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77-582: Haarlemmermeer's main town is Hoofddorp , which has a population of 76,660. Hoofddorp, along with the rapidly growing towns of Nieuw-Vennep and Badhoevedorp , are part of the Randstad agglomeration. The main international airport of the Netherlands, Schiphol , is located in Haarlemmermeer. The original Haarlemmermeer lake is said to have been mostly a peat bog , a relic of a northern arm of

154-631: A polyester skin. At this moment it has been painted in a sort of orange colour. However, the municipality has decided to remove the structure because of high maintenance costs. In January 2019, CEO of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Dick Benschop announced that agreements had been reached to extend the Amsterdam Metro 's North-South line to the airport and Hoofddorp. The Netherlands Aviation Safety Board , during its existence, had its head office in Hoofddorp. The Dutch Transport Safety Board ,

231-585: A Spanish fleet and the ships of the Dutch rebels known as " Sea Beggars ", who were trying to break the Siege of Haarlem . The Haarlemmermeer could be a dangerous place during storms. On 7 January 1629, Frederick Henry of the Palatinate , son and heir of Frederick V , the "Winter King" drowned trying to cross it. By 1647, the new Haarlemmermeer had an area of about 150 square kilometres (58 sq mi), which

308-453: A canal was dug around the lake, called Ringvaart (Ring Canal), to carry the water drainage and boat and ship traffic which had previously gone across the lake. This canal was 61 kilometres (38 mi) long, and 2.40 metres (7.9 ft) deep, and the excavated earth was used to build a dike from 30 to 50 metres (98 to 164 ft) wide around the lake. The area enclosed by the canal was more than 180 square kilometres (69 sq mi), and

385-455: A century later had increased to over 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi). In 1643, Jan Adriaanszoon Leeghwater proposed to dike and drain the lake. Similar schemes, among which those of Nicolaus Samuel Cruquius in 1742 and of Baron van Lijnden van Hemmen in 1820, were proposed from time to time. But it was not until a furious hurricane in November 1836 drove the waters as far as

462-673: A colouring agent in Africa for over 200,000 years. Women of the Himba ethnic group in Namibia use a mix of ochre and animal fat for body decoration, to achieve a reddish skin colour. The ochre mixture is also applied to their hair after braiding. Men and women of the Maasai people in Kenya and Tanzania have also used ochre in the same way. In Ancient Egypt , yellow was associated with gold, which

539-465: A dedicated track. The trains will not stop at Hoofddorp. On 30 November 1992 the Hoofddorp train disaster took place near Hoofddorp, causing 5 deaths and 33 wounded. Hoofddorp is connected by many bus lines to many cities and towns in the immediate surroundings. Most bus lines are operated by Connexxion . In 2002, Hoofddorp was connected to Haarlem , Schiphol Airport and Amsterdam Zuidoost by

616-492: A large collection of ochre samples from many sites across Australia. There are many words for ochre in Australian Aboriginal languages throughout Australia, including: The Māori people of New Zealand were found to be making extensive use of mineral ochre mixed with fish oil. Ochre was the predominant colouring agent used by Maori, and was used to paint their large waka taua (war canoe). Ochre prevented

693-433: A more lovely and perfect ochre pigment...And know that this ochre is a common pigment, particularly when working in fresco; that with other mixtures that, as i will explain to you, it is used for flesh colours, for drapery, for coloured mountains and buildings and hair and in general for many things. In early modern Malta, red ochre paint was commonly used on public buildings. The industrial process for making ochre pigment

770-595: A mouldable putty that hardened into handles. Earlier excavations at Le Moustier prevent conclusive identification of the archaeological culture and age, but the European Mousterian style of these tools suggests they are associated with Neanderthals during the late Middle Paleolithic , between 60,000 and 35,000 years before present. It is the earliest evidence of compound adhesive use in Europe. Pieces of ochre engraved with abstract designs have been found at

847-513: A practice was common to the Celts of the British Isles , bog iron being particularly abundant in the midlands of Ireland . Ochre has uses other than as paint: "tribal peoples alive today . . . use either as a way to treat animal skins or else as an insect repellent, to staunch bleeding, or as protection from the sun. Ochre may have been the first medicament." Red ochre has been used as

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924-527: A specific archaeological period in the Woodlands c.  1000 –400 BC. California Native Americans such as the Tongva and Chumash were also known to use red ochre as body paint. Researchers diving into dark submerged caves on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula have found evidence of an ambitious mining operation starting 12,000 years ago and lasting two millennia for red ochre. In Newfoundland , red ochre

1001-420: A very high percentage (3.245 grams per litre) of common salt ; and in 1893 a company was formed to work them. In 1854, the city of Leiden laid claim to the possession of the new territory, but the courts decided in favor of the nation. Haarlemmermeer became incorporated as a municipality in the province of North Holland by law on 16 July 1855. Its first mayor was Matthijs Samuel Petrus Pabst. The first church

1078-522: A waxy waterproof coating on structures. The reddle was sold as a ready-made mixture to farmers and herders by travelling workers called reddlemen. In Classical antiquity , the finest red ochre came from a Greek colony on the Black Sea where the modern city of Sinop in Turkey is located. It was carefully regulated, expensive and marked by a special seal, and this colour was called sealed Sinope. Later

1155-495: Is a natural clay earth pigment , a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colours produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow. A variant of ochre containing a large amount of hematite , or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as red ochre (or, in some dialects, ruddle ). The word ochre also describes clays coloured with iron oxide derived during

1232-647: Is an important waterway for commercial and recreational boats alike. A portion of it forms part of the sailroute from Hollands Diep to the IJsselmeer , passable for ships with masts over 6 meters tall. There is also a connection to the Kaag Lake system ( Kagerplassen ), which extends to Leiden and beyond. There are several canals within Haarlemmermeer itself, the main ones are Hoofdvaart (Main Canal) and Kruisvaart (Cross Canal). But these had initially no connection to

1309-605: Is difficult to pinpoint an exact shade or hue of red that would be considered the traditional " fishing stage red". In the Bonavista Bay area one man maintained that seal oil mixed with the ochre gave the sails a purer red colour, while cod liver oil would give a "foxy" colour, browner in hue. During the Renaissance, yellow and red ochre pigments were widely used in painting panels and frescoes. The colours vary greatly from region to region, depending upon whether

1386-458: Is highlighted by the great number of powders of this color found in the containers. The powders were probably used to give a hue to cheeks or to lips. Besides these uses as make-up powders, we can also assume a ritual use of ointments and powders containing cinnabar or ochre, applied to the face and the forehead during preparation rituals of the bodies. The discovery of red paint traces on bones and skulls suggests that these practices were common among

1463-494: Is particularly intensive: it is not unusual to find a layer of the cave floor impregnated with a purplish red to a depth of eight inches. The size of these ochre deposits raises a problem not yet solved. The colouring is so intense that practically all the loose ground seems to consist of ochre. One can imagine that the Aurignacians regularly painted their bodies red, dyed their animal skins, coated their weapons, and sprinkled

1540-514: Is the main town of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer , in the province of North Holland , the Netherlands . In 2021, the population was 77,885. The town was founded in 1853, immediately after the Haarlemmermeer had been drained. After the draining of the Haarlemmermeer, two villages, Kruisdorp (Crossvillage) and Venneperdorp (Vennepervillage), were founded in the centre of the polder . In 1868 they were renamed to Hoofddorp, as there already

1617-556: The Colour Index International system. Over recent decades, red ochre has played a pivotal role in discussions about the cognitive and cultural evolution of early modern humans during the African Middle Stone Age. In Africa, evidence for the processing and use of red ochre pigments has been dated by archaeologists to around 300,000 years ago, the climax of the practice coinciding broadly with

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1694-569: The Cruquius (the largest Watt-design reciprocal stroke steam engine ever built and now a museum), and the Lijnden . Pumping began in 1848, and the lake was dry by July 1, 1852; 800 million tons of water were actually discharged. At the first sale of the highest lands along the banks on 16 August 1853, about £28 per acre was paid; but the average price afterwards was less. The whole area of 170.36 square kilometres (65.78 sq mi) recovered from

1771-706: The Rhine which passed through the district in Roman times. In 1531, the original Haarlemmermeer had an area of 26.0 square kilometres (10.0 sq mi), and near it were three smaller lakes: the Leidsche Meer ( Leiden Lake), the Spiering Meer, and the Oude Meer (Old Lake), with a combined area of about 31 square kilometres (12 sq mi). The four lakes were formed into one by successive floods with

1848-815: The Russian Revolution and the Spanish Civil War . Ochre also began to face growing competition from newly synthetic pigment industry. The quarries in Roussillon, Rustrel, the Mines of Bruoux closed one by one. Today, the last quarry in activity is in Gargas (Vaucluse) and belongs to the Société des Ocres de France. Ochre, both red and yellow, appear as tinctures in South African heraldry ;

1925-555: The Vaucluse department of Provence , in France. Thanks to the process invented by Astier and refined by his successors, ochre pigments from Vaucluse were exported across Europe and around the world. It was not only used for artists paints and house paints; it also became an important ingredient for the early rubber industry. Ochre from Vaucluse was an important French export until the mid-20th century, when major markets were lost due to

2002-598: The Western Desert , Kimberley and Arnhem Land regions, and occur in many archaeological sites. The practice of ochre painting has been prevalent among Aboriginal Australians for over 40,000 years. Pleistocene burials with red ochre date as early as 40,000 BP and ochre plays a role in expressing symbolic ideologies of the earliest arrivals to the continent. Ochre has been used for millennia by Aboriginal people for body decoration, sun protection , mortuary practices, cave painting, bark painting and other artwork, and

2079-469: The cave of Altamira in Spain ( c.  16,500 –15,000 BC). The cave of Lascaux has an image of a horse coloured with yellow ochre estimated to be 17,300 years old. Neolithic burials may have used red ochre pigments symbolically, either to represent a return to the earth or possibly as a form of ritual rebirth, in which the colour may symbolize blood and a hypothesized Great Goddess . The use of ochre

2156-635: The junction of the A4 and A9 at Knooppunt Badhoevedorp  [ nl ] . Hoofddorp itself lies on the crossing of the two main secondary roads in Haarlemmermeer : the N201 from Hilversum to Zandvoort and the N520, that runs alongside the main canal of the Haarlemmermeer and dissects the polder from north to south. The suburb of Toolenburg is connected to an as yet to be developed industrial area by

2233-728: The national coat of arms , adopted in 2000, includes red ochre , while (yellow) ochre appears in the arms of the University of Transkei . Ochre is also used as a symbol of Indigenous Australians , and appears on the Flag of the Northern Territory and on the flags of the Taungurung and Aṉangu people. A reddleman named Diggory Venn was prominently described in Thomas Hardy 's 1878 novel entitled The Return of

2310-584: The Amsterdam branch office of Corendon Airlines . Also, the international organization representing air navigation service providers (air traffic controllers), Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO) has its headquarters in Schiphol Airport. At one time KLM had its head office on the grounds of Schiphol Airport. Its current head office in Amstelveen had a scheduled completion at

2387-480: The British fishing industry, where it was combined with oil and used to coat sails to protect them from seawater, giving them a reddish colour. The ochre was boiled in great caldrons, together with tar , tallow and oak bark , the last ingredient giving the name of barking yards to the places where the hot mixture was painted on to the sails, which were then hung up to dry. In 1894, a theft case provided insights into

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2464-515: The Haarlemmermeer name being applied to the combined lake. Villages disappeared in the process. One of those villages was Vennep, after which the modern Nieuw-Vennep was named. In Dutch, the tendency for lakes to grow over time is called the waterwolf . During the Dutch War of Independence , the waters of the Haarlemmermeer were the scene of the Battle of Haarlemmermeer , a naval engagement between

2541-530: The Latin and Italian name sinopia was given to wide range of dark red ochre pigments. Roman triumphators painted their faces red, perhaps to imitate the red-painted flesh of statues of the Gods. The Romans used yellow ochre in their paintings to represent gold and skin tones, and as a background colour. It is found frequently in the murals of Pompeii . Ochre pigments are plentiful across Australia, especially

2618-559: The Phoenicians as for other populations.” Greater-quality pigments and more intricate applications would typically indicate people of greater rank or particular significance within the community. Moreover, the presence and quality of pigments in a burial site may indicate the identity or social standing of the deceased. In addition to acting as offerings to the gods and protective symbols, pigments were employed to adorn grave goods including pottery, amulets, and other objects, so elevating

2695-404: The afterlife, and social hierarchy, thus providing a richer understanding of Phoenician customs and values. Ochre was the most commonly used pigment for painting walls in the ancient Mediterranean world . In Ancient Greece , red ochre was called μίλτος, míltos (hence Miltiades : "red-haired" or "ruddy"). In ancient Athens when Assembly was called, a contingent of public slaves would sweep

2772-465: The average depth of the lake 4 metres (13 ft). As the water had no natural drainage, it was calculated that probably 1000 million tons of water would have to be raised by mechanical means. All of the pumping was done by steam mills, an innovation contrasting with the historic practice of draining polders using windmills . Three Cornish beam engines were imported from Hayle : the Leeghwater ,

2849-756: The bridge Lute , which was designed by architect Santiago Calatrava as part of a series of 3 bridges over the main canal along the N520. The secondary road N205 connects Nieuw Vennep to Haarlem and is part of the ring around Hoofddorp; the N201 also forms part of the ring. FIFPro , the association of professional football players, is located in Hoofddorp. [REDACTED] Media related to Hoofddorp at Wikimedia Commons Business parks and airports Ochre Ochre ( / ˈ oʊ k ər / OH -kər ; from Ancient Greek ὤχρα ( ṓkhra ) , from ὠχρός ( ōkhrós )  'pale'), iron ochre , or ocher in American English ,

2926-570: The digestive system while others, which are rich in iron, can assist with lethargy and fatigue. Ochre is also often mixed with plant oils and animal fats to create other medicines. This ochre was mined by Aboriginal people in pits and quarries across Australia; there are over 400 recorded sites, and many of these (including the Ochre Pits in the Tjoritja / West MacDonnell National Park ) are still in use. The National Museum of Australia has

3003-508: The drying out of the wood in canoes and the carvings of meeting houses; later missionaries estimated that it would last for 30 years. It was also roughly smeared over the face, especially by women, to keep off insects. Solid chunks of ochre were ground on a flat but rough surfaced rock to produce the powder. In Newfoundland its use is most often associated with the Beothuk , whose use of red ochre led them to be referred to as "Red Indians" by

3080-415: The earth of mountains, where particular seams like sulphur are found. And there, where these seams are, sinopia, green earth and other types of pigment are found...And the abovementioned pigments running through this landscape looked as a scar on the face of a man or of a woman looks...I went in behind with my little knife, prospecting at the scar of this pigment; and in this way, I promise you, I never sampled

3157-491: The east of Hoofddorp. A large dike known as the Geniedijk (Engineers' dike) connected the fort at Hoofddorp to the batteries and the casemates, and ultimately to the fort at Vijfhuizen in the west and the fort at Aalsmeer in the east. In 1856, the first windmill in the Haarlemmermeer was built in the centre of Hoofddorp by Dirk David van Dijk. It was called "De Eersteling" ( The First ). Due to increased building around

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3234-595: The emergence of Homo sapiens. Evidence of ochre's use in Australia is more recent, dated to 50,000 years ago, while new research has uncovered evidence in Asia that is dated to 40,000 years ago. A re-examination of artifacts uncovered in 1908 at Le Moustier rock shelters in France has identified Mousterian stone tools that were attached to grips made of ochre and bitumen . The grips were formulated with 55% ground goethite ochre and 45% cooked liquid bitumen to create

3311-635: The end of 1970. When Air Holland existed, its head office was in Oude Meer , Haarlemmermeer. At one time NLM CityHopper had its head office at the airport. One of the busiest freeways in the Netherlands, the A4 from Amsterdam to Den Haag, crosses right through Haarlemmermeer. Other freeways are the A5 , from Hoofddorp to Amsterdam Sloterdijk, A9 from Alkmaar to Diemen and the A44 , from Nieuw-Vennep to Wassenaar. In

3388-426: The extraction of tin and copper . Ochre is a family of earth pigments, which includes yellow ochre, red ochre, purple ochre, sienna, and umber. The major ingredient of all the ochres is iron(III) oxide-hydroxide , known as limonite , which gives them a yellow colour. A range of other minerals may also be included in the mixture: When natural sienna and umber pigments are heated, they are dehydrated and some of

3465-644: The first Europeans to Newfoundland. The Beothuk may have also used yellow ochre to colour their hair. It was also used by the Maritime Archaic as evidenced by its discovery in the graves of over 100 individuals during an archaeological excavation at Port au Choix . Its use was widespread at times in the Eastern Woodlands cultural area of Canada and the US; the Red Ocher people complex refers to

3542-517: The gates of Amsterdam , and another on Christmas Day sent them in the opposite direction to submerge the streets of Leiden , that the matter was seriously considered. On 1 August 1837, King William I appointed a royal commission of inquiry. Their proposal receiving the sanction of the Dutch Parliament 's Second Chamber in March 1839, and in the following May the work was begun. First,

3619-425: The grains of sand from the particles of ochre. The remaining mixture was then decanted in large basins, to further separate the ochre from the sand. The water was then drained, and the ochre was dried, cut into bricks, crushed, sifted, and then classified by colour and quality. The best quality was reserved for artists' pigments. In Britain , ochre was mined at Brixham , England . It became an important product for

3696-545: The ground of their dwellings, and that a paste of ochre was used for decorative purposes in every phase of their domestic life. We must assume no less, if we are to account for the veritable mines of ochre on which some of them lived... The Ancient Picts were said to paint themselves "Iron Red" according to the Gothic historian Jordanes . Frequent references in Irish myth to "red men" ( Gaelic : Fer Dearg) make it likely that such

3773-664: The grounds of Schiphol Airport in Haarlemmermeer. The airline alliance SkyTeam has its offices in the World Trade Center Schiphol building on the grounds of Schiphol Airport. Schiphol Group , which operates the airport, has its head office on the airport property. Iran Air has its Netherlands sales office in the World Trade Center building. Nippon Cargo Airlines has its Europe regional offices there as well. Corendon Dutch Airlines has its head office in Lijnden , Haarlemmermeer. Lijnden also has

3850-468: The high quality bus line Zuidtangent . In 2009 came the Second line from Amsterdam Zuid railway station to Nieuw Vennep Getsewoud  [ nl ] . The Zuidtangent will be expanded by adding a line to Uithoorn and Amsterdam IJburg . The bus station at Spaarne Hospital in Hoofddorp is the world's biggest structure built entirely from synthetic materials: factory-cut polystyrene foam with

3927-407: The limonite is transformed into hematite, giving them more reddish colours, called burnt sienna and burnt umber. Ochres are non-toxic and can be used to make an oil paint that dries quickly and covers surfaces thoroughly. Modern ochre pigments often are made using synthetic iron oxide. Pigments which use natural ochre pigments indicate it with the name PY-43 (Pigment yellow 43) on the label, following

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4004-408: The local clay was richer in yellowish limonite or reddish hematite. The red earth from Pozzuoli near Naples was a salmon pink, while the pigment from Tuscany contained manganese, making it a darker reddish brown called terra di siena, or sienna earth. The 15th-century painter Cennino Cennini described the uses of ochre pigments in his famous treatise on painting. This pigment is found in

4081-420: The management of Schiphol. After Stockholm's airport , Schiphol was the second airport in Europe to have hardened runways, in 1937–1938. The name Schiphol means "ship hole" and refers to the many ships lost due to storms in the former lake. In the first half of the 20th century, a number of steam railway lines were built in Haarlemmermeer; most were abandoned only a couple of decades later. On 1 January 2019,

4158-520: The mill it eventually fell into disuse. In 1977 the mill was moved to another location near fort Hoofddorp. It has operated regularly from that time and is now open to the public. The town is served by Hoofddorp railway station . In the 2020 timetable there are 4 trains an hour to Leiden (weekdays), 4 trains an hour to Amsterdam Zuid railway station , 2 trains an hour to Zaandam, and 4 trains an hour to Amsterdam Centraal . Journey times to Amsterdam Centraal are 25 – 30 minutes. On 3 August 1912, Hoofddorp

4235-783: The municipality of Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude merged with Haarlemmermeer. The municipality of Haarlemmermeer contains the following cities, towns and villages: Aalsmeerderbrug , Abbenes , Badhoevedorp , Beinsdorp , Boesingheliede , Buitenkaag , Burgerveen , Cruquius , De Hoek , Haarlemmerliede , Halfweg , Hoofddorp , 't Kabel , Leimuiderbrug , Lijnden , Lisserbroek , Nieuwe Meer , Nieuwebrug , Nieuw-Vennep , Oude Meer , Penningsveer , Rijsenhout , Rozenburg, North Holland  [ nl ] , Schiphol , Schiphol-Rijk , Spaarndam (partly), Spaarnwoude , Vijfhuizen , Vinkebrug , Weteringbrug , Zwaanshoek , Zwanenburg . Four airlines, TUI fly Netherlands , KLM Cityhopper , Martinair , and Transavia have their headquarters on

4312-595: The open space of the Agora with ropes dipped in miltos : those citizens that loitered there instead of moving to the Assembly area would risk having their clothes stained with the paint. This prevented them from wearing these clothes in public again, as failure to attend the Assembly incurred a fine. In England, red ochre was also known as "raddle", "reddle", or "ruddle" and was used to mark sheep and can also be used as

4389-527: The outside waterways, meaning that goods had to be reloaded at the ring dike. In 1895 a double canal lock was built at Aalsmeer , boosting the economy. In the 1950s this lock was closed and the canals are once again no longer used for shipping. The municipal council of Haarlemmermeer consists of 39 seats, which at the 2022 municipal elections divided as follows: The Netherlands Aviation Safety Board , during its existence, had its head office in Hoofddorp in Haarlemmermeer. The Dutch Transport Safety Board ,

4466-464: The population by settling in the villages along the Ringvaart. Maize, seeds, cattle, butter, and cheese were the principal produce. Today, large industrial and office developments have become prominent, especially at Hoofddorp and Schiphol. The roads which traverse the commune are bordered by pleasant-looking farmhouses built after the various styles of Holland , Friesland and Brabant , reflecting

4543-461: The presence of HM Queen Beatrix , in 2004 three bridges designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava were opened. The bridges span the main canal of the Haarlemmermeer and are named after three string instruments ; Harp , Cittern , and Lute . In 2006 two of those bridges' structures already displayed clear signs of corrosion, and had to be repaired. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ,

4620-528: The preservation of animal skins, among other uses. At Lake Mungo , in Western New South Wales , burial sites have been excavated and burial materials, including ochre-painted bones, have been dated to the arrival of people in Australia; " Mungo Man " (LM3) was buried sprinkled with red ochre at least 30,000 BP, and possibly as early as 60,000 BP. Ochre was also widely used as medicine and, when ingested, some ochres have an antacid effect on

4697-507: The principal international airport of the Netherlands, is also situated in Haarlemmermeer. Nederlandse Spoorwegen , the Dutch National Railways, serves the municipality with three stations: Hoofddorp , Nieuw-Vennep , and Schiphol Airport (which serves high speed rail as well). There was a network of local steam railways across Harlemmermeer in the early 20th century, the Haarlemmermeer railway lines . The Ringvaart

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4774-659: The site of the Blombos Cave in South Africa, dated to around 75,000 years ago. " Mungo Man " (LM3) in Australia was buried sprinkled with red ochre around 40,000 years ago. In Wales, the paleolithic burial called the Red Lady of Paviland from its coating of red ochre has been dated to around 33,000 years before present. Paintings of animals made with red and yellow ochre pigments have been found in paleolithic sites at Pech Merle in France (ca. 25,000 years old), and

4851-512: The spiritual purity of the interment. The visual impact of red ochre could also have been intended to preserve the appearance of the body or make it presentable for mourning ceremonies, ensuring that the deceased was honored appropriately. This vivid color would enhance the overall visual and emotional impact of funerary displays. In essence, the use of red ochre and other pigments in Phoenician funerary contexts highlights their cultural and symbolic importance, reflecting deep-seated beliefs about death,

4928-433: The successor agency, was established on 1 July 1999 and the Netherlands Aviation Safety Board was merged into the agency at that time. Hoofddorp is well connected to several of the main roads in the Netherlands. At Knooppunt De Hoek  [ nl ] , the A5 motorway branches off to Haarlem from the A4 motorway that leads to Amsterdam and The Hague . The A9 motorway can easily be reached via Badhoevedorp or

5005-539: The successor agency, was established on 1 July 1999 and the Netherlands Aviation Safety Board was merged into the agency at that time. The following cities have a sister city relationship with the Haarlemmermeer municipality: To honour the relationship, three structures in Hoofddorp are named after the sister cities: The Cebu Citybridge and the Hódmezővásárhely fountain. Business parks and airports Hoofddorp Hoofddorp ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦoːvdɔr(ə)p] ; lit.   ' Main Village ' )

5082-444: The use of the pigment as a food adulterant in sausage roll production whereby the accused apprentice was taught to soak brown bread in red ochre, salt , and pepper to give the appearance of beef sausage for the filling. As noted above, the industrial process for making ochre pigment was developed by the French scientist Jean-Étienne Astier in the 1780s, using the ochre mines and quarries in Roussillon , Rustrel, or Gargas in

5159-439: The various origins of the farmers. Hoofddorp, Venneperdorp or Nieuw-Vennep, Abbenes, and the vicinities of the pumping stations are the spots where the population has clustered most densely. In 1917 a military airport was built near the old fort of Schiphol. Nowadays, Schiphol Airport is the major civilian aviation hub in the Netherlands, using 15% of Haarlemmermeer's land area. In 1926, Amsterdam 's municipal council took over

5236-458: The waters brought in 9,400,000 guilders, or about £780,000, exactly covering the cost of the enterprise; so that the actual cost to the nation was only the amount of the interest on the capital, or about £368,000. The soil is of various kinds, loam, clay, sand, and peat. Most of it is fertile enough, though in the lower portions there are barren patches where the scanty vegetation is covered with an ochreous deposit. Mineral springs occur containing

5313-429: Was another Kruisdorp in Zeeland, and Nieuw-Vennep respectively. Hoofddorp became more prosperous than Nieuw-Vennep, and it rapidly became the most important place of the district. In the late nineteenth century Hoofddorp was included in the Defense Line of Amsterdam . A fort was built next to the main canal, two batteries were located in what are now the outskirts of Hoofddorp, and several casemates were built to

5390-527: Was built in the same year and by 1877 there were seven. By 1860 its population was 7237, and 40 years later in 1900, it was 16,621. Initially agriculture dominated in Haarlemmermeer. But with 99% of the land owned by a few wealthy land owners, poor harvests and low commodity prices, life was very difficult for the tenant farmers . After 1900, the situation improved when commodity prices rose and most farmers owned their own land. Then greenhouse farming developed. Seasonal labourers, attracted by good pay, boosted

5467-518: Was connected by rail to Leiden , Aalsmeer and Haarlem . These railway lines, operated by the Hollandsche Electrische-Spoorweg-Maatschappij  [ nl ] (HESM), were closed on 31 December 1935. In 1981, Hoofddorp was connected by rail for the second time, this time to Leiden and Schiphol Airport as a part of the Schiphollijn . The Southern High-Speed Line , that opened in 2007, will use existing conventional track from Amsterdam Central Station to Hoofddorp, where it will branch off onto

5544-495: Was considered to be eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold. The Egyptians used yellow ochre extensively in tomb painting, though occasionally they used orpiment , which made a brilliant colour, but was highly toxic, since it was made with arsenic . In tomb paintings, men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces. Red ochre in Ancient Egypt

5621-470: Was developed by the French scientist Jean-Étienne Astier in the 1780s. He was from Roussillon in the Vaucluse department of Provence , and he was fascinated by the cliffs of red and yellow clay in the region. He invented a process to make the pigment on a large scale. First the clay was extracted from open pits or mines. The raw clay contained about 10 to 20 percent ochre. Then he washed the clay to separate

5698-403: Was evocative of blood and energy, red ochre represented life, death, and rebirth. It also represented the desire for resurrection and the belief in an afterlife. In order to honor the deceased and get them ready for their passage to the afterlife, these pigments, particularly red ochre, were most likely applied to their body or other grave goods as part of the burial rites. “Phoenicians' love of red

5775-569: Was mixed with some type of liquid raw material to create a rough paint. The liquid material was usually seal oil or cod liver oil in Newfoundland and Labrador, while Scandinavian recipes sometimes called for linseed oil . Red ochre paint was sometimes prepared months in advance and allowed to sit, and the smell of ochre paint being prepared is still remembered today. Variations in local recipes, shades of ore, and type of oil used resulted in regional variations in colour. Because of this, it

5852-423: Was the pigment of choice for use in vernacular outbuildings and work buildings associated with the cod fishery. Deposits of ochre are found throughout Newfoundland, notably near Fortune Harbour and at Ochre Pit Cove. While earliest settlers may have used locally collected ochre, people were later able to purchase pre-ground ochre through local merchants, largely imported from England . The dry ingredient, ochre,

5929-805: Was used as a rouge, or lip gloss for women. Ochre-coloured lines were also discovered on the Unfinished obelisk at the northern region of the Aswan Stone Quarry , marking work sites. Ochre clays were also used medicinally in Ancient Egypt: such use is described in the Ebers Papyrus from Egypt, dating to about 1550 BC. Pigments, particularly red ochre, were essential to grave rituals in ancient Phoenician society. They were more than just cosmetics; they also had important symbolic and ritualistic connotations. With its vivid color that

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