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109-474: The Dharma Initiative , also written DHARMA ( Department of Heuristics and Research on Material Applications ), is a fictional research project and organization featured in the television series Lost . It was introduced in the second season episode " Orientation ". In 2008, the Dharma Initiative website was launched. Dharma's interests were directly connected with fringe science . Dharma

218-506: A solution space . The heuristic is derived by using some function that is put into the system by the designer, or by adjusting the weight of branches based on how likely each branch is to lead to a goal node . Heuristics refers to the cognitive shortcuts that individuals use to simplify decision-making processes in economic situations. Behavioral economics is a field that integrates insights from psychology and economics to better understand how people make decisions. Anchoring and adjustment

327-466: A text that Polya dubs Heuristic . Pappus' heuristic problem-solving methods consist of analysis and synthesis . The study of heuristics in human decision-making was developed in the 1970s and the 1980s, by the psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman , although the concept had been originally introduced by the Nobel laureate Herbert A. Simon . Simon's original primary object of research

436-466: A cognitive style "heuristic versus algorithmic thinking", which can be assessed by means of a validated questionnaire . The adaptive toolbox contains strategies for fabricating heuristic devices. The core mental capacities are recall (memory) , frequency , object permanence , and imitation . Gerd Gigerenzer and his research group argued that models of heuristics need to be formal to allow for predictions of behavior that can be tested. They study

545-503: A fight, resulting in Kelvin's death. Desmond enters the numbers too late, resulting in an electromagnetic build-up, which causes the crash of Oceanic Flight 815. Two of the survivors, Locke ( Terry O'Quinn ) and Boone ( Ian Somerhalder ), accidentally discover the Swan. Locke manages to open the hatch in the first-season finale " Exodus ". They find Desmond inside, who flees after they break

654-472: A final one on December 7, 1987. By the time Danielle Rousseau and her crew shipwrecked on the Island, in 1988, many of the facilities on the Island had been abandoned, including the radio tower. At no point between then and the eventual purge of its members did the Dharma Initiative attempt a search and rescue for Danielle or her crew, despite Danielle broadcasting her own distress signal on a continuous loop from

763-405: A larger experiential processing system that is often adaptive, but vulnerable to error in situations that require logical analysis. In 2002, Daniel Kahneman and Shane Frederick proposed that cognitive heuristics work by a process called attribute substitution , which happens without conscious awareness. According to this theory, when somebody makes a judgement (of a "target attribute") that

872-411: A mental shortcut to assess everything from the social status of a person (based on their actions), to classifying a plant as a tree based on it being tall, having a trunk, and that it has leaves (even though the person making the evaluation might never have seen that particular type of tree before). Stereotypes, as first described by journalist Walter Lippmann in his book Public Opinion (1922), are

981-464: A monitoring station, to which surveillance feeds from the other stations are sent. Its orientation film asserts that the Swan is a psychological experiment, and that the purpose of those stationed in the Pearl is to monitor the participants in that station. The station consists of a three-by-three bank of television sets, two chairs with writing surfaces, and a computer hooked to a printer. A pneumatic tube

1090-476: A pattern with lines crossing a central point from almost every direction except up and down. Many computers surround the pendulum, along with a panel on the wall that marks latitude and longitude. The inside of the station first appears in the second episode of season five, " The Lie ", though no explanation of its purpose (or that it is, in fact, a DHARMA station) is revealed until the following episode, " 316 ". The computers also seem to be able to find data regarding

1199-550: A picture of what appears to be a lamp post (a lamp post marks the entrance to the magical world of Narnia in the novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis) emitting light to either side. This picture can also refer to the pendulum within the station as evidenced by the pointed tip in the picture. Starting on July 23, 2009, ABC's official Lost website started posting a five-part documentary from lost footage from

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1308-400: A retirement fund for a health care union. In Half-Life 2: Episode Two , players can find an Easter egg in the sixth chapter, "Our Mutual Fiend". In another twist which connects the two media, Our Mutual Friend is a book that Desmond was saving to read just before his suicide in the Swan station on Lost . In Uriah's lab, there is an inaccessible room containing a computer terminal with

1417-583: A runway, until they manage to escape. In season two, a shark has the Dharma symbol branded on its tail. Also in season three episode " A Tale of Two Cities ", Tom comments that the polar bears that used to be housed in the cage Sawyer was being held in figured out the "food" puzzle in two hours. A leather collar bearing the Dharma Hydra symbol is found near a polar bear skeleton in the Tunisian desert. In

1526-512: A short-lived 1980s television series "Mysteries of the Universe". The brand and its episodes were created by ABC and the Lost team in 2009 as a promotion for the final season of the show. A documentary series with a similar name was made in the 1980s, which may provide documentary with an appearance of being factual – although the presentation contains humor. The videos contain new revelations about

1635-624: Is a Sanskrit term used in Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism , and Sikhism . The logo is an octagon with the word "dharma" inside, all inscribed inside a bagua . The Dharma Initiative and its origins are first explored in the episode "Orientation" by an orientation film in the Swan Station . Dr. Pierre Chang ( Francois Chau ), under the alias of Dr. Marvin Candle, explains that the project began in 1970, created by two doctoral candidates from

1744-596: Is a rabbit; a reference to the White Rabbit from Alice in Wonderland (the sequel to which is Through the Looking-Glass ). The logo can be seen in the episode " Greatest Hits " when Charlie swims down to it. The Others were under the impression that the station was flooded. Only Ben knew that the station was still in operation and there were people working there. In the season 3 finale " Through

1853-518: Is also another hidden room, where the Others take women who have become pregnant on the Island to die. After Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) is kidnapped by the Others in season one, she is taken to the Staff station. Here she has a drug administered to her fetus. A renegade Other, Alex ( Tania Raymonde ), helps Claire to escape when she learns that they are planning to steal Claire's baby. When it

1962-405: Is also often used as a noun to describe a rule of thumb , procedure, or method. Philosophers of science have emphasised the importance of heuristics in creative thought and the construction of scientific theories. Seminal works include Karl Popper 's The Logic of Scientific Discovery and others by Imre Lakatos , Lindley Darden , and William C. Wimsatt . In legal theory , especially in

2071-561: Is also where people come when they get "sick". The Looking Glass is located on the seabed at approximately 60 feet (18m) depth and 600 feet (182m) from the beach. The station is used to block communications going to and from the Island as well as generating a beacon to guide the submarine to the Island. When the DHARMA Initiative was still active the Looking Glass was also used to resupply the submarine. The station's logo

2180-419: Is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized , perfected, or rationalized , but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution . Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease

2289-530: Is based on the key term: Justification (epistemology) . One-reason decisions are algorithms that are made of three rules: search rules, confirmation rules (stopping), and decision rules A class that's function is to determine and filter out superfluous things. Tracking heuristics is a class of heuristics. Social heuristics  – Decision-making processes in social environments George Polya studied and published on heuristics in 1945. Polya (1945) cites Pappus of Alexandria as having written

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2398-421: Is computationally complex, a more easily calculated "heuristic attribute" is substituted. In effect, a cognitively difficult problem is dealt with by answering a rather simpler problem, without being aware of this happening. This theory explains cases where judgements fail to show regression toward the mean . Heuristics can be considered to reduce the complexity of clinical judgments in health care. A heuristic

2507-518: Is first seen in " ...And Found ". In " Because You Left ", a flashback shows Chang doing the initial recording for the orientation film, where he explains that it is a station for monitoring the Hostiles and formulating strategies to combat them. He is interrupted before he can finish recording. In " The Man Behind the Curtain ", flashbacks of the Dharma Initiative in operation on the Island show one of

2616-487: Is found by Claire and Kate later on, Kate discovers costumes, a fake beard, and some theatrical glue in the Staff locker room. In season three, Sun-Hwa Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) and Juliet Burke ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) visit the Staff station to perform an ultrasound to discover when Sun's baby was conceived. In season four, Faraday, Charlotte, Jin and Sun visit the station to get some medical supplies for Jack's operation. This station

2725-403: Is installed in the room, which the orientation film states is used to transport notebooks to another Dharma location. According to the orientation film that features Dr Mark Whickman, two-person teams, working eight-hour shifts over a three-week period, were to watch the video displays and take notes on their observations. Every action, regardless of how trivial, was to be recorded into notebooks by

2834-540: Is no longer needed (as people are now allowed to leave The Island). At the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con , a new ARG began with a booth recruiting new members to the Initiative. At the Lost panel, Hans van Eeghen, a Dharma executive, revealed that the results from the booth were "abysmal", and a few people had been selected to view a video that had been sent from thirty years in the past. In the video, Pierre Chang said that

2943-410: Is not pushed. However, Desmond postulates in "Live Together, Die Alone" that the Pearl participants were the true test subjects without knowing it. This is supported when the survivors discover that the pneumatic tube dumps the notebooks into an open field; the contents of the notebooks indicate that they had been dumped there long before the station closed. During season three, some of the survivors visit

3052-403: Is one of the most extensively researched heuristics in behavioural economics. Anchoring is the tendency of people to make future judgements or conclusions based too heavily on the original information supplied to them. This initial knowledge functions as an anchor, and it can influence future judgements even if the anchor is entirely unrelated to the decisions at hand. Adjustment, on the other hand,

3161-412: Is shown bleeding from his eyes and mouth, and six drill bits have been melted drilling into the future site of the chamber. Scans of the wall reveal the presence of the chamber with the wheel behind it. Chang refuses to use explosives to clear the wall, since it might release a limitless energy source. He believes that they will be able to control time if the energy can be harnessed properly. The origin of

3270-464: Is stored in the memory . Heuristics are inherently phenomenological, e.g., I and Thou . A heuristic device is used when an entity X exists to enable understanding of, or knowledge concerning, some other entity Y . A good example is a model that, as it is never identical with what it models , is a heuristic device to enable understanding of what it models. Stories, metaphors, etc., can also be termed heuristic in this sense. A classic example

3379-452: Is sufficiently mature for society to trust them with that kind of responsibility. Some proposed changes, however, have included the completion of an alcohol education course rather than the attainment of 21 years of age as the criterion for legal alcohol possession. This would put youth alcohol policy more on a case-by-case basis and less on a heuristic one, since the completion of such a course would presumably be voluntary and not uniform across

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3488-576: Is the notion of utopia as described in Plato 's best-known work, The Republic . This means that the "ideal city" as depicted in The Republic is not given as something to be pursued, or to present an orientation-point for development. Rather, it shows how things would have to be connected, and how one thing would lead to another (often with highly problematic results), if one opted for certain principles and carried them through rigorously. Heuristic

3597-625: Is the process through which individuals make gradual changes to their initial judgements or conclusions. Anchoring and adjustment has been observed in a wide range of decision-making contexts, including financial decision-making, consumer behavior, and negotiation. Researchers have identified a number of strategies that can be used to mitigate the effects of anchoring and adjustment, including providing multiple anchors, encouraging individuals to generate alternative anchors, and providing cognitive prompts to encourage more deliberative decision-making. Other heuristics studied in behavioral economics include

3706-415: Is tilted to one side and discharging electricity as well as coolant fluid. It has the appearance of two large electromagnetic coils suspended over a drilled shaft into the Island surrounded by severely damaged concrete. The Incident Room has its own computer much like the Swan's. This section of the Swan appeared on the blast door map as a blocked off section of the station (" Lockdown "), but was never seen in

3815-926: Is trial and error, which can be used in everything from matching nuts and bolts to finding the values of variables in algebra problems. In mathematics, some common heuristics involve the use of visual representations, additional assumptions, forward/backward reasoning and simplification. Dual process theory concerns embodied heuristics . In psychology , heuristics are simple, efficient rules, either learned or inculcated by evolutionary processes. These psychological heuristics have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgements, and solve problems. These rules typically come into play when people face complex problems or incomplete information. Researchers employ various methods to test whether people use these rules. The rules have been shown to work well under most circumstances, but in certain cases can lead to systematic errors or cognitive biases . Lakatosian heuristics

3924-570: Is under uncertainty, heuristics can achieve higher accuracy with lower effort. This finding, known as a less-is-more effect , would not have been found without formal models. The valuable insight of this program is that heuristics are effective not despite their simplicity – but because of it. Furthermore, Gigerenzer and Wolfgang Gaissmaier found that both individuals and organisations rely on heuristics in an adaptive way. Heuristics, through greater refinement and research, have begun to be applied to other theories, or be explained by them. For example,

4033-1533: The 30 Rock episode, " The Beginning of the End ", which is also the name of a Lost episode , Kenneth Parcell has Dharma Initiative Ice Cream, calling it Government Ice Cream. The character of Joculine in Psycholonials has a Dharma Initiative tattoo on her shoulder. Heuristic Social network analysis Small-world networks Centrality Motifs Graph theory Scaling Robustness Systems biology Dynamic networks Evolutionary computation Genetic algorithms Genetic programming Artificial life Machine learning Evolutionary developmental biology Artificial intelligence Evolutionary robotics Reaction–diffusion systems Partial differential equations Dissipative structures Percolation Cellular automata Spatial ecology Self-replication Conversation theory Entropy Feedback Goal-oriented Homeostasis Information theory Operationalization Second-order cybernetics Self-reference System dynamics Systems science Systems thinking Sensemaking Variety Ordinary differential equations Phase space Attractors Population dynamics Chaos Multistability Bifurcation Rational choice theory Bounded rationality A heuristic or heuristic technique ( problem solving , mental shortcut , rule of thumb )

4142-540: The University of Michigan , Gerald and Karen DeGroot (Michael Gilday and Courtney Lavigne), and was funded by Alvar Hanso (Ian Patrick Williams) of the Hanso Foundation . They imagined a "large-scale communal research compound", where scientists and free thinkers from around the globe could research meteorology , psychology , parapsychology , zoology , electromagnetism , and a sixth discipline that

4251-405: The anchoring effect and utility maximization problem . These strategies depend on using readily accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control problem solving in human beings, machines and abstract issues. When an individual applies a heuristic in practice, it generally performs as expected. However it can alternatively create systematic errors. The most fundamental heuristic

4360-440: The cognitive load of making a decision . Heuristic reasoning is often based on induction , or on analogy   ... Induction is the process of discovering general laws   ... Induction tries to find regularity and coherence   ... Its most conspicuous instruments are generalization , specialization , analogy.   [...] Heuristic discusses human behavior in the face of problems [... that have been] preserved in

4469-442: The cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) is also an adaptive view of heuristic processing. CEST breaks down two systems that process information. At some times, roughly speaking, individuals consider issues rationally, systematically, logically, deliberately, effortfully, and verbally. On other occasions, individuals consider issues intuitively, effortlessly, globally, and emotionally. From this perspective, heuristics are part of

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4578-478: The fifth season , Ajira Airways Flight 316 makes a forced but overall safe landing on the Hydra island, landing on the runway built by the Others. In the fifth-season episode " Some Like It Hoth ", Dr. Chang threatens to send an over-inquisitive Hurley to the Hydra to participate in their "ridiculous experiments" if he mentions a body delivered to Dr. Chang by Miles Straume . Station 2: The Arrow The Arrow station

4687-426: The recognition heuristic , the take-the-best heuristic and fast-and-frugal trees – have been shown to be effective in predictions, particularly in situations of uncertainty. It is often said that heuristics trade accuracy for effort but this is only the case in situations of risk. Risk refers to situations where all possible actions, their outcomes and probabilities are known. In the absence of this information, that

4796-472: The representativeness heuristic , which refers to the tendency of individuals to categorize objects or events based on how similar they are to typical examples, and the availability heuristic , which refers to the tendency of individuals to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind. Stereotyping is a type of heuristic that people use to form opinions or make judgements about things they have never seen or experienced. They work as

4905-500: The wisdom of proverbs . Gigerenzer & Gaissmaier (2011) state that sub-sets of strategy include heuristics , regression analysis , and Bayesian inference . A heuristic is a strategy that ignores part of the information, with the goal of making decisions more quickly, frugally, and/or accurately than more complex methods (Gigerenzer and Gaissmaier [2011], p. 454; see also Todd et al. [2012], p. 7). Heuristics are strategies based on rules to generate optimal decisions , like

5014-593: The DHARMA Initiative and the conspiracies that surround it. The Hanso Foundation, founded by Danish arms dealer Alvar Hanso, is depicted as the major benefactor of the Dharma Initiative. Nearly all information about the Foundation is drawn from its website, thehansofoundation.org, with further background revealed as part of the alternate reality game, the Lost Experience. During the Lost Experience, documents and other information were released to suggest that

5123-436: The Dharma Initiative for research on electromagnetism . In the episode " The Incident ", Dharma member Radzinsky claimed that when complete, the Swan would allow manipulation of electromagnetism that "would change the world". According to the feature "Access Granted" on the third season Blu-ray , Dharma drilled into the earth and ruptured a pocket containing a large electromagnetic buildup, which their drilling released. The Swan

5232-482: The Dharma Initiative. In the "Lost Experience", an actor portraying fictional Hanso Foundation executive Hugh McIntyre appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! , where he stated that the Foundation had stopped funding the Dharma Initiative in 1987. However, in season 2, an air drop of supplies arrived for the Swan station. This drop was made by a drone launched from the Dharma Logistics Warehouse located on

5341-543: The Dharma workers based on the Island drilled into a huge electromagnetic pocket, releasing a catastrophically dangerous amount of electromagnetic energy. This is referred to as "the Incident" and is frequently alluded to in other Dharma Initiative sources. Radzinsky insisted on drilling despite warnings from Dr. Chang about the danger. In the Swan Station orientation film, recorded in 1980, Dr. Marvin Candle insists that

5450-509: The Hostiles, who killed the Initiative, an event which became known as "The Purge". The bodies were buried in a mass grave. In 2001, after Stuart Radzinsky's alleged suicide in The Swan, Kelvin Inman, a man who found Desmond adrift on the beach, was still working for the Dharma Initiative in the Swan station. Lost producer Carlton Cuse confirms in a podcast that Kelvin was indeed a member of

5559-453: The Island in 1970, there was still an open conflict between the Hostiles and the Dharma Initiative. At some point prior to 1974, a truce of some kind was brokered with the Hostiles. A series of protocols were put into place between the Hostiles and the Initiative. Several episodes mention that there was a "line" and that certain parts of the Island were considered to be the "territory" of each group. This conflict ended in 1992, when Linus joined

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5668-540: The Island in September 2004, the survivors encounter several of these stations. The first to be discovered is "The Swan" which they refer to informally as "the hatch". Nine additional stations have since been visited over the series, each with its own particular logo associated with it: an octagon , similar to the bagua design, with a differing symbol at the center. On the blast door map, there are 6 structures depicted, and at least 4 of them are labeled by name and icon:

5777-406: The Island vanishes. Ben is transported to the Tunisian desert as a consequence of using it. As a result of turning the wheel, the survivors of Flight 815 and the freighter crew members on the Island (who are all candidates to replace Jacob) begin to jump randomly through time. When Locke returns to the wheel in "This Place is Death", it is shown to be behaving erratically and still glowing. Locke turns

5886-458: The Island, for example how long the people who left the Island have to return before an unspecified catastrophe occurs (70 hours). It is unknown how these data are calculated or received. Eloise Hawking is currently in charge of the station, and uses it to help the Oceanic 6 return to the island with the assistance of Ben Linus. The station's logo includes the traditional Dharma octagon-shape with

5995-455: The Island. The producers have confirmed that the video is canon , and holds relevance to the show itself. Below the Orchid station is a room which consists of pillars and stones with unknown hieroglyphs that have been seen in a few other places on the Island, and ends with a room consisting of a giant frozen wheel built horizontally into the wall. As shown in " This Place is Death ", the chamber

6104-421: The Looking Glass " Charlie discovers that the rescue boat linked to Naomi (the parachutist) was not sent out by Desmond’s ex-girlfriend Penny Widmore. Charlie locks the door to the control room when Mikhail shatters the porthole window subsequently flooding the room. This prevents Desmond from getting to Charlie and fulfills Desmond's latest vision (Charlie was meant to drown in the control room after disabling

6213-699: The Orote Peninsula on the island of Guam. Two of the last known living members of the Dharma Initiative, known only as Hector and Glenn, had been sending regular supply drops to The Island for over twenty years. This indicates a financial structure had been left in place by the Hanso Foundation, hinted at in the Sri Lanka video, to pay the two workers and keep them supplied with packaged foodstuffs and equipment sufficient to continue sending pallets to The Island in perpetuity. They were regularly given

6322-404: The Pearl in hope of finding a way to communicate with the Others, but discover that the station is only capable of receiving data, not sending them. Introduced in the three-part finale of the fourth season, " There's No Place Like Home ", the Orchid station appears at first to be an abandoned greenhouse. Hidden below the greenhouse is a second level of the station, a furnished laboratory similar to

6431-460: The Pearl's team members. After Oceanic Flight 815 crashes on the Island, Nikki and Paulo ( Kiele Sanchez and Rodrigo Santoro ) are the first survivors to encounter the Pearl, while searching for diamonds. Several weeks later, Locke and Mr. Eko ( Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje ) enter the Pearl and watch the orientation video. Locke believes this means pushing the button in the Swan is a psychological test, and resolves to discover what will happen if it

6540-525: The South Pacific. Each episode typically features a primary storyline on the island as well as a secondary storyline, a flashback from another point in a character's life. Out of the 324 people on board Oceanic Flight 815, there are 71 initial survivors (70 humans and one dog) spread across the three sections of the plane crash. Many of the first season roles were a result of the executive producers' liking of various actors. The main character Jack

6649-407: The Swan station. The Orchid features a small chamber adjacent to an exotic matter anomaly, which can be used to warp time and space. An outtake from the orientation film was shown at the 2007 San Diego Comic-Con , where Doctor Edgar Halliwax explains that, contrary to Dharma's statements that the station was for botanical research, the station is used for researching a " Casimir effect " exhibited by

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6758-589: The Swan, the Flame, the Staff and the Arrow. The other structures are labeled by question marks or numbers. Two of the alleged stations are drawn with dotted lines. The six structures all surround a big circled question mark in the center of the map. At the top left, there is a seventh structure which is scribbled out. The Swan’s blast door map makes reference to a light manufacturing facility, a meteorological research station, station "CVII", and others that were never shown on

6867-520: The United States the legal drinking age for unsupervised persons is 21 years, because it is argued that people need to be mature enough to make decisions involving the risks of alcohol consumption. However, assuming people mature at different rates, the specific age of 21 would be too late for some and too early for others. In this case, the somewhat arbitrary delineation is used because it is impossible or impractical to tell whether an individual

6976-405: The United States, the length of this temporary monopoly is 20 years from the date the patent application was filed, though the monopoly does not actually begin until the application has matured into a patent. However, like the drinking age problem above, the specific length of time would need to be different for every product to be efficient. A 20-year term is used because it is difficult to tell what

7085-494: The blast door map painted by Stuart Radzinsky in the Swan Station, the Dharma Initiative's facilities on the Island seemed to fall into disrepair. The blast door map has been annotated about destroyed access tunnels, a breakdown in the Cerberus Security System and mentions facilities being abandoned or destroyed via other incidents or accidents, specifically one happening on October 28, 1984, another in 1985, and

7194-468: The character of Charlie, originally a middle-aged former rock star, to fit him. Jorge Garcia also auditioned for Sawyer, and the part of Hurley was written for him. When Josh Holloway auditioned for Sawyer, the producers liked the edge he brought to the character (he reportedly kicked a chair when he forgot his lines and got angry in the audition) and his southern accent , so they changed Sawyer to fit Holloway's acting. Yunjin Kim auditioned for Kate, but

7303-409: The computer at the Swan Station not be used for any other purpose, specifically to communicate with other stations. When the Oceanic 815 survivors travel back in time to 1977, they attempt to negate the release of this energy by detonating the plutonium core of a hydrogen bomb , causing a massive explosion that returns all of the time travelers back to 2007. After the Incident, according to notes on

7412-409: The computer so he can't stop the countdown. This causes all the metal objects in the Swan to fly about, and the ground begins to shake. Realizing the importance of the button, Locke accepts he was wrong, and Desmond turns the failsafe key. The sky turns violet temporarily, and the Swan is destroyed. The electromagnetic burst released by the destruction of the Swan renders the island momentarily visible to

7521-401: The computer. The survivors manage to fix the computer, and begin pushing the button every 108 minutes. After discovering the Pearl orientation film, Locke believes pushing the button is a psychological test, and with Desmond's help decides to find out what will happen if the button is not pushed. Desmond tries to convince Locke that the station is real, with data from the Pearl, but Locke breaks

7630-473: The coordinates of The Island via a teletype link to the still-working Lamp Post station, allowing them to program the drones with the exact drop locations for their cargo. In the epilogue short video "The New Man in Charge", Ben Linus arrives at the warehouse and, after answering Hector and Glenn's questions, shuts it down, correctly telling the Dharma workers that there's a new man in charge (Hurley) and their work

7739-572: The day Oceanic Flight 815 crashes on the Island, Mikhail Bakunin ( Andrew Divoff ) uses the station to access news feeds to gather information about the survivors. At Ben's request he alters one of the feeds to allow Juliet to see her sister and nephew alive off the Island. At some point after this, communication off the Island is no longer possible, as the Looking Glass is blocking all signals. In " Enter 77 ", Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ), Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ), and Locke discover

7848-425: The developers by the Lost crew for the game. Although the game has been stated to be non-canon, the designs are the creators' intended layout for the blocked sections of the Swan station. The Flame is the Dharma Initiative's communication station. It uses sonar and satellite technologies to communicate with the outside world and other stations on the Island, and can also be used to order food deliveries. Unlike some of

7957-446: The fast and frugal heuristics in the "adaptive toolbox" of individuals or institutions, and the ecological rationality of these heuristics; that is, the conditions under which a given heuristic is likely to be successful. The descriptive study of the "adaptive toolbox" is done by observation and experiment, while the prescriptive study of ecological rationality requires mathematical analysis and computer simulation. Heuristics – such as

8066-493: The film begins to identify as " utopian social-" before being cut off. The episodes " LaFleur " and " He's Our You " indicate that mathematician Horace Goodspeed was in charge of Dharma Initiative operations on the Island, at least from the very early 1970s through the time of "the Incident". Key decisions that needed to be made on the Island were taken by a committee, which included all department heads, including Head of Research Stuart Radzinsky and security head LaFleur (the name

8175-420: The film removed specific details of this incident. This event required the entire Swan station area to be sealed with a large amount of concrete "like Chernobyl " (according to Sayid and Daniel Faraday ) to contain the dangerous energy. This caused a consistent build-up of electromagnetic energy, which resulted in a change of the station's use: a two-member crew, replaced every 540 days, were instructed to enter

8284-598: The gases at the station. They said they needed to press the button to save everyone, although they may have wanted to disable the station's gases to prevent Benjamin Linus from using the Tempest as a weapon of last resort against the Island's enemies. The Lamp Post is the only known off-island Dharma station. It is located in Los Angeles under a church, built on top of a pocket of electromagnetic energy similar to that on

8393-493: The hatch by unknown people as well as tick marks on the wall derived from them. In the episode " Some Like It Hoth ", set in 1977, the Swan is shown to be under construction in an area designated as the Hostile territory; a violation of the truce Dharma had brokered with them, under the primary authority of Radzinsky. In the episode " The Incident ", Dharma hits the pocket, releasing the energy and drawing all metallic objects into

8502-399: The hole. The plutonium core of a hydrogen bomb is detonated by the survivors in an attempt to negate the energy. In " Live Together, Die Alone ", Desmond Hume ( Henry Ian Cusick ) shipwrecks on the Island in 2001 and is taken to the Swan station. Here Kelvin Inman explains about entering the numeric code and pushing the button to save the world. In September 2004, Kelvin and Desmond get into

8611-401: The island. This station was used by the DHARMA Initiative to find the Island. As the island can move and is hard to locate, the researchers developed an equation to predict where the island would be in the future, thereby providing a window of opportunity to reach it. A large pendulum (resembling a Foucault pendulum ) hangs from the ceiling making chalk marks on a map on the floor beneath, making

8720-465: The jamming equipment). He quickly writes "NOT PENNYS BOAT" on his hand and shows the warning to Desmond through the glass on the door before drowning. The Tempest is a chemical weapons development station on the Island, first seen in the episode " The Other Woman ". It is used to control the release of poisonous gases over the Island. In "The Other Woman", it was revealed that part of Daniel Faraday 's and Charlotte Lewis ' primary missions were to disable

8829-513: The management of the Foundation was scandalous and, in some cases, criminal. For example, some executives were revealed to have falsely reported the extent of their education in their biographies. One executive was caught in an extramarital affair. Others defended tobacco companies, nuclear power plants and an oil company that dumped chemical waste in Florida. Another executive was sentenced to eight years for insider trading which he subsidized through

8938-436: The map suggest that the tunnels started falling into disrepair in the early 1980s, soon after the incident occurred. The Hydra is a zoological research station located on a small island roughly two miles off-shore from the main island. It is described as being about twice the size of Alcatraz Island . The Hydra facility has cages outside the station in the jungle where polar bears used to be kept. An underwater complex

9047-543: The map suggests no less than five unique handwriting styles, and at least five different contributors. The map has direct revision dates on it, and also seems to serve as a history to happenings on the island, as there are many annotations that seem to suggest the writers were attempting to locate and ascertain the status of many stations on the Island. There are sections that are written in Latin . There are also acrylic based paints and several murals painted in different portions of

9156-400: The members, Horace Goodspeed ( Doug Hutchison ), wearing a jumpsuit bearing the Arrow station logo with "mathematician" written below it. When rediscovered in 2004, the word "quarantine" appears on the inside of the station's door. In " LaFleur ", Horace gives the order to notify the Arrow to "prepare the heavy ordnance " when he believes there is an imminent danger from the Hostiles. When

9265-447: The number should be for any individual patent. More recently, some, including University of North Dakota law professor Eric E. Johnson, have argued that patents in different kinds of industries – such as software patents – should be protected for different lengths of time. The bias–variance tradeoff gives insight into describing the less-is-more strategy. A heuristic can be used in artificial intelligence systems while searching

9374-470: The numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42 into a microcomputer terminal every 108 minutes. The station is stocked with food, a record player with a collection of old LPs, a library, an armoury, a shower, and bunk beds. It is almost entirely underground, except for an entrance shaft and a concealed door. The station has several internal blast doors , with a map in invisible ink on one of them. This map has been worked on by Kelvin Inman and Radzinsky. Analysis of

9483-518: The numbers shown on the screen and a Dharma-style octagon with a pine tree symbol for the White Forest base on the wall. This easter egg was added at the request of Gabe Newell , who promised to insert a reference to Lost in response to Half-Life references in Lost ' s first season episode " The Greater Good ". In 2009, The Fringemunks released a song called "DHARMA Initiative" (a parody of Culture Club 's " Karma Chameleon "). In

9592-576: The objective of the Dharma Initiative was to alter any of the six factors of the Valenzetti Equation , an equation which "predicts the exact number of years and months until humanity extinguishes itself," to allow humans to exist for longer by changing their doomsday. These factors are represented as numbers in the Valenzetti Equation and are also the numbers frequently mentioned in the show: 4, 8, 15, 16, 23 and 42. In 1977,

9701-483: The other stations (the Swan, the Pearl and the Orchid), the Flame is not an underground bunker, but rather a wood-frame bungalow with a large satellite dish on the roof. Inside the station is a living area, a kitchen, and a computer room. Below the building is a large basement containing supplies, including a library of operation manuals. The facility also boasts several gardens, as well as chickens, cows, and goats. On

9810-524: The outside world. The energy signature is detected by a monitoring station under the control of Penelope Widmore , which reported to her that they had "found it." In the video game Lost: Via Domus , the Incident Room is the abandoned laboratory revealed to be on the other side of the concrete wall in the Swan. The room was accessed by a tunnel and a large locked door. The room contains a large reactor and other severely damaged equipment. The reactor

9919-508: The pictures we have in our heads that are built around experiences as well as what we are told about the world. The Others (Lost) The characters from the American drama television series Lost were created by Damon Lindelof and J. J. Abrams . The series follows the lives of plane crash survivors on a mysterious tropical island , after a commercial passenger jet from the fictional Oceanic Airlines crashes somewhere in

10028-399: The population. The same reasoning applies to patent law . Patents are justified on the grounds that inventors must be protected so they have incentive to invent. It is therefore argued that it is in society's best interest that inventors receive a temporary government-granted monopoly on their idea, so that they can recoup investment costs and make economic profit for a limited period. In

10137-418: The producers wrote the character of Sun for her and the character of Jin, portrayed by Daniel Dae Kim , to be her husband. Sayid, played by Naveen Andrews , was also not in the original script. Locke and Michael were written with their actors in mind. Emilie de Ravin , who plays Claire, was originally cast in what was supposed to be a recurring role. Kimberley Joseph 's character, an unnamed flight attendant,

10246-420: The series. Among the hatches on the southeast side of the map, there are 4 rectangular structures/labels that have "CVI","CVII","CVIII", and "CVIV" written on them. CV stands for Cerberus Vent, which was revealed in secret writing on the back of one of the Lost jigsaw puzzles. The Swan station's blast door map claims that there was, at one time, a tunnel network that connected many of the stations. Notations on

10355-437: The show itself. The Incident Room has been mentioned several times in the show. When Sayid first visited the Swan he tried to find a way past the concrete wall, but it was too thick to get through. Sayid told Jack that "the last time I heard of concrete being poured over everything in this way was Chernobyl ". (" Everybody Hates Hugo "). The look and design for the "Incident Room" came from never before seen blueprints given to

10464-457: The station. Locke uses the computer to send a message saying the Hostiles have invaded the station, and by doing so he unintentionally destroys it by causing the C4 in the basement to explode. As shown in " LaFleur ", Radzinsky was stationed at the Flame in 1977, where he designed the model for the future Swan station. The Pearl is where the Dharma Initiative studied psychology . It primarily serves as

10573-417: The tail section survivors come across the Arrow in " The Other 48 Days ", it has apparently been converted into a storage room. Within, they find a radio, a glass eye, and part of the Swan station's orientation film hidden inside a Bible . Producers Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof stated on a podcast that each object is significant, and not randomly chosen. The Swan was planned to be a laboratory used by

10682-438: The theory of law and economics , heuristics are used in the law when case-by-case analysis would be impractical, insofar as "practicality" is defined by the interests of a governing body. The present securities regulation regime largely assumes that all investors act as perfectly rational persons. In truth, actual investors face cognitive limitations from biases, heuristics, and framing effects. For instance, in all states in

10791-613: The time-traveling Sawyer was assuming). They, in turn, answer to the Dharma Initiative HQ based at the University of Michigan , as evidenced when Radzinsky threatens to call the University to override a key decision by Goodspeed. In the episode " The Variable ", Daniel Faraday confirmed that Dharma Initiative Headquarters, at least through 1977, was located at Ann Arbor, Michigan . The " Lost Experience ", an alternate reality game which took place in 2006, revealed that

10900-443: The tower for sixteen years. When the Dharma Initiative arrived on the Island, they fought with the Island's natives, known to them as the Hostiles and to the survivors of Flight 815 as the " Others ". The "Hostiles" had been living on the Island long before the Initiative arrived. The Arrow Station was eventually given a mission to observe and formulate strategies to counter the Hostiles. When Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) arrived on

11009-503: The well and the wheel are explained in the later episode " Across the Sea ". The Staff is a medical research station, later designed to house pregnant women who were taken there to give birth and/or die. It consists of a long corridor, at the end of which is an operating room, as well as a nursery and a locker room. Hidden inside one of the lockers is a switch that unlocks a hidden vault that contains medical equipment and nursery furniture. There

11118-408: The wheel back to the original position, transporting himself off the Island to the same place Ben ended up. The time jumps also stop, stranding the survivors in 1974. Charles Widmore would later tell Locke that the Tunisian desert is the "exit point" for anyone who uses the wheel. In a flashback in " Because You Left ", Dr. Chang is called to investigate an incident at the Orchid. A construction worker

11227-410: The work on the Island is valid, and it is essential that the Dharma Initiative is restarted. Following this a website was launched, which allowed users to join the Dharma Initiative. The Dharma Initiative built nine known research stations around the Island (as well as the off-island Lamp Post), most of which take the form of hidden underground facilities or bunkers . After Oceanic Flight 815 crashes on

11336-465: Was built over this area to act as a cork. Dharma came up with a way to "discharge" the leak. A failsafe key could be used to permanently "seal" the leak. The specific event happened in July 1977, as revealed in " The Incident ", and necessitated the evacuation of the island. On the station's orientation film, Dr Marvin Candle explains that an "incident" occurred early in the station's experiments. An edit to

11445-418: Was in place well before the construction of the Orchid. A well was connected to it at one point before the Orchid was built, but the chamber itself predates it. Despite being under the Orchid, it has nothing to do with the DHARMA Initiative, nor did any member of DHARMA ever set foot in the room or use the wheel. Ben and Locke enter the station and Ben travels to this room, where he turns the wheel. As he moves it

11554-445: Was once used as an aquarium , which housed sharks and dolphins . The facility also features living and research quarters. The symbol for this station is the usual Dharma Initiative logo with a hydra in the middle, which can be seen on a large canopy behind Kate and Sawyer ’s cages in season 3 . At the start of season 3, Jack , Kate, and Sawyer are held captive on the Hydra island by the Others. Kate and Sawyer are forced to build

11663-483: Was originally going to die in the pilot , and was hoped to be played by Michael Keaton ; however, ABC executives were adamant that Jack live. Before it was decided that Jack would live, Kate was to emerge as the leader of the survivors; she was originally conceived to be more like the character of Rose. Dominic Monaghan auditioned for the role of Sawyer, who at the time was supposed to be a suit-wearing city con man. The producers enjoyed Monaghan's performance and changed

11772-480: Was originally scripted to be killed off in the pilot, but was brought back in Season 2 with the name Cindy and continued to make guest appearances through to the final season, becoming one of the last handful of Flight 815 survivors. Characters are listed alphabetically. "Starring season(s)" refers to the season in which an actor or actress received star billing for playing a character. "Recurring season(s)" identifies

11881-475: Was problem solving that showed that we operate within what he calls bounded rationality . He coined the term satisficing , which denotes a situation in which people seek solutions, or accept choices or judgements, that are "good enough" for their purposes although they could be optimised. Rudolf Groner analysed the history of heuristics from its roots in ancient Greece up to contemporary work in cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence , proposing

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