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14-599: Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. , often referred to as HPL , is one of the largest petrochemical companies in India . HPL which began commercial production in 1984, has its headquarters located in Kolkata , West Bengal , India . It has a large petrochemical plant based out of Haldia in Eastern India . The company as of 2018 held the position of being the fourth largest player in the domestic petrochemical market and enjoyed

28-649: A French chemist left vinyl chloride in the sun and found white solid at the bottom of the flask which was polyvinyl chloride . In 1839, Eduard Simon discovered polystyrene by accident by distilling storax . In 1856, William Henry Perkin discovered the first synthetic dye, Mauveine . In 1888, Friedrich Reinitzer , an Austrian plant scientist observed cholesteryl benzoate had two different melting points. In 1909, Leo Hendrik Baekeland invented bakelite made from phenol and formaldehyde . In 1928, synthetic fuels were invented using Fischer-Tropsch process . In 1929, Walter Bock invented synthetic rubber Buna-S which

42-739: A dominant position in Eastern India. HPL reported a total income of Rs.10,165 crores during the financial year ended March 31, 2017 as compared to Rs.10,115 crores during the financial year ended March 31, 2016. The company has posted net profit of Rs.2,317 crores for the financial year ended March 31, 2017 as against net profit of Rs.1,579 crores for the financial year ended March 31, 2016. The company derives 77% of its revenue from polymers such as high density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene and 23% of its sales from chemicals such as benzene , butadiene and motor spirit . Exports account for nearly 20% of

56-1288: A few manufacturing locations around the world, for example in Jubail and Yanbu Industrial Cities in Saudi Arabia, Texas and Louisiana in the US, in Teesside in the Northeast of England in the United Kingdom , in Tarragona in Catalonia , in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, in Antwerp in Belgium , in Jamnagar , Dahej in Gujarat , India and in Singapore. Not all of the petrochemical or commodity chemical materials produced by

70-695: A group of chemicals that are made on a very large scale to satisfy global markets. The average prices of commodity chemicals are regularly published in the chemical trade magazines and web sites such as Chemical Week and ICIS . There have been several studies of the scale and complexity of this market for example in the USA. Commodity chemicals are a sub-sector of the chemical industry (other sub sectors are fine chemicals , specialty chemicals , inorganic chemicals , petrochemicals , pharmaceuticals , renewable energy (e.g. biofuels ) and materials (e.g. biopolymers )). Commodity chemicals are differentiated primarily by

84-550: Is made up of styrene and butadiene and used to make car tires. In 1933, Otto Röhm polymerized the first acrylic glass methyl methacrylate . In 1935, Michael Perrin invented polyethylene . In 1937, Wallace Hume Carothers invented nylon . In 1938, Otto Bayer invented polyurethane . In 1941, Roy Plunkett invented Teflon . In 1946, he invented Polyester . Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are made from ethylene and paraxylene . In 1949, Fritz Stastny turned polystyrene into foam. After World War II, polypropylene

98-682: The United States and Western Europe ; however, major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia . There is substantial inter-regional petrochemical trade. Primary petrochemicals are divided into three groups depending on their chemical structure : In 2007, the amounts of ethylene and propylene produced in steam crackers were about 115 M t (megatonnes) and 70 Mt, respectively. The output ethylene capacity of large steam crackers ranged up to as much as 1.0 – 1.5 Mt per year. The adjacent diagram schematically depicts

112-1019: The River Mersey in North West England, on the Humber on the East coast of Yorkshire, in Grangemouth near the Firth of Forth in Scotland, and in Teesside as part of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC). To demonstrate the clustering and integration, some 50% of the United Kingdom's petrochemical and commodity chemicals are produced by the NEPIC industry cluster companies in Teesside. In 1835, Henri Victor Regnault ,

126-445: The building-blocks for a wide range of materials such as solvents , detergents , and adhesives . Olefins are the basis for polymers and oligomers used in plastics , resins , fibers , elastomers , lubricants , and gels . Global ethylene production was 190 million tonnes and propylene was 120 million tonnes in 2019. Aromatics production is approximately 70 million tonnes. The largest petrochemical industries are located in

140-468: The chemical industry are made in one single location but groups of related materials are often made in adjacent manufacturing plants to induce industrial symbiosis as well as material and utility efficiency and other economies of scale . This is known in chemical engineering terminology as integrated manufacturing. Specialty and fine chemical companies are sometimes found in similar manufacturing locations as petrochemicals but, in most cases, they do not need

154-453: The major hydrocarbon sources and processes used in producing petrochemicals. Like commodity chemicals , petrochemicals are made on a very large scale. Petrochemical manufacturing units differ from commodity chemical plants in that they often produce a number of related products. Compare this with specialty chemical and fine chemical manufacture where products are made in discrete batch processes. Petrochemicals are predominantly made in

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168-980: The revenues and the share is expected to increase in medium-term. HPL has strong clientele for its products both in the domestic and overseas markets. The marketing of products is carried out by Del Credere Agents which operate on cash and carry model. Naphtha is mainly procured from major international and domestic players such as Indian Oil Corporation Ltd , Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd , Kuwait Petroleum Corporation , Shell and many more on both spot and term basis. Petrochemical The two most common petrochemical classes are olefins (including ethylene and propylene ) and aromatics (including benzene , toluene and xylene isomers ). Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Chemical plants produce olefins by steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane . Aromatics are produced by catalytic reforming of naphtha . Olefins and aromatics are

182-476: The same level of large-scale infrastructure (e.g., pipelines, storage, ports, and power, etc.) and therefore can be found in multi-sector business parks. The large-scale petrochemical manufacturing locations have clusters of manufacturing units that share utilities and large-scale infrastructures such as power stations, storage tanks, port facilities, road and rail terminals. In the United Kingdom, for example, there are four main locations for such manufacturing: near

196-976: Was discovered in the early 1950s. In 1965, Stephanie Kwolek invented Kevlar . The following is a partial list of major commercial petrochemicals and their derivatives: Intermediates 2-Ethylhexanol (2-EH) Acetic acid Acrylonitrile (AN) Ammonia Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dioctyl phthalate) n- Butene Cyclohexane Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) Dodecylbenzene Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethoxylate 1,2-Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride or EDC) Ethylene glycol (EG) Ethylene oxide (EO) Formaldehyde Moulding Compound (FMC) n- Hexene Linear alkyl benzene (LAB) Methanol Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) Phenol Propylene oxide Purified terephthalic acid (PTA) Styrene monomer (SM) Thermosetting Resin (Urea/Melamine) Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) Commodity chemicals Commodity chemicals (or bulk commodities or bulk chemicals ) are

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