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38-652: The name "Hà Tiên" is derived from the Sino-Vietnamese word: 河 僊 or 河 仙 , meaning "river spirit". A settlement and a port seem to have existed at the site of the present town of Hà Tiên from a very early period. Ptolemy's Geography identified a town there as Akadra and that it was the port for the Cambodian district of Pithonobaste - Banteay Meas , all this being part of the Kingdom of Funan . The local capital of this district, also called Banteay Meas,

76-741: A Vietnamese form for almost all Chinese characters, it can be used to derive a Vietnamese form for any Chinese word or name. For example, the name of Chinese leader Xi Jinping consists of the Chinese characters 習近平 . Applying Sino-Vietnamese reading to each character yields the Vietnamese translation of his name, Tập Cận Bình . Some Western names and words, approximated to Chinese languages often through Mandarin or in some cases approximated in Japanese and then borrowed into Chinese languages, were further approximated in Vietnamese. For example, Portugal

114-570: A busy business town. Vietnamese people gradually arrived there. This town later was merged into Vietnamese territory when Mo Jiu delivered its sovereignty to the Nguyễn Lords. Mo Jiu was then conferred the position of ruler of this town. It was at this time that the name Hà Tiên (河仙 - "River Spirit"), referring to the guardian deity of the Giang-thành river, was conferred on the town by the lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu . Around 22 km south of Hà Tiên

152-469: A result of a thousand years of Chinese control , a small number of Sinitic words were borrowed into Vietnamese, called Old Sino-Vietnamese layer. Furthermore, a thousand years of use of Literary Chinese after independence, a considerable number of Sinitic words were borrowed, called the Sino-Vietnamese layer. These layers were first systematically studied by linguist Wang Li . The ancestor of

190-654: A small group of Chinese people, mostly men who supported the Ming Dynasty and were opposed to the Qing Dynasty , led by Mo Jiu ( Mạc Cửu ). When they arrived in Đàng Trong (as southern Vietnam was called while under the rule of the Nguyễn lords ), the Nguyễn lords ordered the king of Cambodia (then a vassal state of Đàng Trong ) to grant land to these Chinese people. These people built markets in this place and turned it into

228-677: A status similar to that of Latin -based words in English: they are used more in formal context than in everyday life. Because Chinese languages and Vietnamese use different order for subject and modifier, compound Sino-Vietnamese words or phrases might appear ungrammatical in Vietnamese sentences. For example, the Sino-Vietnamese phrase bạch mã ( 白馬 "white horse") can be expressed in Vietnamese as ngựa trắng ("horse white"). For this reason, compound words containing native Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese words are very rare and are considered improper by some. For example, chung cư ("apartment building")

266-434: A winner emerged, with the final choice sometimes differing between countries. A fairly large amount of Sino-Vietnamese compounds have meanings that differ significantly from their usage in other Sinitic vocabularies. For example: There also a significant amount of Sino-Vietnamese compounds that are used, but the terms differ in different Sinosphere languages. Such as: Some Sino-Vietnamese compounds are entirely invented by

304-666: Is Diêm Vương Tinh ( 閻王星 ) and sao Diêm Vương , named after the Hindu and Buddhist deity Yama . During the Hồ dynasty , Vietnam was officially known as Đại Ngu ( 大虞 "Great Peace"). However, most modern Vietnamese know ngu ( 愚 ) as "stupid"; consequently, some misinterpret it as "Big Idiot". Conversely, the Han River in South Korea is often erroneously translated as sông Hàn ( 韓 ) when it should be sông Hán ( 漢 ) due to

342-467: Is tiệt diện ( 截面 ; "cross-section") being replaced by tiết diện ( 節面 ). One interesting example is the current motto of Vietnam : "Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam / Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc", in which all the words are Sino-Vietnamese ( 獨立 – 自由 – 幸福 ). Writing Sino-Vietnamese words with the Vietnamese alphabet causes some confusion about the origins of some terms, due to

380-705: Is a former Sinitic name of the United States and translates literally as " flower flag ". Except for the oldest and most deeply ingrained Sino-Vietnamese names, modern Vietnamese instead uses direct phonetic transliterations for foreign names, in order to preserve the original spelling and pronunciation. Today, the written form of such transliterated names are almost always left unaltered; with rising levels of proficiency in English spelling and pronunciation in Vietnam, readers generally no longer need to be instructed on

418-654: Is a large cement plant located in Kiên Lương. Its history goes back to the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ), where it was one of the largest industrial projects when construction was started in April 1961. Buses connect Hà Tiên to the provincial capital Rạch Giá and many other towns in the Mekong Delta, including Châu Đốc, Can Tho, Ca Mau, Vung Tau and Saigon. Daily fast ferries are available to Phú Quốc island. In

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456-442: Is a layer of about 3,000 monosyllabic morphemes of the Vietnamese language borrowed from Literary Chinese with consistent pronunciations based on Middle Chinese . Compounds using these morphemes are used extensively in cultural and technical vocabulary. Together with Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese vocabularies, Sino-Vietnamese has been used in the reconstruction of the sound categories of Middle Chinese. Samuel Martin grouped

494-541: Is also similar. Traces of the original consonant clusters can be found in materials from the 17th century, but have disappeared from modern Vietnamese. The Old Sino-Vietnamese layer was introduced after the Chinese conquest of the kingdom of Nanyue , including the northern part of Vietnam, in 111 BC. The influence of the Chinese language was particularly felt during the Eastern Han period (25–190 AD), due to increased Chinese immigration and official efforts to sinicize

532-585: Is one of 8 districts in Kampot Province and it is located at the eastern part bordering Vietnam to the east, Banteay Meas District to the north, Kep Province to the west and the Gulf of Thailand to the south. Anlong Pring Crane Reserve is a small protected area in Kampong Trach near the Vietnamese border on the edge of the Mekong Delta. Sarus cranes nest in the dry forest north of here in

570-402: Is transliterated as 葡萄牙 ( pinyin : Pútáoyá ; Cantonese Yale : Pòuhtòuhngàh ) and becomes Bồ Đào Nha in Vietnamese. England ( 英格蘭 ; Yīnggélán ; Yīnggaaklàahn ) became Anh Cát Lợi ( 英吉利 ), shortened to Anh ( 英 ), while United States became Mỹ Lợi Gia ( 美利加 ), shortened to Mỹ ( 美 ). The formal name for the United States in Vietnamese is Hoa Kỳ ( 花旗 ); this

608-672: The Vietic languages was atonal and sesquisyllabic , featured many consonant clusters, and made use of affixes . The northern Vietic varieties ancestral to Vietnamese and Muong have long been in contact with Tai languages and Chinese as part of a zone of convergence known as the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area . As a result, most languages of this area, including Middle Chinese and Vietnamese, are analytic , with almost all morphemes monosyllabic and lacking inflection . The phonological structure of their syllables

646-562: The literary readings in various parts of China and Sino-Xenic pronunciations in the other countries. As contact with the West grew, Western works were translated into Literary Chinese and read by the literate. In order to translate words for new concepts (political, religious, scientific, medical and technical terminology) scholars in these countries coined new compounds formed from Chinese morphemes and written with Chinese characters. The local readings of these compounds were readily adopted into

684-504: The Khmer for "port", "harbour" or "river mouth", while the Vietnamese called it Mang-Kham , from the Vietnamese term for the Khmers, "mang". It was through this port that Buddhism is said to have reached Cambodia, brought there by chance when a ship carrying Buddhaghosa was blown there by a storm in 415 AD. Many works incorrectly referred to Hà-Tiên as “Panthaimas", the early name of

722-605: The Old Sino-Vietnamese layer. Sino-Vietnamese shows a number of distinctive developments from Middle Chinese: Up until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was the vehicle of administration and scholarship, not only in China, but also in Vietnam, Korea and Japan, similar to Latin in medieval Europe. Though not a spoken language, this shared written language was read aloud in different places according to local traditions derived from Middle Chinese pronunciation:

760-418: The Vietnamese and are not used in any Chinese languages, such as linh mục 'priest' from 靈 'soul' and 牧 'shepherd', or giả kim thuật ( 假金術 'art of artificial metal'), which has been applied popularly to refer to 'alchemy'. Another example is linh cẩu ( 靈狗 , 'alert dog') meaning 'hyena'. Others are no longer used in modern Chinese languages or have other meanings. Since Sino-Vietnamese provides

798-777: The correct pronunciation for common foreign names. For example, while the Sino-Vietnamese Luân Đôn remains in common usage in Vietnamese, the English equivalent London is also commonplace. Calques have also arisen to replace some Sino-Vietnamese terms. For example, the White House is usually referred to as Nhà Trắng (literally, "white house") in Vietnam, though Tòa Bạch Ốc (based on 白屋 ) retains some currency among overseas Vietnamese. However, China-specific names such as Trung Quốc ( Middle Kingdom , 中國 ), as well as Korean names with Chinese roots , continue to be rendered in Sino-Vietnamese rather than

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836-412: The district in which it was located. It was variously spelled as Panday-mas (Khmer), Ponteamass (English), Phutthaimat ( Thai : พุทไธมาศ ) or Banthaimat ( Thai : บันทายมาศ ), Ponthiamas or Pontheaymas (French), Pontiano (Robert's Map, 1751), Panthai-mas, Bantaimas, Pontiamas, Pontaimas, Bantay-mas, Banteay M’eas, Pontiamas, Pontiamasse, Po-taimat, and infinite other variations. Hà Tiên was established by

874-595: The early 20th century. Around 3,000 words entered Vietnamese over this period. Some of these were re-introductions of words borrowed at the Old Sino-Vietnamese stage, with different pronunciations due to intervening sound changes in Vietnamese and Chinese, and often with a shift in meaning. Wang Li followed Henri Maspero in identifying a problematic group of forms with "softened" initials g- , gi , d- and v- as Sino-Vietnamese loans that had been affected by changes in colloquial Vietnamese. Most scholars now follow André-Georges Haudricourt in assigning these words to

912-736: The island at Bai Thom. These run on demand, not to a fixed schedule and can start as early as 05:00 and run until 21:00. This takes about 2.5 hours. A road border crossing between Vietnam and Cambodia, called the Hà Tiên International Border Gate, is located 7 km west of Hà Tiên in the village of Xà Xía. On the Cambodian side, the border crossing is known as the Prek Chak International Border Checkpoint in Kampong Trach District , Kampot . The border crossing

950-441: The large number of homophones in Sino-Vietnamese. For example, both 明 (bright) and 冥 (dark) are read as minh , thus the word "minh" has two contradictory meanings: bright and dark (although the "dark" meaning is now esoteric and is used in only a few compound words). Perhaps for this reason, the Vietnamese name for Pluto is not Minh Vương Tinh ( 冥王星 – lit. "underworld king star") as in other East Asian languages, but

988-401: The low (wet) season they normally operate twice a day - at approximately 08:00-08:30 and then 13:00-13:30 (times vary a bit according to tides/weather). In the high (dry) season they run more frequently, with up to 3 fast boats (Superdong) each making up to 3 crossings every day. The trip takes about 80–90 minutes. There are also now 4 car ferries operating from Hà Tiên to the north east corner of

1026-587: The meaning of the compound word is preserved even if individually each has multiple meanings. Today Sino-Vietnamese texts are learnt and used mostly only by Buddhist monks since important texts such as the scriptures to pacify spirits (recited during the ritual for the Seventh Lunar month - Trai đàn Chẩn tế; 齋壇振濟 ) are still recited in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Such as the chant, Nam mô A Di Đà Phật coming from 南無阿彌陀佛. Kampong Trach District Kampong Trach District ( Khmer : ស្រុកកំពង់ត្រាច )

1064-403: The name's similarity with the country name. However, the homograph/homophone problem is not as serious as it appears, because although many Sino-Vietnamese words have multiple meanings when written with the Vietnamese alphabet, usually only one has widespread usage, while the others are relegated to obscurity. Furthermore, Sino-Vietnamese words are usually not used alone, but in compound words, thus

1102-402: The proportion of words of Sinitic origin in the Vietnamese lexicon vary from one third to half and even to 70%. The proportion tends towards the lower end in speech and towards the higher end in technical writing. In the famous Từ điển tiếng Việt  [ vi ] dictionary by Vietnamese linguist Hoàng Phê  [ vi ] , about 40% of the vocabulary is of Sinitic origin. As

1140-422: The respective local vernaculars of Japan, Korea and Vietnam. For example, the Chinese mathematician Li Shanlan created hundreds of translations of mathematical terms, including 代數學 ('replace-number-study') for 'algebra', yielding modern Mandarin dàishùxué , Vietnamese đại số học , Japanese daisūgaku and Korean daesuhak . Often, multiple compounds for the same concept were in circulation for some time before

1178-444: The romanization systems used in other languages. Examples include Triều Tiên ( Joseon , 朝鮮 ) for both Korea as a whole and North Korea in particular, Hàn Quốc ( Hanguk , 韓國 ) for South Korea , Bình Nhưỡng ( Pyongyang , 平壤 ), and Bàn Môn Điếm ( Panmunjom , 板門店 ). Seoul , unlike most Korean place names, has no corresponding hanja ; it is therefore phonetically transliterated as Xê-un . Sino-Vietnamese words have

Hà Tiên - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-488: The territory. This layer consists of roughly 400 words, which have been fully assimilated and are treated by Vietnamese speakers as native words. It has also been theorised that some Old-Sino-Vietnamese words came from a language shift from a population of Annamese Middle Chinese speakers that lived in the Red River Delta , in northern Vietnam, to proto-Viet-Muong. The much more extensive Sino-Vietnamese proper

1254-469: The three together as " Sino-xenic ". There is also an Old Sino-Vietnamese layer consisting of a few hundred words borrowed individually from Chinese in earlier periods, which are treated by speakers as native words. More recent loans from southern Chinese languages , usually names of foodstuffs such as lạp xưởng ' Chinese sausage ' (from Cantonese 臘腸 ; 腊肠 ; laahpchéung ), are not treated as Sino-Vietnamese but more direct borrowings. Estimates of

1292-425: The wet season. During the dry season, a few hundred of these cranes take up residence at this reserve. The reserve is an IBA protection at 217 hectares, established on 6 January 2011. There is a similar sanctuary in the adjacent Takéo Province since 2007. A road border crossing into Vietnam is located in this district. The border crossing is called the Prek Chak International Border Checkpoint. The checkpoint on

1330-524: Was introduced with Chinese rhyme dictionaries such as the Qieyun in the late Tang dynasty (618–907). Vietnamese scholars used a systematic rendering of Middle Chinese within the phonology of Vietnamese to derive consistent pronunciations for the entire Chinese lexicon. After driving out the Chinese in 880, the Vietnamese sought to build a state on the Chinese model, using Literary Chinese for all formal writing, including administration and scholarship, until

1368-453: Was not on the coast, but located about a day's journey up the Giang-thành river. The name Banteay Meas, ( Khmer : បន្ទាយមាស , Thai : บันทายมาศ ; lit: "golden ramparts"), referred to the bamboo fortifications once used about the town. The town of Hà Tiên was originally known under the Khmer , name of Piem or Peam ( Khmer : ពាម , Thai : เปียม , Chinese : 港口 ; also Pie, Pam, Bam),

1406-438: Was opened in 2007. It is open from 07:00 to 18:00. Besides conventional Vietnamese visas, this border crossing is also listed as a Vietnamese e-Visa point of entry for foreigners. 10°23′N 104°29′E  /  10.383°N 104.483°E  / 10.383; 104.483 Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary ( Vietnamese : từ Hán Việt , Chữ Hán : 詞漢越, literally 'Chinese-Vietnamese words')

1444-415: Was originally derived from chúng cư 眾居 ("multiple dwelling"), but with the syllable chúng "multiple" replaced with chung , a "pure" Vietnamese word meaning "shared" or "together". Similarly, the literal translation of "United States", Hợp chúng quốc ( 合眾國 ) is commonly mistakenly rendered as Hợp chủng quốc , with chúng ( 眾 - many) replaced by chủng ( 種 - ethnicity, race). Another example

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