37-450: The Honey Ant Dreaming was a mural painted in early 1971 from June to August by Pintupi tribesmen on the outer wall of the school where Geoffrey Bardon taught in Papunya , Northern Territory , Australia. The principal artist was Kaapa Tjampitjinpa who had the assistance of Billy Stockman and Long Jack Tjakamarra. In exchange, the tribesmen received paint from Bardon. This event marked
74-607: A major turning point in the history of Australian Aboriginal art , and was particularly important in helping launch the Western Desert Art Movement . Pintupi elders approached Bardon after observing him encourage his Aboriginal students to paint patterns similar to those he saw them painting in the sand for one another during their free time. The Pintupi elders were eager to revitalize their own painting traditions, which until then had been mainly focused on "sand and body painting." The Honey Ant Dreaming mural
111-406: A mean maximum temperature of 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) and a mean minimum of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). July is the coolest month with a mean maximum temperature of 20.9 °C (69.6 °F) and a mean minimum temperature of 5.8 °C (42.4 °F). Average rainfall is 242.7 millimetres (9.56 in), with February tending to be the wettest month and September the driest month. Warburton
148-986: A national movement grew, promoted by Shirley Andrews , the Secretary of the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights, Charles Duguid , the President of the Aborigines' Advancement League of South Australia , and Stan Davey , Secretary of the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League. The national movement was created in Adelaide in February 1958, when activists from all over Australia formed the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement (now FCAATSI). Warburton
185-462: A photograph of a well-fed, happy family group – failing to mention that the photo was four years old. The anthropologists said that the report had been exaggerated, and that malnutrition was not as widespread as it claimed, but argued that the status of Aboriginal reserves need examination. Being the Aboriginal people's "most tangible asset", mineral rights should not be granted in their land by
222-400: A range of different practices including music, fashion performance, land and cultural practice, digital media, print media and art. Wilurarra Creative engages with the demand from Warburton's young people for the activities that link the reality of contemporary cultural context within which Ngaanyatjarra life operates. The centre was built in 1994, the first dedicated music recording studio in
259-720: Is the centre of a very large and extremely isolated Aboriginal reserve, Ngaanyatjarra , which stretches east to the Northern Territory border. Beyond there the first major settlement is Yulara , near Uluru . The closest town is Laverton 560 km south west along the Great Central Road. Warburton is situated on the Elder Creek. The area around Warburton continues to be of interest for mining exploration, predominantly for copper and nickel , but also uranium and gold . Warburton Layout Plan No.1
296-625: The Aboriginal-Australian Fellowship in New South Wales , in collaboration with Jessie Street , a leading Australian suffragette . Anna Froland of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 's Melbourne branch, was a leading figure in keeping the issue alive, arguing that both federate and state governments were responsible for the welfare of the country's Aboriginal peoples. Soon
333-653: The Gibson Desert and located on the Great Central Road (part of the Outback Way ) and Gunbarrel Highway . At the 2016 census , Warburton had a population of 576. The settlement was established as an Aboriginal mission under the auspices of the UAM ( United Aborigines Mission ) in 1934 by Will Wade, his wife and his children. It was named after explorer Peter Warburton , the first European to cross
370-588: The Great Sandy Desert . The Ngaanyatjarra people of the Western Desert cultural bloc were nomadic people, but with the arrival of missionaries in 1933, they were drawn to the mission. By 1954, around 500 to 700 Aboriginal people lived at the mission. There was a school where they were taught in English, and traditional culture discouraged. Domestic skills were taught to women and girls, and
407-822: The Northern Territory , Kiwirrkura and Jupiter Well (in Pintupi: Puntutjarrpa ) in Western Australia . There was also a recent dramatic increase in Pintupi populations and speakers of the Pintupi language. Pintupi lands, in Tindale 's estimation, spread over roughly 8,000 square miles (21,000 km ), embracing the areas of Lake Mackay , Lake Macdonald , Mount Russell, the Ehrenberg and Kintore ranges and Warman Rocks. Their western extension ran to near Winbaruku, while their southern frontier
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#1732790655004444-929: The Report of the Select Committee appointed to Enquire into Native Welfare Conditions in the Laverton-Warburton Range Area (or the Grayden Report, after chairman William Grayden ). It reported that many of the Wongi people (referring to the Wangkatha , a group of eight Aboriginal peoples ) of the Warburton Ranges region suffered from malnutrition , blindness , disease, burns and other injuries, and that abortions and infanticide were common. Mainstream newspapers brought
481-557: The Western Desert cultural bloc . It is also in the area of the Papunya Tula art movement, which was founded in 1971–2 and whose name derives from derives from Papunya , a settlement located about 240 km (150 mi) north-west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory . Artworks by Papunya Tula artists are represented in many major art galleries, museums, institutions and private collections both in Australia and around
518-823: The Federal Attorney General's Department and occur in the town of Warburton on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands. The Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre houses the Tjulyuru Regional Arts Gallery, which is reputed to be the largest collection of community-controlled Aboriginal Australian art in the world, also known as the Warburton Collection. The gallery exhibits Aboriginal arts and crafts from Warakurna Artists, Papalunkutja Artists, Kayili Artists, Tjanpi Weavers and Wilurarra Creative. The Warburton Arts Project
555-562: The Flying Doctor Service. A two-chair haemodialysis unit opened in the community in 2013. Patients can return to Warburton permanently or for extended visits and be treated. The service is run by Western Desert Dialysis in partnership with Ngaanyatjarra Health Service. Ngaanyatjarra Community College was opened in August 1996 to provide a range of adult education options for the community. The only current service offered at
592-529: The Ngaanyatjarra region, and its programs have been across various art and cultural forms, subject matter and involving a range of community people. In 2007, a video produced by Warburton Youth Artists Nerida Lane and Prudence Andy won the prestigious Heywire Award. The Wilurarra Creative program is based on empowerment, equality and collaboration. Wilurarra also utilises the democratising power of YouTube. The Studio and its programs are currently funded by
629-958: The Prime Minister and rejected the federal government's response and Murdoch's report, and the Save the Aborigines Committee was established in Melbourne (a precursor to the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League . The incident proved a spur to a range of activism, including plans by the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society , based in London , in conjunction with the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights (CAR) and
666-480: The area and Aboriginal people were located and moved (or encouraged to move) into one of the settlements on the eastern fringe of the desert, such as Haasts Bluff , Hermannsburg and Papunya . As a result of different people leaving the desert at different times and in different directions, Pintupi have wound up living at a variety of communities around the edge of the desert, including Warburton , Kaltukatjara (formerly known as Docker River), Balgo and Mulan , but
703-714: The area. The response from the Commonwealth was that Aboriginal welfare was a state government matter. Activists protested and many concerned members of the public wrote letters to the Prime Minister of Australia , Sir Robert Menzies , as well as their local MPs . An enquiry into the state of the Aboriginal people by a select committee followed, with their report tabled in the Western Australian Parliament in December 1956, officially called
740-469: The artists who painted the cave in the early 2000s. Warburton is in the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku. Information on travel and tourism in the area can be found on their website. The town has an air strip, one community store, health clinic, school, youth drop-in centre, open air swimming pool, sports field, gallery and coffee shop (open Sunday mornings), and roadhouse. The town is serviced by Australia Post and
777-475: The college is a telecentre. Warburton is a "dry" community where the use and import of alcohol is prohibited under local by-laws. Tourists and visitors need a permit from the Ngaanyatjarra Council to enter the town and use any of the highways in the area. Warburton has a semi-arid climate ( Bsk ) with long, hot summers and short, warm winters. January is the hottest month of the year, with
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#1732790655004814-407: The forced removal of thousands of Aboriginal children from their parents and their dispersal into government or religious institutions or foster care (see Stolen Generation ). At Papunya , a government settlement, Pintupi mixed with Warlpiri , Arrernte , Anmatyerre and Luritja language groups, but formed the largest language group. Conditions were so bad that 129 people, or almost one-sixth of
851-460: The government. In response to Murdoch's repudiation of the report, Grayden set out to return to the area in February 1957, this time with Pastor Doug Nicholls and armed with a movie camera . The resulting film, titled Manslaughter , was screened in Adelaide , Perth , Sydney , and in country towns, shocking audiences with its depiction of malnourished children. More White Australians wrote to
888-607: The majority reside at the major Pintupi communities of Kintore, Kiwirrkura and Papunya. In the 1960s, the Menzies Liberal government forced the removal of traditional-living Pintupi to settlements east of their country, closer to Alice Springs . The government argued that they were not ready to live in modern society and needed to be re-educated before assimilation into white society. In practice, this meant relocation from their traditional lands and suppression of their language , art and culture. This policy also involved
925-463: The matter to public attention after the Communist Party of Australia 's newspaper Tribune published a damning assessment of the report, and letters to the editors flooded in. In response to the publicity, three separate groups visited the area: Murdoch rejected the findings outright, saying in an article "These fine native people have never enjoyed better conditions", accompanied by
962-633: The men collected dingo or became shearers or builders. More people were attracted to work at the copper mine which opened nearby, and by the 1970s there were few Aboriginal people living as nomads in the bush. In 1973, the UAM handed control of the settlement to the Aboriginal people represented by the Ngaanyatjarra Council, while the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority of the Government of Western Australia became responsible for economic development. The town
999-484: The residents, died of treatable diseases such as hepatitis , meningitis and encephalitis between 1962 and 1966 . In common with neighbouring groups, such as the Warlpiri , the Pintupi have a complex kinship system , with eight different kin groups, made more so by distinct prefixes for male and female skin names; "Tj" for males, "N" for females: The Pintupi refer to places and their attached dreaming stories by
1036-472: The skin names of their owners or ancestral heroes which passed through the area. This is done to both record the stories of Dreamtime figures and keep record of the complex Pintupi kinship structure. Warburton, Western Australia Warburton, Warburton Ranges or Milyirrtjarra (in the Ngaanyatjarra dialect ) is an Aboriginal Australian community in Western Australia , just to the south of
1073-421: The versions [of Honey Ant Dreaming] were in ochre colors, red, yellow, and black." Pintupi The Pintupi are an Australian Aboriginal group who are part of the Western Desert cultural group and whose traditional land is in the area west of Lake Macdonald and Lake Mackay in Western Australia . These people moved (or were moved) into the Aboriginal communities of Papunya and Haasts Bluff in
1110-562: The west of the Northern Territory in the 1940s–1980s. The last Pintupi to leave their traditional lifestyle in the desert, in 1984, are a group known as the Pintupi Nine , also sometimes called the "lost tribe". Over recent decades groups of Pintupi have moved back to their traditional country, as part of what has come to be called the outstation movement . These groups set up the communities of Kintore ( Wa l ungurru in Pintupi ) in
1147-606: The world. The main language spoken is Ngaanyatjarra. According to the 2006 census, English was the only language spoken at home by 9.2% of Indigenous persons usually resident in Warburton while Ngaanyatjarra (78.5%) and Wangkatha (2.3%) were the only two other Indigenous languages spoken. Wilurarra Creative Centre is a community facility which is activated by a year-round program, for people aged between 17 and 30 years. Within Wilurarra Creative's Centre people work on
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1184-457: Was commenced in 1990 to preserve local tradition and culture, with the new cultural centre opening in October 2000. It includes a performing arts venue, and is a regional centre for Ngaanyatjarra culture. The rock art site known as the "Rainbow cave" has been painted layer upon layer over the years, using imagery which is used to teach children. Stewart Davies and Tommy Simms are two of
1221-434: Was hit by a flash flood in February 2011. Water levels in some parts of town reached as high as 2 metres (7 ft) resulting in 60 homes being evacuated. Water flowed through 15 homes to a height of 30 centimetres (12 in) and two people had to be rescued from a stranded four-wheel drive vehicle that had water reach window level. In 1957, the "Warburton Ranges controversy" or "Warburton Ranges crisis" arose, after it
1258-532: Was in the vicinity of Johnstone Hill. Inhabiting a very remote part of Australia, the Pintupi were among the last Aboriginal Australians to leave their traditional lifestyle. For many, this occurred as a result of the Blue Streak missile tests which began in the 1960s. As these missiles would have a trajectory landing in the desert areas known to still be inhabited, government officials decided that these people should be relocated. A number of trips were made to
1295-631: Was prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 Aboriginal Communities, and was endorsed by the community on 9 December 2003 and the Western Australian Planning Commission on 29 June 2004. The demographics of the population are likely matched by the overall data indicated for the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku 2016 Census. The 2016 Census indicated a population of 576 residents, 84.9% of whom were Indigenous Australians . The Indigenous people of Warburton belong to
1332-667: Was reported in 1956 that at least 40 Aboriginal people had been discovered to be ill and malnourished in the Central Desert . The matter came into public consciousness after, in partnership with the British Government, the Commonwealth government had started testing nuclear weapons in the desert, and the Government of Western Australia raised concerns about the Western desert people living nomadically in
1369-508: Was revised at least two times before it was painted over by a maintenance worker in 1974. The original version contained symbols representing the honey ant Ancestors. This version was revised because some elders believed it revealed too many tribal secrets. In the newer version the original, knot-like patterns were replaced by simple cartoon-like representations, which Bardon objected to. The third version included symbols chosen in advance by all parties involved. Victoria Finlay notes that "all
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