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30-581: Halligen Frisian ( North Frisian : Halifreesk ) is the dialect of the North Frisian language spoken on the Halligen islands, primarily Langeneß and Hooge , in the German region of North Frisia . The dialect has survived despite the islands' being home to less than 300 people and unprotected by dikes , mandating evacuations during storms. However, it is now in danger of extinction. Although it

60-434: A district magistrate ("Landvogt"). In 1880 Storm moved to Hademarschen , where he spent the last years of his life writing, and died of cancer at the age of 70. Storm was married twice, first to Konstanze Esmarch, who died in 1864, and then to Dorothea Jensen. Storm was one of the most important authors of 19th-century German Literary realism . He wrote a number of stories, poems and novellas. His two best-known works are

90-602: A total of 5,000 speakers inside and 1,500 to 2,000 speakers outside North Frisia proper. Exact surveys do not exist. North Frisian is an endangered language, as in most places, children no longer learn it. In UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger , North Frisian is classified as "severely endangered". Exceptions are a few villages on the islands of Föhr and Amrum and the Risum-Lindholm area. Especially in

120-621: Is also taught in schools on Föhr and the Risum Skole/Risem Schölj in Risum-Lindholm on the mainland is a combined Danish-North Frisian elementary school. All speakers of North Frisian are at least bilingual (North Frisian and German ). Many are trilingual (North Frisian, German and Low German ) and, especially along the Danish border, quadrilingualism used to be widespread (North Frisian, Standard German, Low German and South Jutlandic ). In Schleswig-Holstein, North Frisian

150-401: Is hardly any direct reference to his native landscape, Storm again and again revisits the chaste beauty of its expansive mudflats, menacing sea and barren pastures — and whilst Hebbel could find a home away from his native heath Storm clung to it with what may be called a jealous love. In Der Schimmelreiter , the last of his 50 novellas and widely considered Storm's culminating masterpiece,

180-763: Is part of the larger group of the West Germanic Frisian languages . The language comprises 10 dialects which are themselves divided into an insular and a mainland group. North Frisian is closely related to the Saterland Frisian language of Northwest Germany and West Frisian which is spoken in the Netherlands. All of these are also closely related to the English language forming the Anglo-Frisian group. The phonological system of

210-689: Is protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages as a minority language. On 24 December 2004 a state law became effective in Schleswig-Holstein that recognises the North Frisian language for official use in the Nordfriesland district and on Heligoland . Theodor Storm Storm was born in the small town of Husum , on the west coast of Schleswig , then a formally independent duchy ruled by

240-772: Is spoken on islands, it is considered part of the Mainland North Frisian dialects as opposed to the Insular North Frisian Dialects, due to its linguistic features. Below are six commonly used verbs in Halligen Frisian: This article about Germanic languages is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . North Frisian language North Frisian is a minority language of Germany , spoken by about 10,000 people in North Frisia . The language

270-564: Is spoken on the Halligen islands, it is linguistically grouped with the mainland dialects) Mooring (dialect of Bökingharde ) Despite the differences between the dialects, the Fering and Öömrang are highly similar; in this example nearly identical. Another source that highlights the differences between all of the main dialects of North Frisian (even extinct ones) are translations of the Lord's Prayer. The following table further demonstrates

300-523: Is thought to have developed from the dialects of immigrants from the Halligen and Strand island. The dialect that most recently died out is Southern Goesharde Frisian which became extinct with the death of its last speaker in the early 1980s. Other mainland dialects are also facing extinction. North of the German-Danish border North Frisian was spoken only in some marsh-farms, located directly at

330-473: The dialect of Föhr . In general, the insular dialects feature a relatively complicated consonantal system, but the mainland dialects have more diverse vowels. Recently, the phonological system of the North Frisian dialects has been strongly influenced by Standard German and is slowly adapting to its system. Officially, the number of North Frisian speakers ranges from 8,000 to 10,000 but linguists propose significantly lower numbers. In 2007, Århammar estimated

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360-490: The liberal goals of a united Germany under a constitutional monarchy in which every class could participate in the political process. From 1843 until his admission was revoked by Danish authorities in 1852, he worked as a lawyer in his home town of Husum. In 1853 Storm moved to Potsdam , moving on to Heiligenstadt in Thuringia in 1856. He returned to Husum in 1865 after Schleswig had come under Prussian rule and became

390-527: The verb "to know": Mooring waase , Fering-Öömrang wed , Sölring weet , Halunder wet (cf. West Frisian witte , Low German weten , German wissen ). The North Frisian dialects differ from modern Standard German by a more diverse system of diphthongs and consonants. All of the dialects have an additional line of palatalizations , which is uncommon for a Germanic language. Until recently, an additional number of dental consonants contrasted phonemically with their alveolar counterparts in

420-513: The 16th century. A similar situation was to be found on the island of Strand , which was destroyed during the Burchardi flood . The population of the eastern, remaining part of Strand, the modern Nordstrand , did not succeed in rebuilding the dikes on their own. Therefore, many Frisian speaking people left their homeland on Strand or were otherwise not able to maintain their native language against mostly Dutch-speaking immigrants. On Pellworm ,

450-551: The Interfrisian Council has however kept its name "Frasche Rädj" in the Mooring dialect. Despite the strong differences among the North Frisian dialects, there are still some traits of phonology that are more or less common to all dialects. Among them is the lowering from [ ɪ ] to [ a ] , which is mostly complete in the central dialects but is only at the stage [ ɛ ] or [ eː ] in

480-514: The North Frisian dialects is strongly being influenced by Standard German and is slowly adapting to that of the German language. With a number of native speakers probably even less than 10,000 and decreasing use in mainland North Frisia, the North Frisian language is endangered. It is protected as a minority language and has become an official language in the Nordfriesland district and on Heligoland island . The closest relatives of North Frisian are

510-505: The author and painter Ludwig Pietsch , he made the acquaintance of the great Russian writer Ivan Turgenev . They exchanged letters and sent each other copies of their works over a number of years. Hungarian literary critic Georg Lukács , in Soul and Form (1911), appraised Storm as "the last representative of the great German bourgeois literary tradition," poised between Jeremias Gotthelf and Thomas Mann . A poem about his hometown Husum,

540-509: The beginning of Frisian linguistic studies in the 19th century, the following ten dialects have typically been noted as distinct: The mainland and insular dialects clearly differ from each other because they were shaped by Frisian immigrants in different centuries. The islands of Sylt , Föhr and Amrum were colonised in around AD 800, and the mainland was settled by Frisians in AD 1100. There are also various influences of neighbouring languages on

570-578: The border. Due to the large number of dialects there is no original native name for the North Frisian language as such. E.g. the Wiedingharde and Halligen Frisians call their language freesk , in the Bökingharde it is called frasch , and in the Goesharde likewise fräisch or freesch . While these names all translate to "Frisian" the native names of the insular dialects refer to

600-553: The dialect could have had a leading role. The sentence displayed below in many variants reads, " 'Shine, old moon, shine!', cried Häwelmann, but the moon was nowhere to be seen and the stars neither; they had all already gone to bed" (based on Theodor Storm 's Der kleine Häwelmann ). Söl'ring (dialect of Sylt ) Fering - Öömrang (dialect of Föhr and Amrum ) Heligolandic (dialect of Helgoland ) Northern Goesharde Frisian , Hoorninger Fräisch variety of Langenhorn Wiedingharde Frisian Halligen Frisian (although it

630-557: The dialects. On Sylt, Föhr and Amrum and in parts of the northern mainland such as Wiedingharde, there is a strong Danish ( South Jutlandic ) influence, but on Heligoland and the rest of mainland North Frisia, the Low German influence is predominant. Moreover, there has historically been little exchange between the dialects and so hardly any lingua franca could develop and there was no cultural centre in North Frisia for which

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660-517: The king of Denmark. His parents were the lawyer Johann Casimir Storm (1790–1874) and Lucie Storm, née Woldsen (1797–1879). Storm attended school in Husum and Lübeck and studied law in Kiel and Berlin . While still a law student in Kiel he published a first volume of verse together with the brothers Tycho and Theodor Mommsen (1843). Storm was involved in the 1848 revolutions and sympathized with

690-701: The novellas Immensee (1849) and Der Schimmelreiter ("The Rider on the White Horse"), first published in April 1888 in the Deutsche Rundschau . Other published works include a volume of his poems (1852), the novella Pole Poppenspäler (1874) and the novella Aquis submersus (1877). Like Friedrich Hebbel , Theodor Storm was a child of the North Sea plain, but, whilst in Hebbel's verse there

720-654: The particular islands as in Fering , Öömrang , Söl'ring or Halunder . E.g. "Frisian" would mean "fresk" in the Föhr dialect. The North Frisians eventually agreed upon the inter-dialectal name "friisk" which corresponds to the West Frisian native name "frysk" . This designation is today mostly used when the North Frisian collectivity is addressed or in the names of official institutions such as Nordfriisk Instituut, Friisk Foriining or Friisk Gesäts. The northern section of

750-448: The periphery. For example, the word "fish" translates to Mooring fasch and Fering-Öömrang fask but Söl'ring fesk (cf. Low German: Fisch/Fisk , Danish : fisk , German: Fisch , Dutch : vis ). The distribution of the lenition of the unvoiced plosives p , t and k is similar as they have become voiced plosives and partially even developed to fricatives in the central dialects. That can be demonstrated from

780-489: The setting of the rural North German coast is central to evoking its unnerving, superstitious atmosphere, and sets the stage for the battleground of man versus nature: the dykes and the sea. His favourite poets were Joseph von Eichendorff and Eduard Mörike , and the influence of the former is plainly discernible even in Storm's later verse. During a summer visit to Baden-Baden in 1864, where he had been invited by his friend,

810-473: The similarities and differences between the various dialects. The Eiderstedt Frisian on the Eiderstedt peninsula were abandoned in favour of Low German during the 17th and 18th centuries. In contrast to the northern hundreds , Eiderstedt was economically strong and wealthy and was oriented towards the southern, Low German parts of Schleswig-Holstein. Moreover, there was a strong Dutch immigration during

840-818: The two other Frisian languages, the Saterland Frisian of north-western Lower Saxony , Germany, and the West Frisian language spoken in the northern Netherlands . Together, the three sub-groups form the group of Frisian languages. English is also closely related to Frisian. The two are classified in a common Anglo-Frisian group, which is grouped among the Ingvaeonic languages , together with Low German . The related Low German has developed differently since Old Saxon times and has lost many Ingvaeonic characteristics. The North Frisian dialects can be grouped into two main dialectal divisions: mainland and insular dialects. Altogether, both groups have 10 dialects. Since

870-418: The western parts of Föhr, the language community is still relatively common. The number of speakers on Föhr and Amrum alone is estimated to around 3,500. The other dialects are, in fact, seriously endangered, like Karrharde Frisian, Central Goesharde and Halligen Frisian. The elementary and grammar school on Amrum is called Öömrang Skuul and, among other subjects, focuses on teaching the local dialect. Fering

900-605: The western remainder of Strand, the repair of the dikes was quickly accomplished and so the Frisian language was still spoken in the 18th century, until it also vanished due to changes in population structure. The old Strand Frisian was presumably closest to Halligen Frisian. Likewise close to Halligen Frisian was the Wyk Frisian that used to be spoken in Wyk auf Föhr until the town completely shifted to Low German. The Wyk dialect

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