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42-709: Known as Germany's "Gateway to the World" ( Tor zur Welt ), it is the country's largest seaport by volume. In terms of TEU throughput , Hamburg is the third-busiest port in Europe (after Rotterdam and Antwerp ) and 15th-largest worldwide. In 2014, 9.73 million TEUs (20-foot standard container equivalents) were handled in Hamburg. The port covers an area of 73.99 square kilometres (28.57 sq mi) (64.80 km usable), of which 43.31 km (34.12 km) are land areas. The branching Elbe creates an ideal place for

84-551: A central trading node for sea-borne trade. With discovery of the Americas and the emerging transatlantic trade, Hamburg exceeded all other German ports. During the second half of the 19th century, Hamburg became Central Europe's main hub for transatlantic passenger and freight travel, and from 1871 onward it was Germany's principal port of trade. In her time the Hamburg America Line was the largest shipping company in

126-539: A change of government in 2001. The port is administered by the Hamburg Port Authority. The Hamburg Port Authority is described as having adopted an innovative approach. In November 2016 the Hamburg Port Authority ordered a modern fireboat budgeted at 16 million euros . Hamburg is a major cruise destination and one of Europe's largest ports of call for cruise passengers traveling the Atlantic, or

168-562: A lack of major company headquarters. At the turn of the new century, unemployment in Bremen stood at 13%, a rate matched in the Federal Republic only by the "new states" in former East Germany. By 2022, while reduced to 10.2% it was the highest among all 16 German states. Despite historic job losses in the industrial sector, Bremen State has retained, and continues to develop, a broad manufacturing base: The University of Bremen

210-454: A large migrant worker population, drawn largely from Turkey and southern Europe. Some of the city's heavier industries failed to recover from the oil-price-shock recession of the early 1970s. Specialist construction yards, ship outfitters and parts suppliers remain, but AG Weser (which employed 16,000 workers at its peak) and Bremer Vulcan , Bremen's major shipbuilders, closed in 1983 and 1997 respectively. Further job losses were caused by

252-501: A maximum weight of 67,200 pounds (30,500 kg), an empty weight of 5,290 pounds (2,400 kg), and a net load of 61,910 pounds (28,080 kg). Bremen (state) Bremen ( German: [ˈbʁeːmən] ), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen ( German : Freie Hansestadt Bremen ; Low German : Free Hansestadt Bremen ), is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states . It

294-484: A port complex with warehousing and transshipment facilities. The extensive free port was established when Hamburg joined the German Customs Union . It enabled duty-free storing of imported goods and also importing of materials which were processed, re-packaged, used in manufacturing and then re-exported without incurring customs duties. The free port was abandoned in 2013. The port is almost as old as

336-455: A ship are set so that two standard 20-foot containers have a gap of three inches, allowing a single 40-foot container to fit precisely on top. The 40-foot containers have found wider acceptance, as they can be pulled by semi-trailer trucks . The length of such a combination is within the limits of national road regulations in many countries, requiring no special permission. As some road regulations allow longer trucks, there are also variations of

378-524: A similar arrangement, though related to the Czech Republic exclusively. The Speicherstadt , one of Hamburg's architectural icons today, is a large wharf area of 350,000 m floor area on the northern shore of the river, built in the 1880s as part of the free port and to cope with the growing quantity of goods stored in the port. Hamburg shipyards lost fleets twice after World War I and World War II. Moreover, during World War II, Hamburg harbour

420-851: A strong left and liberal tradition. In January 1913, at the last elections to the Imperial Reichstag in Berlin, the Social Democrats (SPD) secured over half the vote, or 53.4%. Left Liberals (Linksliberale) took another 41.4%. Only 5.1% went to the Conservatives. During the Weimar Republic , there were seven elections to the Burgerschaft , the Bremen parliament. At the November 1932 German federal election ,

462-448: A volume range of 680 to 1,520 cubic feet (19 to 43 m ) for one TEU. While the TEU is not itself a measure of mass, some conclusions can be drawn about the maximum mass that a TEU can represent. The maximum gross mass for a 20-foot (6.1 m) dry cargo container is 24,000 kilograms (53,000 lb). Subtracting the tare mass of the container itself, the maximum amount of cargo per TEU

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504-468: Is a general unit of cargo capacity, often used for container ships and container ports . It is based on the volume of a 20-foot-long (6.1 m) intermodal container , a standard-sized metal box that can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation, such as ships, trains, and trucks. The standard intermodal container is 19 feet 10.5 inches (6.058 m) long and eight feet (2.44 m) wide. The height of such containers

546-470: Is also one of the city's major attractions, both as a vital, industrial, and logistical centre, and as a backdrop for modern culture and harbour history. These include several museum ships, musical theatres, bars, restaurants, and hotels – and even a floating church. The annual celebration of the port's birthday ( Hafengeburtstag ), during the first weekend of May, is one of Hamburg's biggest public events. National and international visitors come to experience

588-547: Is defined as two TEU. It is common to designate a 45-foot (13.7 m) container as 2 TEU, rather than 2.25 TEU. The most common twenty-foot container occupies a space 20 feet (6.1 m) long, 8 feet (2.44 m) wide, and 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m) high, with an allowance externally for the corner castings ; the internal volume is 1,172 cubic feet (33.2 m ). However, both 9-foot-6-inch-tall (2.90 m) High cube and 4-foot-3-inch (1.30 m) half height containers are also reckoned as 1 TEU. This gives

630-475: Is informally called Land Bremen ('State of Bremen'), although the term is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen and its seaport exclave , Bremerhaven , surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany. The state of Bremen consists of two non-contiguous territories. These enclaves contain Bremen , officially the 'City' ( Stadtgemeinde Bremen ) which

672-460: Is most commonly 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m) but ranges from 4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m) to 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 m). Another standard container is slightly more than twice as long: 40-foot (12.19 m), dubbed a forty-foot equivalent unit (often FEU or feu ). The reason the smaller container is 1.5 inches short of 20 feet is to allow it to be stacked efficiently with 40-foot containers. The twistlocks on

714-465: Is reduced to about 21,600 kilograms (47,600 lb). Similarly, the maximum gross mass for a 40-foot (12.2 m) dry cargo container (including the 9-foot-6-inch (2.90 m) High cube container) is 30,480 kilograms (67,200 lb). After correcting for tare weight, this gives a cargo capacity of 26,500 kilograms (58,400 lb). Twenty-foot "heavy tested" containers are available for heavy goods such as heavy machinery. These containers allow

756-652: Is the state capital, and the city of Bremerhaven ( Stadt Bremerhaven ). Both are located on the River Weser ; Bremerhaven ("Bremen's harbour") is further downstream on the mouth of the Weser with open access to the North Sea . Both enclaves are completely surrounded by the neighbouring State of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen ). The highest point in the state is in Friedehorst Park (32.5 metres; 107'). When

798-418: Is usually measured by mass (the deadweight tonnage ) or by volume (the net register tonnage ). Deadweight tonnage is generally measured now in metric tons ( tonnes ). Register tons are measured in cu. ft, with one register ton equivalent to 100 cubic feet (2.83 m ). As the TEU is an inexact unit, it cannot be converted precisely into other units. The related unit forty-foot equivalent unit , however,

840-691: The First French Empire had annexed the city-state . But at the Congress of Vienna of 1815 , Bremen's emissary, and later burgomaster , Johann Smidt , lobbied successfully to have the city's independence restored as one of the 39 sovereign states within the new German Confederation . In 1827, Bremen bought land at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover , in order to build a new seaport, Bremerhaven . This ensured that Bremen remained Germany's main port of embarkation for emigrants to

882-676: The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, what had been since 1646 (after earlier privileges of autonomy of 1186) the Free Imperial City of Bremen was not mediatised . Rather than being incorporated into the enlarged territory of one of the surrounding monarchies, it was recognised (along with Hamburg ) as a sovereign Free Hanseatic City . Its currency until 1873 was the Bremen thaler . In 1811, in an effort to enforce Napoleon 's Berlin Decree embargoing Britain,

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924-566: The history of Hamburg itself. Founded on 7 May 1189 by Frederick I at a strategic location near the mouth of the Elbe, it has been Central Europe 's main port for centuries and enabled Hamburg to develop early into a leading city of trade with a rich and proud bourgeoisie. During the age of the Hanseatic League from the 13th to 16th century, Hamburg was considered second only to the port and city of Lübeck in terms of its position as

966-680: The Americas, and that it developed as an entrepôt for Germany's late developing colonial trade. In 1867, the year following Prussia 's defeat of Austria and its annexation of Hanover, Bremen joined the North German Confederation . In 1871, following victory over the French , this became the German Empire with Bremen as one of the Reich 's 26 constituent states. As an international port and industrial centre, Bremen had

1008-557: The Nazi regime, through a campaign of violent demonstrations and intimidation, first forced the resignation of the executive Senate and later dissolved the Bürgerschaft . Bremen remained for the next twelve years under the direct authority of a Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) who simultaneously held the post of Nazi Party Gauleiter of Gau Weser-Ems . During these years, Bremen's small Jewish community (1,438 people registered at

1050-654: The Norwegian and Baltic Seas. The port is also a major location for shipbuilder and shipyards , designing, building and reconditioning yachts and cruise liners. Hamburg has three passenger terminals for cruise ships : Hamburg Cruise Center HafenCity , the Hamburg Cruise Center Altona and the Hamburg Cruise Center Steinwerder , all three capable of processing the world's largest cruise ships . Hamburg's harbour

1092-533: The US zones of occupation in west Berlin and southern Germany. The city was reestablished as a state in 1947 and, from 1949, was again known as the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , becoming a Land or state of the new Federal Republic of Germany , informally referred to as " West Germany " until 1990. The legislature of the state of Bremen is the 87-member Bürgerschaft (citizens' assembly), elected by

1134-463: The beginning of 1933) was destroyed through coerced emigration and deportation to death camps in the occupied east . Allied bombing during World War II destroyed or severely damaged 60% of the city's built fabric, including much of its historic centre. Following a further bombardment, British troops entered Bremen in late April 1945. Transferred to the Americans, Bremen became the supply port for

1176-585: The citizens in the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven . The executive is constituted by the Senate of Bremen , elected by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate is chaired by the President of the senate ( Senatspräsident ), who is also one of the mayors of the city of Bremen ( Bürgermeister ) and is elected directly by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate selects of its members as a second mayor who serves as deputy of

1218-400: The education and business-park infrastructure for new science-based and digital enterprises. In this an important role is accorded to the growing university sector. Further investment went into the revitalisation of the city centre but a culture-driven regeneration around entertainment and tourism was not very successful. Several experts described Bremen's service sector as underdeveloped, due to

1260-547: The election, the SPD, Greens, and Left agreed to form a coalition government. Carsten Sieling resigned as mayor and was replaced by fellow SPD member Andreas Bovenschulte . The coat of arms and flag of Bremen state include: Bremen's post- World War II economy boomed in line with the West German Wirtschaftswunder of the 1950s and 60s. This saw the growth, and permanent settlement, in Bremen of

1302-421: The festivities. Tugboats perform "ballets", old galleons and new cruise ships are open for tours, and fireworks explode at night. Tour guides on boat tours in the port are called " he lüchts " (Low German for "he is lying"), after an often used call of dock workers when they overheard the stories told to tourists. Twenty-foot equivalent unit The twenty-foot equivalent unit (abbreviated TEU or teu )

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1344-636: The last broadly free election during this time, the Social Democrats won 31.2% of the vote, and the Communists (KPD) 16.8%, compared to 20.8% for the Nazis . Following the heavily compromised national elections of March 1933, the Nazis still achieved only a third of the popular vote in Bremen (32.7%). Bremen, like all the German states, then underwent the process of Gleichschaltung (coordination) whereby

1386-667: The municipality of the workplace, but after that, by the municipality of the residency. Incorporating surrounding suburban municipalities, is not an option for Bremen as these belong to the state of Lower Saxony. With financial assistance from the European Union , and from the Federal Government, economic policy has focused on supporting those established economic sectors that are based on advanced technology, such as aerospace and aircraft production, automobile production, maritime and logistics services, and on developing

1428-566: The norm. The 2019 Bremen state election was held on 26 May 2019 to elect the members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen , as well as the city councils of Bremen and Bremerhaven . The election took place on the same day as the 2019 European Parliament election . The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), for the first time, became the largest party in the Bürgerschaft, while the Social Democratic Party (SPD) fell to second place. The Greens and The Left made small gains. After

1470-609: The port, shipyards and related industries sustained a large and unionised working class. As before 1933, this translated into support for the Social Democrats, considered Bremen's natural governing party. However, in the 1980s mechanisation of the port and closure of the city's leading shipbuilder induced an employment crisis and shook the confidence of the party's traditional voter base. The SPD, which had still polled 51% in 1987, lost its effective majority. The once dominant left-liberal vote split, and coalition government became

1512-517: The present-day active company Hapag-Lloyd was founded. During the partition of Germany between 1945 and 1990, the Port of Hamburg lost much of its hinterland and consequently many of its trading connections. However, since German reunification , the fall of the Iron Curtain and European enlargement , Hamburg has made substantial ground as one of Europe's prime logistics centres and as one of

1554-528: The president. In contrast to the Federal Chancellor of Germany or other German states, the President of the Senate has no authority to override senators on policy, which is decided upon by the senate collectively. Since 1945, the Senate has continuously been dominated by the Social Democratic Party . On a municipal level, the two cities in the state are administered separately: In post-war Bremen,

1596-614: The restructuring and increasing mechanisation of harbour-related activities and other industrial sectors. Semi and unskilled harbour workers found it very difficult to re-enter the labour market, and unemployment—for a period in the 1980s almost double the West German average—remained comparatively high. At a time when structural change in the economy has forced Bremen to spend more on social services, suburbanisation has reduced population and tax revenue, namely due to 1969 federal tax reform - before that, income taxes would be collected by

1638-466: The standard 40-foot container; in Europe and most other places a container of 45 feet (13.72 m) may be pulled as a trailer. Containers with a length of 48 feet (14.63 m) or 53 feet (16.15 m) are restricted to road and rail transport in North America. Although longer than 40 feet, these variants are put in the same class of forty-foot equivalent units. The carrying capacity of a ship

1680-567: The world's largest and busiest sea ports. In 2022, the German government let the Chinese state-owned COSCO Shipping take a stake in ownership of the port. Deepening of the river Elbe for large vessels is controversial for ecological reasons. In part due to cooperation with Lower Saxony and Bremen to build a new container port ( JadeWeserPort ) in the deep waters of Jadebusen in Wilhelmshaven , Hamburg withdrew from this plan after

1722-451: The world. Since 1888, the HADAG runs a scheduled ferry service across various parts of the port and the Elbe. The Free Port (Freihafen), established on 15 October 1888, enabled traders to ship and store goods without going through customs and further enhanced Hamburg's position in sea trade with neighbouring countries. It was permanently closed on 1 January 2013. The Moldauhafen has

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1764-594: Was the hub destination of the Hamburg America Line , that assured the Nazi Party a connection to the United States for the import of oil and steel, and the export of manufactured goods from Germany thanks to container ships. The shipping line Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft ( HAPAG ) gave the name to the so-called shipping company based in Hamburg which used to run the trades of goods on this route. In 1970, along with Norddeutscher Lloyd ,

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