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28-467: On May 1, 1701, Dutch Settlers Simon Van Ness, Gerebrand Clawson, Hans Spier, Elias Franson, Christopher Steinmets, Andrese Louwrentz, Garret Vanderhoof, Hessell Pieters and Jan Spier bought from the Indians a large tract of land at Horseneck. This acreage was not specified, no survey data were given, and all of the boundaries were Lenape-named points and places. The dimensions and location were clarified in

56-515: A 1766 survey by Thomas Ball, described as "Map of part of Horseneck tract, Copied from a Map Made by Tho. Ball, at the request of the possessors Claimants Under a pretended Indian Title, in 1766, exhibited to the Arbitrators between them and the proprietors." Meanwhile, the Town of Newark established a committee in 1699 to negotiate the "purchase of a tract of Land lying Westward of our Bounds, to

84-571: A package inspected. The sentry, James Morgan, was hanged for murder on January 29, 1782 in Westfield, New Jersey , amid rumors that he had been bribed to kill the chaplain. Their nine orphaned children were raised by the family's friends. Schools For the date of the murder, see New Jersey Supreme Court, case number 37028, New Jersey State Archives, Trenton, NJ Patriot (American Revolution) Patriots , also known as Revolutionaries , Continentals , Rebels , or Whigs , were colonists in

112-651: Is now Union Township , an act which Union County immortalizes on their county seal to this day. His wife had been at home with their baby and a 3 year old toddler. As British forces moved into the Connecticut Farms, Hannah Caldwell was shot through a window as she sat with her children on a bed. Caldwell, who fought in the Battle of Springfield , was killed on November 24, 1781, by an American sentry in Elizabethtown, New Jersey , when he refused to have

140-601: The Presbyterian Church in Elizabethtown, New Jersey . He was an active partisan on the side of the Patriots , and was known as the "Fighting Parson". His church and his house were burned by Loyalists in 1780. While Caldwell was stationed with the army in Morristown , his wife Hannah was shot by a British light infantryman under disputed circumstances during the Battle of Connecticut Farms in what

168-719: The Thirteen Colonies who opposed the Kingdom of Great Britain 's control and governance during the colonial era , and supported and helped launch the American Revolution that ultimately established American independence. Patriot politicians led colonial opposition to British policies regarding the American colonies, eventually building support for the adoption of the Declaration of Independence , which

196-654: The 56 men who, as delegates to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia signed the Declaration of Independence . Patriots included a cross-section of the population of the Thirteen Colonies and came from varying backgrounds. Roughly 40 to 45 percent of the White population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the patriots' cause, between 15 and 20 percent supported the Loyalists , and

224-520: The British side being referred to as Black Loyalists . The critics of British policy towards the Thirteen Colonies called themselves "Whigs" after 1768, identifying with members of the British Whig party who favored similar colonial policies. Samuel Johnson writes that at the time, the word "patriot" had a negative connotation and was used as a negative epithet for "a factious disturber of

252-723: The Canadas . There they called themselves the United Empire Loyalists . 85% of the Loyalists decided to stay in the new United States and were granted American citizenship. Prior to the formal beginning of the American Revolution , many patriots were active in groups, including the Sons of Liberty . The most prominent patriot leaders are referred to today as the Founding Fathers , who are generally defined as

280-560: The South Branch of Passaick River." As a result English settlers from Newark made a purchase from the Indians of land "Westward or northward of Newark within the compass of the Passaick River, and so southward unto Minisink Path," a deed bearing the date March 1701-2 for 130 pounds New York currency. The settlers later claimed the document was lost in a fire, and it was reissued by Native representatives in 1744. This deed covered

308-626: The area immediately south of the above tract. Based on archival materials, one historian has reconstructed the placement of these and other tracts. Under the colonial land-grant system in New Jersey, Indian deeds were only one stage in the process of acquiring legal title. The next stage would have been a purchase from the East Jersey Proprietors, the corporation to which the English had assigned land rights. For reasons unknown,

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336-598: The citizens of the British Empire. Some patriots declared that they were loyal to the king, but they insisted that they should be free to run their own affairs. In fact, they had been running their own affairs since the period of " salutary neglect " before the French and Indian War . Some radical patriots tarred and feathered tax collectors and customs officers, making those positions dangerous; according to Benjamin Irvin,

364-618: The establishment of the United States in 1783. The patriots were inspired by English and American republican ideology that was part of the Age of Enlightenment , and rejected monarchy and aristocracy and supported individual liberty and natural rights and legal rights . Prominent patriot political theorists such as Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and Thomas Paine spearheaded the American Enlightenment , which

392-535: The government". Prior to the Revolution, colonists who supported British authority called themselves Tories or royalists , identifying with the political philosophy of traditionalist conservatism as it existed in Great Britain. During the American Revolution , these persons became known primarily as Loyalists . Afterward, some 15% of Loyalists emigrated north to the remaining British territories in

420-536: The name of its parish to Caldwell, in honor of Reverend James Caldwell who helped them organize the church. After this date the church became known as the First Presbyterian Church at Caldwell. Non-parish areas of Horseneck retained the name until 1798, when the westernmost portion of Newark Township was renamed Caldwell Township by the State of New Jersey. Caldwell Borough contained what is today

448-424: The northwesternmost part of Essex County. Eventually, in 1963, Caldwell Township changed its name to Fairfield in order to avoid being confused with Caldwell Borough. Horseneck Road is one of the few remaining traces of the name today. James Caldwell (clergyman) James Caldwell (April 1734 – November 24, 1781) was a Presbyterian minister who played a prominent part in the American Revolution . Caldwell

476-575: The patriot cause was strongest in the New England Colonies and weakest in the Southern Colonies . The American Revolution divided the colonial population into three groups: patriots, who supported the end of British rule, loyalists , who supported Britain's continued control over the colonies, and those who remained neutral. African Americans who supported the patriots were known as Black Patriots , with their counterparts on

504-613: The patriots felt that morality was on their side because the British government had violated the constitutional rights of Englishmen. Men who were alienated by physical attacks on Royal officials took the Loyalist position, while those who were offended by British responses to actions such as the Boston Tea Party became patriots. Merchants in the port cities with long-standing financial attachments to Britain were likely to remain loyal, while few patriots were so deeply enmeshed in

532-484: The patriots' confidence that independence lay ahead. The patriots rejected taxes imposed by legislatures in which the taxpayer was not represented. " No taxation without representation " was their slogan, referring to the lack of representation in the British Parliament. The British countered that there was "virtual representation" in the sense that all members of Parliament represented the interests of all

560-454: The published and unpublished writings and letters of leading men on each side, searching for how personality shaped their choice. He finds eight characteristics that differentiated the two groups. Loyalists were older, better established, and more likely to resist innovation than the patriots. Loyalists felt that the Crown was the legitimate government and resistance to it was morally wrong, while

588-605: The remainder were neutral or kept a low profile regarding their loyalties. The great majority of Loyalists remained in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution; a minority, however, fled the nation for Canada , Great Britain , Florida , or the West Indies . Historians have explored the motivations that pulled men to one side or the other. Yale historian Leonard Woods Labaree used

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616-511: The settlers did not complete this stage, and another group of wealthy landowners acquired the legal title instead. These landowners attempted to collect quit-rents (a form of property tax) from the settlers or to evict them, touching off decades of instability and violence known as the Horseheck Riots. The name Horseneck was gradually lost. On February 17, 1787, the congregation of the First Presbyterian Church at Horseneck voted to change

644-441: The southeast of downtown Caldwell Borough became Essex Fells, while the farmland to the south of Caldwell township was briefly called South Caldwell. This area underwent other changes when the towns of Livingston and West Orange expanded. The South Caldwell region, still part of Caldwell Township, became Roseland. At this point, all that remained of the original Caldwell Township was 6,624 acres of farmlands and undeveloped meadows in

672-453: The system. Some Loyalists, according to Labaree, were "procrastinators" who believed that independence was bound to come some day, but wanted to "postpone the moment", while the patriots wanted to "seize the moment". Loyalists were cautious and afraid of anarchy or tyranny that might come from mob rule; patriots made a systematic effort to take a stand against the British government. Finally, Labaree argues that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked

700-406: The towns of West Caldwell and Caldwell. Soon after, the area of Caldwell Township just to the east of Caldwell Borough between Caldwell Borough and Montclair (present-day Verona and Cedar Grove) decided to follow Caldwell's lead and incorporated itself as its own borough, Verona. At around the same time, the area north of Caldwell Borough became its own town, North Caldwell. The wooded area directly to

728-741: Was adopted unanimously by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. After the American Revolutionary War began the year before, in 1775, many patriots assimilated into the Continental Army , which was commanded by George Washington and which secured victory against the British Army , leading the British to acknowledge the sovereign independence of the colonies, reflected in the Treaty of Paris , which led to

756-762: Was born in Cub Creek in Charlotte County , Province of Virginia , the seventh son of John and Margaret Caldwell, who were Scots-Irish settlers, and traced their ancestry to Huguenots who fled France to Scotland in the 16th century, established Caldwell Castle and later defended the Ulster Plantation and Derry . James Caldwell graduated from the College of New Jersey (later called Princeton University ) in 1759 and, although he inherited 500 acres (2.0 km ) in Cub Creek, chose to become pastor of

784-410: Was in turn inspired by European thinkers such as Francis Bacon , John Locke , and Jean-Jacques Rousseau . Though slavery existed in all of the Thirteen Colonies prior to the American Revolution, the issue divided patriots, with some supporting its abolition while others espoused proslavery thought . The patriots included members of every social and ethnic group in the colonies, though support for

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