A passenger terminal is a structure in a port which services passengers boarding and leaving water vessels such as ferries , cruise ships and ocean liners . Depending on the types of vessels serviced by the terminal, it may be named (for example) ferry terminal , cruise terminal , marine terminal or maritime passenger terminal . As well as passengers, a passenger terminal sometimes has facilities for automobiles and other land vehicles to be picked up and dropped off by the water vessel.
31-733: The Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal is a ferry terminal and heliport , centrally located in Hong Kong . It is also known as the Macau Ferry Terminal , the Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier or the Shun Tak Heliport , and has an ICAO code of VHST . The terminal is one of the several in Hong Kong that provide ferry services to Macau and cities in southern China . Scheduled helicopter service
62-428: A TurboJET double-decker ferry with 105 passengers crashed with an unknown object. 85 people were injured in the crash. The ferry crashed on Friday morning at 1:15 AM, on the way to Macau. The heliport is formally known as the Shun Tak Heliport ( IATA : HHP , ICAO : VHST ). It is located above the inner pier of the ferry terminal, at an elevation of 107 feet (33 m) above sea level, and provides two helipads and
93-418: A commuter ferry may just have the means to tie up the vessel and a waiting area for passengers. Even for a large, vehicle-carrying cross-sea ferry, the terminal at a small island location may be similar sized, with just a short ramp to enable vehicles to be driven onto the ferry. Passengers may be loaded onto a ship from the wharf by a gangway or by a linkspan . Goods packed in containers may be driven onto
124-701: A corresponding heliport above the Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal in Macau. Services operate between 09:00 and 23:00, with flights departing every 30 minutes or more frequently if traffic demands it, using AgustaWestland AW139 helicopters. The journey time is approximately 16 minutes. Sky Shuttle also provides charter services on the same route, and from the heliport to other locations in neighbouring regions, including Macau International Airport, Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport , and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport . Each ferry passenger
155-477: A customer lounge. There is no refuelling service available. Use of the heliport is restricted to multi-engine helicopters with a maximum overall length, including rotor disk , of 16 metres (52 ft) and a maximum all up weight not exceeding 5,350 kilograms (11,790 lb). The original heliport at the Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal was built in 1990, and provided a single helipad situated over
186-444: A helicopter in a level hover is at rest, the starting velocity, momentum, and energy are zero. If the homogeneous slipstream far downstream of the disk has velocity w {\displaystyle w} , by conservation of momentum the total thrust T {\displaystyle T} developed over the disk is equal to the rate of change of momentum, which assuming zero starting velocity is: By conservation of energy,
217-413: A higher disk loading. The V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft has a high disk loading relative to a helicopter in the hover mode, but a relatively low disk loading in fixed-wing mode compared to a turboprop aircraft. Disk loading of a hovering helicopter is the ratio of its weight to the total main rotor disk area. It is determined by dividing the total helicopter weight by the rotor disk area, which
248-520: A single, large passenger terminal to service multiple docks, while others have multiple terminal buildings, each servicing a dock or wharf, so that passengers can board vessels directly from the terminal. Rotor disk In fluid dynamics , disk loading or disc loading is the average pressure change across an actuator disk , such as an airscrew. Airscrews with a relatively low disk loading are typically called rotors, including helicopter main rotors and tail rotors ; propellers typically have
279-617: A variety of designs of fast ferries, including catamarans and Boeing Jetfoils . TurboJET provides services to the Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal in central Macau. Cotai Water Jet operates to the Taipa Ferry Terminal on the Taipa island, which enables easy access to The Venetian Macao casino and Macau International Airport . Both operators run services every 30 minutes, or more frequently, during
310-419: A very high disk loading on its propellers. The momentum theory or disk actuator theory describes a mathematical model of an ideal actuator disk, developed by W.J.M. Rankine (1865), Alfred George Greenhill (1888) and R.E. Froude (1889). The helicopter rotor is modeled as an infinitesimally thin disk with an infinite number of blades that induce a constant pressure jump over the disk area and along
341-430: Is charged for 19 HKD regardless of their age. Each helicopter passenger aged 12 or above is charged for 120 HKD for improvement fee and 30 MOP for aviation service fee. Starting from 1 April 1999, the improvement fee for airport transiting passengers who arrive or depart on the same day is waived. Apart from being a ferry terminal and heliport, it is also a public transport hub to various parts of Hong Kong. Adjacent to
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#1732780891769372-731: Is located above the inner pier, whilst the Hong Kong Vessel Traffic Centre , which monitors and regulates vessels navigating in the waters of Hong Kong, is located above the outer pier. The terminal is the main point of departure for ferries to Macau, although services also operate from the Hong Kong-China Ferry Terminal in Tsim Sha Tsui and from Hong Kong International Airport (for transiting passengers only). Ferry services are provided to Macau by two companies, both of which use
403-605: Is provided to Macau, with charter services to other regional destinations. The terminal is located in Sheung Wan , immediately to the west of Hong Kong's main business district, on the north shore of Hong Kong Island . It is connected to the territory's Mass Transit Railway , and well served by other forms of public transport. The terminal forms part of the Shun Tak Centre , a commercial and transport complex. Scheduled ferries have run between Hong Kong and Macau since
434-432: Is the area swept by the blades of a rotor. Disk area can be found by using the span of one rotor blade as the radius of a circle and then determining the area the blades encompass during a complete rotation. When a helicopter is being maneuvered, its disk loading changes. The higher the loading, the more power needed to maintain rotor speed. A low disk loading is a direct indicator of high lift thrust efficiency. Increasing
465-471: The United Kingdom and continental Europe, also have customs and immigration inspection facilities and security control areas similar to an international airport. Historically, the largest passenger terminals were located in major coastal cities servicing large ocean liners . With the demise of most ocean liners in the later half of the 20th century and the rise of cruise ship tourism in its stead,
496-404: The axis of rotation. For a helicopter that is hovering , the aerodynamic force is vertical and exactly balances the helicopter weight, with no lateral force. The downward force on the air flowing through the rotor is accompanied by an upward force on the helicopter rotor disk. The downward force produces a downward acceleration of the air, increasing its kinetic energy . This energy transfer from
527-648: The day, with TurboJET providing a limited overnight service. The journey time is approximately one hour. Several companies also provide limited service to ports within China's Guangdong , with destinations served including Shekou and Nansha . Other services to Guangdong destinations operate from the Hong Kong-China Ferry Terminal in Tsim Sha Tsui and Hong Kong International Airport (for transiting passengers only). On 29 November 2013,
558-422: The distant wake is: So the pressure change across the disk is equal to the disk loading. Above the disk the pressure change is: Below the disk, the pressure change is: The pressure along the slipstream is always falling downstream, except for the positive pressure jump across the disk. From the momentum theory, thrust is: The induced velocity is: Where T / A {\displaystyle T/A}
589-569: The earliest days of the Hong Kong colony. Ferries to Macau departed from the old Macau Ferry Piers at this location from at least the mid-20th century, although in the 1960s the steamships – Tak Sing, Dai Loy, Fat Shan and the (more luxurious) Macao – would take around four hours for the trip. Also part of the present site was the famous Western Market . In 1971, the Fat Shan sunk as the result of Typhoon Rose while on its way to Macau. 92 out of 96 aboard died, with most of them being crew members. It
620-509: The largest passenger terminals today are those in " cruise home ports ". In addition to extensive facilities to service passengers, these terminals must also be capable of handling the large amount of supplies required by large cruise ships and ocean liners. Major passenger ports (such as the Port of Southampton ) tend to have numerous docks and wharves , some with multiple berths, in order to handle more than one ship simultaneously. Some ports →
651-500: The mass flow to the induced velocity. The momentum theory applied to a helicopter gives the relationship between induced power loss and rotor thrust, which can be used to analyze the performance of the aircraft. Viscosity and compressibility of the air, frictional losses, and rotation of the slipstream in the wake are not considered. For an actuator disk of area A {\displaystyle A} , with uniform induced velocity v {\displaystyle v} at
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#1732780891769682-418: The pressure in the slipstream far downstream is equal to the starting pressure p 0 {\displaystyle p_{0}} , which is equal to the atmospheric pressure . From the starting point to the disk we have: Between the disk and the distant wake, we have: Combining equations, the disk loading T / A {\displaystyle T/\,A} is: The total pressure in
713-477: The ratio between propeller-induced velocity and freestream velocity. Lower disk loading will increase efficiency, so it is generally desirable to have larger propellers from an efficiency standpoint. Maximum efficiency is reduced as disk loading is increased due to the rotating slipstream; using contra-rotating propellers can alleviate this problem allowing high maximum efficiency even at relatively high disc loading. The Airbus A400M fixed-wing aircraft will have
744-414: The rotor disk, and with ρ {\displaystyle \rho } as the density of air , the mass flow rate m ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {m}}} through the disk area is: By conservation of mass, the mass flow rate is constant across the slipstream both upstream and downstream of the disk (regardless of velocity). Since the flow far upstream of
775-415: The rotor to the air is the induced power loss of the rotary wing, which is analogous to the lift-induced drag of a fixed-wing aircraft. Conservation of linear momentum relates the induced velocity downstream in the far wake field to the rotor thrust per unit of mass flow . Conservation of energy considers these parameters as well as the induced velocity at the rotor disk. Conservation of mass relates
806-539: The terminal is the Sheung Wan MTR station , several bus termini are nearby the ferry terminal together with a minibus and taxi pick-up area at Shun Tak Centre. The Hong Kong Tramway has tram stops in either direction across the street. Buses terminate at Hong Kong-Macau Ferry, Rumsey Street, Man Kat Street and Sheung Wan, nearby Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal: Ferry terminal Passenger terminals may vary greatly in size. A small ferry terminal servicing
837-732: The vessel by a vehicle which then detaches itself from the container and returns to shore. If the passenger terminal handles vehicles (which is common especially in cross-sea ferry terminals), it will usually have the facilities, such as appropriate markings on the ground, to enable the vehicles to line up in an orderly manner. Vehicles may be driven off the ship directly, if the vessel is a Roll-on/roll-off ship. Passenger terminals in large ports usually have passenger facilities comparable with medium-sized airports, including waiting areas, ticketing desks, luggage deposit and retrieval areas, and food, beverage and other retail outlets. Ferry terminals for international ferries, such as those crossing between
868-474: The weight of a helicopter increases disk loading. For a given weight, a helicopter with shorter rotors will have higher disk loading, and will require more engine power to hover. A low disk loading improves autorotation performance in rotorcraft . Typically, an autogyro (or gyroplane) has a lower rotor disk loading than a helicopter, which provides a slower rate of descent in autorotation. In reciprocating and propeller engines, disk loading can be defined as
899-526: The western end of the inner pier. The Hong Kong Heliport Expansion Project commenced in April 2008, when a new helipad was built over the eastern end of the same pier linked to a new passenger lounge. Once this was operational, the original helipad was replaced and two helipads linked, with project completion in October 2009. Macau-based Sky Shuttle helicopters use the heliport to provide a scheduled service to
930-438: The work done by the rotor must equal the energy change in the slipstream: Substituting for T {\displaystyle T} and eliminating terms, we get: So the velocity of the slipstream far downstream of the disk is twice the velocity at the disk, which is the same result as for an elliptically loaded wing predicted by lifting-line theory . To compute the disk loading using Bernoulli's principle , we assume
961-529: Was carrying no passengers. The ferry terminal, including ferry routes, was temporarily suspended from 4 February 2020 until 8 January 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The terminal utilises two island piers, each with several ferry docks, linked by enclosed pedestrian bridges to the ticketing and departure/arrival hall facilities in the lower levels of the Shun Tak Centre on the shore. The heliport