absolute gift. Jurisdiction-dependent means of home loss include adverse possession , unpaid property taxation and corruption such as in circumstances of

9152-430: The meaning of the terms contained in the proposition. In the counter-example, the proposition "all unmarried men are bachelors" is true by virtue of each term's meaning. Further, space is a priori because it is the form of our receptive abilities to receive information about the external world. For example, someone without sight can still perceive spatial attributes via touch, hearing, and smell. Knowledge of space itself

9256-468: The movement of objects. While his theory of space is considered the most influential in physics, it emerged from his predecessors' ideas about the same. As one of the pioneers of modern science , Galileo revised the established Aristotelian and Ptolemaic ideas about a geocentric cosmos. He backed the Copernican theory that the universe was heliocentric , with a stationary Sun at the center and

9360-546: The name. In addition, time and space dimensions should not be viewed as exactly equivalent in Minkowski space. One can freely move in space but not in time. Thus, time and space coordinates are treated differently both in special relativity (where time is sometimes considered an imaginary coordinate) and in general relativity (where different signs are assigned to time and space components of spacetime metric ). Furthermore, in Einstein's general theory of relativity , it

9464-434: The number of cave openings, the yaodongs can be further classified into the three-hole type, two-hole type, and single hole type. A typical example is the city of Yan'an . Those dug around an excavation conducted at the surface, serving as interior courtyard, called yaodong-well or sunken courtyard. In the Loess Plateau , without hillsides and ravines available, peasants skillfully use loess's features (wall stability) to dig

9568-433: The object travels with constant velocity , and non-inertial motion , in which the velocity changes with time, since all spatial measurements are relative to other objects and their motions. But Newton argued that since non-inertial motion generates forces , it must be absolute. He used the example of water in a spinning bucket to demonstrate his argument. Water in a bucket is hung from a rope and set to spin, starts with

9672-399: The pits. This is called the "dikenyuan" or the " pit courtyard "  [ zh ] ( Chinese : 地坑院 ; pinyin : De kēng yuàn ). Second, if there is a cliff or a steep slope next to the yaodong, it can be used to excavate the corridor through the cliff or slope to reach the horizontal entrance of the courtyard. This type of Sunken yaodong, which is also called the well-courtyard or

9776-728: The planets—including the Earth—revolving around the Sun. If the Earth moved, the Aristotelian belief that its natural tendency was to remain at rest was in question. Galileo wanted to prove instead that the Sun moved around its axis, that motion was as natural to an object as the state of rest. In other words, for Galileo, celestial bodies, including the Earth, were naturally inclined to move in circles. This view displaced another Aristotelian idea—that all objects gravitated towards their designated natural place-of-belonging. Descartes set out to replace

9880-568: The problem were predicated upon the threat it may pose to the state. According to Kirsten Gram-Hanssen , "It can be argued that historically and cross-culturally there is not always [a] strong relation between the concept of home and the physical building, and that this mode of thinking is rooted in the Enlightenment of the seventeenth century". Before, one's home was more public than private; traits such as privacy, intimacy and familiarity would proceed to achieve greater prominence, aligning

9984-457: The ratio of cave dwellers to non-cave dwellers is the highest found anywhere in China. More elaborate yaodongs may have a façade built with stones with fine patterns carved on the surface. Yaodongs can also be constructed with stones or bricks as stand-alone structures. The inside walls are usually plastered with lime to make them white. Different types of yaodong have varying construction processes. The death toll of approximately 810,000 from

10088-577: The rights of the individual in terms of ownership, other cultures will identify with a communal approach to land ownership, while still other cultures such as Australian Aboriginals , rather than asserting ownership rights to land, invert the relationship and consider that they are in fact owned by the land. Spatial planning is a method of regulating the use of space at land-level, with decisions made at regional, national and international levels. Space can also impact on human and cultural behavior, being an important factor in architecture, where it will impact on

10192-418: The sides of the cliffs and valleys to conform to the terrain – in principle, forming three types of Yaodong. Cliffside yaodongs are the most common among all types. People dig caves in the cliff on the edge of the loess slopes with the floor rectangular and the top arched. In front of the cave is an open space for lighting and ventilation, so that the user does not feel the space to be oppressive. According to

10296-491: The term hybrid describes new cultural forms that emerge through the interaction between colonizer and colonized. Yaodong The earth that surrounds the indoor space serves as an effective insulator, keeping the inside of the structure warm in cold seasons and cool in hot seasons. Consequently, very little heating is required in winter, and in summer, it is as cool as an air-conditioned room. The history of yaodongs goes back centuries, and they continue to be used. As of

10400-405: The vast majority of abodes are vernacular , constructed in accordance with the residents' needs. A house is a single-unit residential building . It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood , masonry , concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing , electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. The social unit that lives in

10504-461: The way space is perceived in the middle of the 19th century. Those now concerned with such studies regard it as a distinct branch of psychology . Psychologists analyzing the perception of space are concerned with how recognition of an object's physical appearance or its interactions are perceived, see, for example, visual space . Other, more specialized topics studied include amodal perception and object permanence . The perception of surroundings

10608-473: The well-yaodong, is the majority in the area. The Hoop yaodong, also called independent yaodong, is the most valuable type considering its construction techniques. In the traditional residential areas in western Henan , the Hoop Yaodongs appear in the places where there are no conditions for excavations of cave dwellings, e.g. the loess layer is thin, the slopes are gentle, the height of the soil cliffs

10712-625: The world to our ability to think rather than to our experiences, as the empiricists believe. He posited a clear distinction between the body and mind, which is referred to as the Cartesian dualism . Following Galileo and Descartes, during the seventeenth century the philosophy of space and time revolved around the ideas of Gottfried Leibniz , a German philosopher–mathematician, and Isaac Newton , who set out two opposing theories of what space is. Rather than being an entity that independently exists over and above other matter, Leibniz held that space

10816-417: Was no such thing as empty space. The Cartesian notion of space is closely linked to his theories about the nature of the body, mind and matter. He is famously known for his "cogito ergo sum" (I think therefore I am), or the idea that we can only be certain of the fact that we can doubt, and therefore think and therefore exist. His theories belong to the rationalist tradition, which attributes knowledge about

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