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60-467: (Redirected from Hawthorns ) [REDACTED] Look up hawthorn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hawthorn or Hawthorns may refer to: Plants [ edit ] Crataegus (hawthorn), a large genus of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae Rhaphiolepis (hawthorn), a genus of about 15 species of evergreen shrubs and small trees in

120-505: A rootstock in the practice of grafting . It is graft-compatible with Mespilus (medlar) and with pear , and makes a hardier rootstock than quince , but the thorny suckering habit of the hawthorn can be problematic. Seedlings of Crataegus monogyna have been used to graft multiple species on the same trunk, such as pink hawthorn , pear tree and medlar, the result being trees which give pink and white flowers in May and fruits during

180-581: A delicacy. The Kutenai people of northwestern North America used red and black hawthorn fruit for food. On Manitoulin Island , Ontario , some red-fruited species are called hawberries. During colonisation, European settlers ate these fruits during the winter as the only remaining food supply. People born on the island are now called " haweaters ". The fruits of Crataegus mexicana are known in Mexico as tejocotes and are eaten raw, cooked, or in jam during

240-890: A digestive aid. A closely related species, Crataegus cuneata (Japanese hawthorn, called sanzashi in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially Crataegus laevigata ) are used in herbal medicine where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function. The Kutenai people of northwestern North America used black hawthorn fruit ( Kutenai language : kaǂa; approximate pronunciation: kasha ) for food, and red hawthorn fruit (Kutenai language: ǂupǂi; approximate pronunciation: shupshi ) in traditional medicine. Overdose can cause cardiac arrhythmia and low blood pressure, while milder side effects include nausea and dizziness . Patients taking digoxin should avoid taking hawthorn. Many species and hybrids are used as ornamental and street trees. The common hawthorn

300-768: A former house in Hall Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire See also [ edit ] Hawthorne (disambiguation) Haw (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hawthorn . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawthorn&oldid=1226042121 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Plant common name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

360-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

420-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

480-703: A liquor called sansachun (산사춘) is made from the fruits. In Iran , the fruits of Crataegus (including Crataegus azarolus var. aronia , as well as other species) are known as zâlzâlak and eaten raw as a snack, or made into a jam known by the same name. The fruits of North America's Crataegus greggiana are made into preserves. A 2008 Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis of previous studies concluded that evidence exists of "a significant benefit in symptom control and physiologic outcomes" for an extract of hawthorn used as an adjuvant in treating chronic heart failure . A 2010 review concluded that "Crataegus [hawthorn] preparations hold significant potential as

540-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

600-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

660-635: A student residence at the university of Bristol Other [ edit ] Hawthorn Leslie and Company , a British shipbuilder usually referred to as "Hawthorn" and located in Newcastle upon Tyne Mike Hawthorn , English racing driver, 1958 F-1 World Champion Hawthorn Football Club , the Hawthorn Hawks are an Australian rules football club Hawthorn Suites , a hotel chain in the United States Hawthorn Hall ,

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720-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

780-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

840-895: A useful remedy in the treatment of cardiovascular disease ". The review indicated the need for further study of the best dosages and concluded that although "many different theoretical interactions between Crataegus and orthodox medications have been postulated ... none have [yet] been substantiated." Phytochemicals found in hawthorn include tannins , flavonoids , oligomeric proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids . Several species of hawthorn have been used in traditional medicine . The products used are often derived from C. monogyna , C. laevigata , or related Crataegus species, "collectively known as hawthorn", not necessarily distinguishing between these species. The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (called shān zhā in Chinese) are used in traditional Chinese medicine , primarily as

900-869: Is commonly cut and decorated as a May bush (see Beltane ). This warning persists to modern times; folklorist Bob Curran has questioned whether the ill luck of the DeLorean Motor Company was associated with the destruction of a fairy thorn to make way for a production facility. The superstitious dread of harming hawthorn trees prevalent in Britain and Ireland may also be connected to an old belief that hawthorns, and more especially 'lone thorns' (self-seeded specimens standing in isolation from other trees) originate from lightning or thunderbolts and give protection from lightning strikes. Hawthorn trees are often found beside clootie wells ; at these types of holy wells, they are sometimes known as rag trees, for

960-616: Is derived from the Greek kratos "strength" because of the great strength of the wood and akis "sharp", referring to the thorns of some species. The name haw , originally an Old English term for hedge (from the Anglo-Saxon term haguthorn , "a fence with thorns"), also applies to the fruit. Crataegus species are shrubs or small trees , mostly growing to 5–15 m (15–50 ft) tall, with small pome fruit and (usually) thorny branches. The most common type of bark

1020-416: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Crataegus Crataegus ( / k r ə ˈ t iː ɡ ə s / ), commonly called hawthorn , quickthorn , thornapple , May-tree , whitethorn , Mayflower or hawberry , is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae , native to temperate regions of

1080-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1140-537: Is essential to kill vampires , and stakes used for their slaying must be made from the wood of the thorn tree. In Gaelic folklore, hawthorn (in Scottish Gaelic , sgitheach and in Irish , sceach ) 'marks the entrance to the otherworld ' and is strongly associated with the fairies . Lore has it that it is very unlucky to cut the tree at any time other than when it is in bloom; however, during this time, it

1200-740: Is extensively used in Europe as a hedge plant. During the British Agricultural Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, hawthorn saplings were mass propagated in nurseries to create the new field boundaries required by the Inclosure Acts . Several cultivars of the Midland hawthorn C. laevigata have been selected for their pink or red flowers. Hawthorns are among the trees most recommended for water conservation landscapes. Hawthorn can be used as

1260-516: Is improved if the pyrenes that contain the seed are subjected to extensive drying at room temperature, before stratification. Uncommon forms can be grafted onto seedlings of other species. Khokhlova, K. O.; Zdoryk, O. A.; Sydora, N. V.; Shatrovska, V. I. (1 November 2019). "Chromatographic Profiles Analysis of Fruits of L. Genus by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography" . European Pharmaceutical Journal . 66 (2): 45–51. doi : 10.2478/afpuc-2019-0020 . Genus The composition of

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1320-621: Is of very early origin, but since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, the tree has rarely been in full bloom in England before the second week of that month. In the Scottish Highlands, the flowers may be seen as late as the middle of June. The hawthorn has been regarded as the emblem of hope, and its branches are stated to have been carried by the ancient Greeks in wedding processions, and to have been used by them to deck

1380-446: Is smooth grey in young individuals, developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees. The thorns are small sharp-tipped branches that arise either from other branches or from the trunk, and are typically 1–3 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 –1 in) long (recorded as up to 11.5 cm or 4 + 1 ⁄ 2  in in one case ). The leaves grow spirally arranged on long shoots , and in clusters on spur shoots on

1440-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

1500-546: Is the state flower of Missouri . The legislation designating it as such was introduced by Sarah Lucille Turner , one of the first two women to serve in the Missouri House of Representatives . Although it is commonly stated that hawthorns can be propagated by cutting, this is difficult to achieve with rootless stem pieces. Small plants or suckers are often transplanted from the wild. Seeds require stratification and take one or two years to germinate. Seed germination

1560-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

1620-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

1680-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1740-446: The flowers are important for many nectar-feeding insects . Hawthorns are also used as food plants by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species, such as the small eggar moth, E. lanestris . Haws are important for wildlife in winter, particularly thrushes and waxwings ; these birds eat the haws and disperse the seeds in their droppings. The "haws" or fruits of the common hawthorn, C. monogyna , are edible. In

1800-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

1860-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

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1920-555: The "stones" of plums , peaches , etc., which are drupaceous fruit in the same subfamily . The number of species in the genus depends on taxonomic interpretation. Some botanists in the past recognised 1000 or more species, many of which are apomictic microspecies . A reasonable number is estimated to be 200 species. The genus likely first appeared in the Eocene , with the ancestral area likely being Eastern North America and in Europe, which at that time remained closely linked due to

1980-614: The North Atlantic Land Bridge . The earliest known leaves of the genus from the Eocene of North America, with the earliest leaves from Europe being from the Oligocene . The genus is classified into sections which are further divided into series. Series Montaninsulae has not yet been assigned to a section. The sections are: Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many species of birds and mammals , and

2040-480: The Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna , and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis . The generic epithet, Crataegus ,

2100-505: The United Kingdom, they are sometimes used to make a jelly or homemade wine . The leaves are edible, and if picked in spring when still young, are tender enough to be used in salads. The young leaves and flower buds, which are also edible, are known as "bread and cheese" in rural England. In the southern United States, fruits of three native species are collectively known as mayhaws and are made into jellies which are considered

2160-557: The above suburb Electoral district of Hawthorn , a Victorian Legislative Assembly seat based on and named after the above suburb Hawthorn, South Australia , a suburb of Adelaide, Australia Mount Hawthorn, Western Australia , a suburb of Perth, Australia The Hawthorns , the stadium for the West Bromwich Albion F.C. in England The Hawthorns station , a train and metro station that serves

2220-760: The altar of Hymenaios . The supposition that the tree was the source of Jesus 's crown of thorns doubtless gave rise to the tradition among the French peasantry (current as late as 1911) that it utters groans and cries on Good Friday , and probably also to the old popular superstition in Great Britain and Ireland that ill luck attended the uprooting of hawthorns. Branches of Glastonbury thorn ( C. monogyna 'Biflora', sometimes called C. oxyacantha var. praecox ), which flowers both in December and in spring, were formerly highly valued in England, on account of

2280-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

2340-411: The branches or twigs. The leaves of most species have lobed or serrated margins and are somewhat variable in shape. Flowers are five-petalled and grow in flat-topped clusters and are most typically white, although they can also be pale pink or occasionally scarlet in colour. The fruit, sometimes known as a "haw", is berry -like but structurally a pome containing from one to five pyrenes that resemble

2400-486: The family Rosaceae Hawthorn maple, Acer crataegifolium , a tree variously classified in families Sapindaceae or Aceraceae Crataegus monogyna the common hawthorn, the species after which the above are named Places [ edit ] Hawthorn, Pennsylvania , a city in the United States Hawthorn, Victoria , a suburb of Melbourne, Australia Hawthorn railway station, Melbourne in

2460-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

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2520-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

2580-859: The ground Hawthorn, County Durham , a village in County Durham, in England Hawthorn, Wiltshire , a locality of Corsham, Wiltshire, England Hawthorn, Hampshire , a village in Hampshire , in England Hawthorns, Staffordshire , a village in Staffordshire , in England Hawthorn (Rhondda Cynon Taf) , a village in Rhondda Cynon Taf, in Wales The Hawthorns (University of Bristol) ,

2640-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

2700-600: The legend that the tree was originally the staff of Joseph of Arimathea . Robert Graves , in his book The White Goddess , traces and reinterprets many European legends and myths in which the whitethorn (hawthorn), also called the May-tree, is central. It was once said to heal the broken heart. In Ireland, the red fruit is, or was, called the Johnny MacGorey or Magory. Serbian folklore that spread across Balkan notes that hawthorn ( Serbian глог or glog )

2760-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

2820-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

2880-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

2940-417: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

3000-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

3060-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

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3120-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

3180-589: The strips of cloth which are tied to them as part of healing rituals. 'When all fruit fails, welcome haws' was once a common expression in Ireland. According to a medieval legend, the Glastonbury thorn , C. monogyna 'Biflora', which flowers twice annually, was supposed to have miraculously grown from a walking stick planted by Joseph of Arimathea at Glastonbury in Somerset , England. The original tree

3240-546: The summer. "Chip budding " has also been performed on hawthorn trunks to have branches of several varieties on the same tree. Such trees can be seen in Vigo , Spain , and in the northwest of France (mainly in Brittany ). Many species of hawthorn make excellent bonsai trees. They are grown and enjoyed for their display of flowers. The wood of some Crataegus species is hard and resistant to rot. In rural North America, it

3300-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

3360-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

3420-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

3480-974: The winter. They are stuffed in the piñatas broken during the traditional pre-Christmas celebration known as Las Posadas . They are also cooked with other fruits to prepare a Christmas punch. The mixture of tejocote paste, sugar and chili powder produces a popular Mexican candy called rielitos , which is manufactured by several brands. The 4 cm fruits of the species Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn) are tart, bright red and resemble small crabapple fruits. They are used to make many kinds of Chinese snacks, such as tanghulu — coated in sugar syrup and skewered – and haw flakes . The fruits, which are called 山楂 shān zhā in Chinese, are also used to produce jams, jellies, juices, alcoholic beverages and other drinks; these could in turn be used in other dishes (for instance, many older recipes for Cantonese sweet and sour sauce call for shānzhā jam). In South Korea ,

3540-613: Was destroyed in the sixteenth century during the English Reformation , but several cultivars have survived. Since the reign of King James I , it has been a Christmas custom to send a sprig of Glastonbury thorn flowers to the Sovereign , which is used to decorate the royal family's dinner table. In the Victorian era , the hawthorn represented hope in the language of flowers . The hawthorn – species unspecified –

3600-453: Was prized for use as tool handles and fence posts. First Nations people of western Canada used the thorns for durable fish hooks and minor skin surgeries . The Scots saying "Ne'er cast a cloot til Mey's oot" conveys a warning not to shed any cloots (clothes) before the summer has fully arrived and the mayflowers ( hawthorn blossoms) are in full bloom. The custom of employing the flowering branches for decorative purposes on 1 May

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