78-403: A swan is a bird of the genus Cygnus (true swans) or Coscoroba (coscoroba swans). Swan , swans , or The Swan may also refer to: Swan 6 living, see text . Cygnanser Kretzoi , 1957 Swans are birds of the genus Cygnus within the family Anatidae . The swans' closest relatives include the geese and ducks . Swans are grouped with the closely related geese in
156-463: A stork and some large bird of unknown affinity (due to the bad state of preservation of the referred material). Many of the cultural aspects refer to the mute swan of Europe. Perhaps the best-known story about a swan is the fairy tale " The Ugly Duckling ". Swans are often a symbol of love or fidelity because of their long-lasting, apparently monogamous relationships. See Wagner 's famous swan-related operas Lohengrin and Parsifal . Swan meat
234-420: A clutch size of 4 to 7, and an incubation period of 34–45 days. Swans are highly protective of their nests. They will viciously attack anything that they perceive as a threat to their chicks, including humans. One man was suspected to have drowned in such an attack. Swans' intraspecific aggressive behaviour is shown more frequent than interspecific behaviour for food and shelter. The aggression with other species
312-525: A condition of shock in humans, e.g. when someone's mouth suddenly hangs agape in response to something. The exaggerated visual gag of a jaw dropping to the floor was a trademark of American animation director Tex Avery , who would often employ it when the Big Bad Wolf spies a sexually attractive woman. Gobstoppers , a type of hard candy, are known in North America as jawbreakers due to
390-447: A condition which can offset facial symmetry and cause posterior crossbite . The mandibular alveolar process can become resorbed when completely edentulous in the mandibular arch (occasionally noted also in partially edentulous cases). This resorption can occur to such an extent that the mental foramen is virtually on the superior border of the mandible, instead of opening on the anterior surface, changing its relative position. However,
468-473: A deceased person's age. Dental remains of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler , including part of a mandible with teeth, were the solitary physical evidence used to confirm his death in 1945. In the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament Book of Judges , Samson used a donkey's jawbone to kill a thousand Philistines . As early as 1900, the phrase jaw-dropping was used as an adjective to describe
546-406: A doubled mandibular canal via radiograph. The mandible forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. It articulates with the left and right temporal bones at the temporomandibular joints. The condyloid process, the superior (upper) and posterior projection from the ramus, makes the temporomandibular joint with the temporal bone. The coronoid process, superior and anterior projection from
624-589: A heavy focus on the mesmerising characteristics of the swan. Yeats also recounts the myth of Leda and the Swan in the poem of the same name . In Norse mythology , two swans drink from the sacred Well of Urd in the realm of Asgard , home of the gods . According to the Prose Edda , the water of this well is so pure and holy that all things that touch it turn white, including this original pair of swans and all others descended from them. The poem Volundarkvida , or
702-731: A mate dies, the remaining swan will take up with another. The number of eggs in each clutch ranges from three to eight. The genus Cygnus was introduced in 1764 by the French naturalist François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault . The English word swan , akin to the German Schwan , Dutch zwaan and Swedish svan , is derived from the Indo-European root *swen ( H ) ( ' to sound, to sing ' ). Young swans are known as cygnets , from Old French cigne or cisne (diminutive suffix et ' little ' ), from
780-582: A sarcastic reference to a good woman being a "rare bird, as rare on earth as a black swan" (black swans being completely unknown in the Northern Hemisphere until Dutch explorers reached Australia in the 1600s), from which comes the Latin phrase rara avis (rare bird). The Irish legend of the Children of Lir is about a stepmother who transformed her children into swans for 900 years. In
858-577: A swan who was devoted to him. In Latin American literature , the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío (1867–1916) consecrated the swan as a symbol of artistic inspiration by drawing attention to the constancy of swan imagery in Western culture , beginning with the rape of Leda and ending with Wagner 's Lohengrin . Darío's most famous poem in this regard is Blasón – "Coat of Arms" (1896), and his use of
SECTION 10
#1732786813966936-465: A technique using a syringe and cocaine which was performed successfully by 1885. One fifth of facial injuries involve a mandibular fracture. Mandibular fractures are often accompanied by a 'twin fracture' on the opposite side. There is no universally accepted treatment protocol, as there is no consensus on the choice of techniques in a particular anatomical shape of mandibular fracture clinic. A common treatment involves attachment of metal plates to
1014-404: Is also subject to fracturing . Surgery allows for the removal of jawbone fragments (or its entirety) as well as regenerative methods. Additionally, the bone is of great forensic significance. In humans , the mandible is the largest and lowest bone in the facial skeleton . It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the vibrating ossicles of the middle ear ). It is connected to
1092-496: Is completely black except for the white flight feathers on its wings; the chicks of black swans are light grey. The South American black-necked swan has a white body with a black neck. The legs of most swans are typically a dark blackish-grey colour, except for the South American black-necked swan, which has pink legs. Bill colour varies: the four subarctic species have black bills with varying amounts of yellow, and all
1170-476: Is composed of a cartilagenous structure homologous with Meckel's cartilage. This also remains a significant element of the jaw in some primitive bony fish, such as sturgeons . In reptiles , Meckel's cartilage ossifies into the (multiple) bones of the lower jaw, while mammals of the Cretaceous (145–66 Mya) had both Meckel's cartilage and a mandible. In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods ,
1248-439: Is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone. At birth, the body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the sockets of the two incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous molar teeth , imperfectly partitioned off from one another. The mandibular canal is of large size and runs near the lower border of the bone; the mental foramen opens beneath the socket of the first deciduous molar tooth. The angle
1326-468: Is obtuse (175°), and the condyloid portion is nearly in line with the body. The coronoid process is of comparatively large size, and projects above the level of the condyle. After birth, the two segments of the bone become joined at the symphysis, from below upward, in the first year; but a trace of separation may be visible in the beginning of the second year, near the alveolar margin. The body becomes elongated in its whole length, but more especially behind
1404-518: Is popularly believed the British monarch is the only person allowed to eat swans in the United Kingdom. Swans feature strongly in mythology . In Greek mythology , the story of Leda and the Swan recounts that Helen of Troy was conceived in a union of Zeus disguised as a swan and Leda , Queen of Sparta . Other references in classical literature include the belief that, upon death,
1482-725: Is shown more in tundra swans . Evidence suggests that the genus Cygnus evolved in Europe or western Eurasia during the Miocene , spreading all over the Northern Hemisphere until the Pliocene . When the southern species branched off is not known. The mute swan is closest to the Southern Hemisphere Cygnus ; its habits of carrying the neck curved (not straight) and the wings fluffed (not flush) as well as its bill colour and knob indicate that its closest living relative
1560-500: Is some evidence that the black-necked swan is migratory over part of its range, but detailed studies have not established whether these movements are long or short-range migration. Swans feed in water and on land. They are almost entirely herbivorous, although they may eat small amounts of aquatic animals. In the water, food is obtained by up-ending or dabbling, and their diet is composed of the roots, tubers, stems and leaves of aquatic and submerged plants. A familiar behaviour of swans
1638-473: Is that they mate for life, and typically bond even before they reach sexual maturity. Trumpeter swans, for example, can live as long as 24 years and only start breeding at the age of 4–7, forming monogamous pair bonds as early as 20 months. "Divorce", though rare, does occur; one study of mute swans shows a 3% rate for pairs that breed successfully and 9% for pairs that do not. The pair bonds are maintained year-round, even in gregarious and migratory species like
SECTION 20
#17327868139661716-667: Is the black swan. Given the biogeography and appearance of the subgenus Olor, it seems likely that these are of a more recent origin, as evidenced shows by their modern ranges (which were mostly uninhabitable during the last ice age ) and great similarity between the taxa. C. melancoryphus (Black-necked swan) C. atratus (Latham, 1790) (Black swan) C. olor (Gmelin, 1789) (Mute swan) C. buccinator Richardson, 1832 (Trumpeter swan) C. cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Whooper swan) C. columbianus (Ord, 1815) (Tundra swan) Genus Cygnus The coscoroba swan ( Coscoroba coscoroba ) from South America,
1794-410: Is the skull's largest and strongest bone. In old age, the bone can become greatly reduced in volume where there is a loss of teeth, and consequent resorption of the alveolar process and interalveolar septa. Consequently, the chief part of the bone is below the oblique line. The mandibular canal, with the mental foramen opening from it, is closer to the alveolar border. The ramus is oblique in direction,
1872-531: Is to be in the world without getting attached to it, just as a swan's feather does not get wet although it is in water. The Sanskrit word for swan is hamsa and the "Raja Hamsam" or the Royal Swan is the vehicle of Devi Saraswati , which symbolises the Sattva Guna or purity par excellence. The swan, if offered a mixture of milk and water, is said to be able to drink the milk alone. Therefore, Saraswati,
1950-571: The Andy Gump deformity after the comic book character , whose design apparently lacks a jaw; proposed reconstruction methods include implanting synthetic material , potentially involving 3D printing . Bone loss (as in osteoporosis ) can be mitigated in the jawbone via bone grafting , which is sometimes performed to support dental implants (replacing teeth individually or in groups ). Mandibular prosthetics date back to ancient Egypt and China , but significant advancements were made in
2028-563: The Latin word cygnus , a variant form of cycnus ' swan ' , itself from the Greek κύκνος kýknos , a word of the same meaning. An adult male is a cob , from Middle English cobbe (leader of a group); an adult female is a pen . A group of swans is called a bevy or a wedge. Swans are the largest extant members of the waterfowl family Anatidae and are among the largest flying birds. The largest living species, including
2106-844: The Lay of Volund , part of the Poetic Edda , also features swan maidens. In the Finnish epic Kalevala , a swan lives in the Tuoni River located in Tuonela , the underworld realm of the dead. According to the story, whoever killed a swan would perish as well. Jean Sibelius composed the Lemminkäinen Suite based on the Kalevala , with the second piece entitled Swan of Tuonela (Tuonelan joutsen) . Today, five flying swans are
2184-483: The alveolar process ). Many muscles attach to the bone, which also hosts nerves (some connecting to the teeth) and blood vessels . Amongst other functions, the jawbone is essential for chewing food. Owing to the Neolithic advent of agriculture ( c. 10,000 BCE ), human jaws evolved to be smaller . Although it is the strongest bone of the facial skeleton , the mandible tends to deform in old age; it
2262-413: The incisor teeth , it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen, giving off two small canals which run to the cavities containing the incisor teeth. In the posterior two-thirds of the bone the canal is situated nearer the internal surface of the mandible; and in the anterior third, nearer its external surface. It contains the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve, from which branches are distributed to
2340-474: The malleus and the incus of the middle ear. In recent human evolution , both the oral cavity and jaws have shrunk in correspondence with the Neolithic-era shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyles towards agriculture and settlement, dated to c. 10,000 BCE . This has led to orthodontic malocclusions . The mandible forms as a bone (ossifies) from Meckel's cartilage, which forms
2418-433: The mandible (from the Latin mandibula , 'for chewing'), lower jaw , or jawbone is a bone that makes up the lower – and typically more mobile – component of the mouth (the upper jaw being known as the maxilla ). The jawbone is the skull 's only movable, posable bone, sharing joints with the cranium's temporal bones . The mandible hosts the lower teeth (their depth delineated by
Swan (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-430: The mandibular symphysis , the line of junction of the two halves of the mandible. This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance (the chin), the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on both sides to form the mental tubercle . Just above this, on both sides, the mentalis muscles attach to a depression called the incisive foramen . Vertically midway on either side of
2574-421: The mouth ), and the platysma (extending down over much of the neck ). From the inside, the mandible appears concave. On either side of the lower symphysis is the mental spine (which can be faint or fused into one), to which the genioglossus (the inferior muscle of the tongue ) attaches; the geniohyoid muscle attaches to the lower mental spine. Above the mental spine, a median foramen and furrow can line
2652-504: The mute swan , trumpeter swan , and whooper swan , can reach a length of over 1.5 m (59 in) and weigh over 15 kg (33 lb). Their wingspans can be over 3.1 m (10 ft). Compared to the closely related geese, they are much larger and have proportionally larger feet and necks. Adults also have a patch of unfeathered skin between the eyes and bill. The sexes are alike in plumage , but males are generally bigger and heavier than females. The biggest species of swan ever
2730-423: The subfamily Anserinae where they form the tribe Cygnini . Sometimes, they are considered a distinct subfamily, Cygninae . There are six living and many extinct species of swan; in addition, there is a species known as the coscoroba swan which is no longer considered one of the true swans . Swans usually mate for life , although separation sometimes occurs, particularly following nesting failure, and if
2808-481: The tundra swan , which congregate in large flocks in the wintering grounds. Swans' nests are on the ground near water and about a metre (3') across. Unlike many other ducks and geese, the male helps with the nest construction, and will also take turns incubating the eggs. Alongside the whistling ducks , swans are the only anatids that will do this. The average egg size (for the mute swan) is 113 × 74 mm ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 x 3 in), weighing 340 g (12 oz), in
2886-530: The Beef-Pie." Swans being raised for food were sometimes kept in swan pits . The Illustrious Brotherhood of Our Blessed Lady , a religious confraternity which existed in 's-Hertogenbosch in the late Middle Ages, had "sworn members", also called "swan-brethren" because they used to donate a swan for the yearly banquet. Based on a mistaken belief that the British monarch owns all the swans in Britain, it
2964-709: The Pleistocene taxa from North America would be placed in Olor . Several prehistoric species have been described, mostly from the Northern Hemisphere. In the Mediterranean, the leg bones of the giant swan ( C. falconeri ) were found on the islands of Malta and Sicily ; it may have been over 2 metres from tail to bill, which was taller (though not heavier) than the contemporary local dwarf elephants ( Palaeoloxodon falconeri ). The supposed fossil swans "Cygnus" bilinicus and "Cygnus" herrenthalsi were, respectively,
3042-668: The Vedas, swans are said to reside in the summer on Lake Manasarovar and migrate to Indian lakes for the winter. They are believed to possess some powers, such as the ability to eat pearls. Swans are intimately associated with the divine twins in Indo-European religions, and it is thought that in Proto-Indo-European times , swans were a solar symbol associated with the divine twins and the original Indo-European sun goddess . Mandible In jawed vertebrates ,
3120-437: The adult, the alveolar and subdental portions of the body are usually of equal depth. The mental foramen opens midway between the upper and lower borders of the bone, and the mandibular canal runs nearly parallel with the mylohyoid line. The ramus is almost vertical in direction, the angle measuring from 110° to 120°, also the adult condyle is higher than the coronoid process and the sigmoid notch becomes deeper. The adult mandible
3198-446: The angle measures about 140°, and the neck of the condyle is more or less bent backward. The posterior of the mandible is notoriously resistant to the full effects of local anesthesia . The IAN provides sensory innervation to much of the mandible and its teeth, making it a target of block anesthesia . Injecting the nerve is challenging due to the amount of surrounding soft tissue . American surgeon William Stewart Halsted developed
Swan (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-412: The anterior ridge, the sublingual gland rests against a smooth triangular area, and below the posterior ridge, the submandibular gland rests in an oval depression. The ramus of the human mandible has four sides, two surfaces, four borders, and two processes. On the outside, the ramus is flat and marked by oblique ridges at its lower part. It gives attachment throughout nearly the whole of its extent to
3354-425: The body, below the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen , through which the mental nerve and blood vessels pass. Running backward and upward from each mental tubercle is a faint ridge, the oblique line, which is continuous with the anterior border of the ramus. Attached to this is the masseter muscle ( related to mastication ), the depressor labii inferioris and depressor anguli oris (which support
3432-409: The bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the dentary bone or os dentale , and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it. The inner surface of
3510-431: The cartilaginous bar of the mandibular arch and, dorsally, parts of the middle ear. The two sides of the jawbone are inferiorly fused at the mandibular symphysis (the chin) during the first year of life. The cartilage of the ramus is replaced by fibrous tissue, which persists to form the sphenomandibular ligament . Between the lingula and the canine tooth the cartilage disappears, while the portion of it below and behind
3588-440: The chief part of the body lies above the oblique line. The mandibular canal, after the second dentition, is situated just above the level of the mylohyoid line ; and the mental foramen occupies the position usual to it in the adult. The angle becomes less obtuse, owing to the separation of the jaws by the teeth; about the fourth year it is 140°. The fibrocartilage of the mandibular symphysis fuses together in early childhood. In
3666-445: The dentary, articular, and angular bones remain, while in living amphibians , the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in salamanders , one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial, but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular and the periosteum. In birds, the various bones have fused into a single structure. In mammals, most have disappeared, leaving only
3744-492: The entirety of Africa. One species, the mute swan, has been introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand. Several species are migratory , either wholly or partly so. The mute swan is a partial migrant, being resident over areas of Western Europe but wholly migratory in Eastern Europe and Asia. The whooper swan and tundra swan are wholly migratory, and the trumpeter swans are almost entirely migratory. There
3822-535: The fracture to assist in healing. The mandible may be dislocated anteriorly (to the front) and inferiorly (downwards) but very rarely posteriorly (backwards). The articular disk of the temporomandibular joint prevents the mandible from moving posteriorly, making the condylar neck particularly vulnerable to fractures. Further, various jawbone damage can cause temporomandibular joint dysfunction , with symptoms including pain and inflammation . The jawbone can also become deviated in mandibular lateral displacement ,
3900-506: The fracturing risk they impose on teeth. Owing in part to the forensic evidence of Hitler's death being limited to his dental remains (including a jawbone fragment broken and burnt around the alveolar process), some fringe accounts (bolstered by the Soviet Union , which captured Berlin in 1945) allege that Hitler faked his death (ostensibly along with Eva Braun ). In later decades, American real-estate businessman Fred Trump had
3978-582: The goddess of knowledge, is seen riding the swan because the swan thus symbolizes Viveka , i.e. prudence and discrimination between the good and the bad or between the eternal and the transient. This is seen as a great quality, as shown by this Sanskrit verse: It is mentioned several times in the Vedic literature, and persons who have attained great spiritual capabilities are sometimes called Paramahamsa ("Supreme Swan") on account of their spiritual grace and ability to travel between various spiritual worlds. In
SECTION 50
#17327868139664056-429: The incisor teeth becomes ossified and incorporated with this part of the mandible. About the sixth week of fetal life, intramembranous ossification takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel's cartilage, and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears, near the mental foramen. By the tenth week, the portion of Meckel's cartilage which lies below and behind
4134-414: The incisor teeth is surrounded and invaded by the dermal bone (also known as the membrane bone). Somewhat later, accessory nuclei of cartilage make their appearance, as These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers but are invaded by the surrounding dermal bone and undergo absorption. The inner alveolar border, usually described as arising from a separate ossific center ( splenial center ),
4212-459: The jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. A set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular. Most vertebrates exhibit a simpler scheme, as bones have either fused or vanished. In teleosts , only
4290-434: The jawbone is known as a mandibulectomy . The removal of a small portion is known as partial mandibulectomy and a larger portion segmental mandibulectomy . This can be performed to remove a tumor, circumvent cancer in nearby areas, and/or in response to infection, osteonecrosis , or injury. The removed portion can be replaced with metal plating or bone from elsewhere in the body. Oral muscles tend to work differently after
4368-566: The joint of the jawbone enables actions such speech and yawning , while playing a more subtle role in activities such as kissing and breathing . The mandible of vertebrates evolved from Meckel's cartilage , left and right segments of cartilage which supported the anterior branchial arch in early fish . Fish jaws surface in species of the large arthrodire genus Dunkleosteus ( fl. 382–358 million years ago ), which crushed prey with their quickly articulating mouths. The lower jaw of cartilaginous fish , such as sharks ,
4446-730: The knob, which is larger in males and is condition dependent, changing seasonally. Swans are generally found in temperate environments, rarely occurring in the tropics. Four (or five) species occur in the Northern Hemisphere , one species is found in Australia, one extinct species was found in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands , and one species is distributed in southern South America. They are absent from tropical Asia, Central America, northern South America and
4524-423: The late 19th century with new techniques for attaching prosthetics to a depreciated jawbone as well as bone grafting. In 2010, the first successful face transplant was conducted on a Spanish farmer after a self-inflicted gun accident ; this included the replacement of the entire mandible. The mandible can provide forensic evidence because its form changes over a person's life, and this can be used to determine
4602-575: The legend The Wooing of Etain the king of the Sidhe (subterranean-dwelling, supernatural beings) transforms himself and the most beautiful woman in Ireland, Etain, into swans to escape from the king of Ireland and Ireland's armies. The swan has recently been depicted on an Irish commemorative coin . Swans are also present in Irish literature in the poetry of W. B. Yeats . "The Wild Swans at Coole" has
4680-453: The mandible and supplies the anterior teeth. The mental nerve exits the mental foramen and supplies sensation to the chin and lower lip. Males generally have squarer, stronger, and larger mandibles than females. The mental protuberance is more pronounced in males but can be visualized and palpated in females. Rarely, a bifid IAN may be present, resulting in a second and more inferiorly placed mandibular foramen. This can be detected by noting
4758-399: The mandible. As a result, there is only articulation between the mandible and temporal bones, as opposed to articulation between articular and quadrate bones . An intermediate stage can be seen in some therapsids , in which both points of articulation are present. Aside from the dentary, only few other bones of the lower jaw remain in mammals; the former articular and quadrate bones survive as
SECTION 60
#17327868139664836-408: The masseter muscle. On the inside at the center there is an oblique mandibular foramen , for the entrance of the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve . The margin of this opening is irregular; it presents in front a prominent ridge, surmounted by a sharp spine, the lingula of the mandible , which gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament ; at its lower and back part is a notch from which
4914-411: The mental foramen, to provide space for the three additional teeth developed in this part. The depth of the body increases owing to increased growth of the alveolar part, to afford room for the roots of the teeth, and by thickening of the subdental portion which enables the jaw to withstand the powerful action of the masticatory muscles; but, the alveolar portion is the deeper of the two, and, consequently,
4992-504: The more inferior body of the mandible is not affected and remains thick and rounded. With age and tooth loss, the alveolar process is absorbed so that the mandibular canal becomes nearer the superior border. Sometimes with excessive alveolar process absorption, the mandibular canal disappears entirely and deprives the IAN of its bony protection, although soft tissue continues to guard the nerve. The surgical removal ( resection ) of all or part of
5070-459: The mute swan would sing beautifully—hence the phrase swan song . The mute swan is also one of the sacred birds of Apollo , whose associations stem both from the nature of the bird as a symbol of light, as well as the notion of a "swan song". The god is often depicted riding a chariot pulled by or composed of swans in his ascension from Delos . In the second century, the Roman poet Juvenal made
5148-399: The mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and forward, and lodges the mylohyoid vessels and nerve. Behind this groove is a rough surface, for the insertion of the medial pterygoid muscle . The mandibular canal runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the alveoli , with small openings for nerves. On arriving at
5226-402: The only species in its genus, is not a true swan. Its phylogenetic position is not fully resolved; it is in some aspects more similar to geese and shelducks . The fossil record of the genus Cygnus is quite impressive, although allocation to the subgenera is often tentative; as indicated above, at least the early forms probably belong to the C. olor – Southern Hemisphere lineage, whereas
5304-427: The others are patterned red and black. Although birds do not have teeth, swans, like other Anatidae, have beaks with serrated edges that look like small jagged "teeth" as part of their beaks used for catching and eating aquatic plants and algae, but also molluscs, small fish, frogs, and worms. In the mute swan and black-necked swan, both sexes have a fleshy lump at the base of their bills on the upper mandible , known as
5382-673: The procedure, requiring therapy to relearn operations such as eating and speaking. During recovery, a feeding tube is utilized, and sometimes a tracheotomy is also performed to maintain respiration in case of swollen muscles. In a technique illustrated in the 19th century, the flesh of the face is incised along the inferior of the mandible and peeled upward for the bone's removal. Complications can involve difficulties with free flap transfer and airway management. Additional side effects include pain, infection, numbness, and (rarely, fatal) bleeding. Even successful surgeries can result in deformity , with an extreme version being referred to as
5460-475: The ramus. This provides attachment to the temporal muscle . Teeth sit in the upper part of the body of the mandible. The frontmost part of teeth is more narrow and holds front teeth. The back part holds wider and flatter (albeit grooved) teeth primarily for chewing food. The word mandible derives from the Latin word mandibula 'jawbone' (literally, 'used for chewing'), from mandere 'to chew' and -bula ( instrumental suffix). In addition to mastication,
5538-414: The skull's temporal bones by the temporomandibular joints . In addition to simply opening and closing, the jawbone can articulate side to side as well as forward and back. The mandible consists of: The body of the mandible is curved, and the front part gives structure to the chin . It has two surfaces and two borders. From the outside, the mandible is marked in the midline by a faint ridge, indicating
5616-790: The swan made it a symbol for the Modernismo poetic movement that dominated Spanish language poetry from the 1880s until the First World War. Such was the dominance of Modernismo in Spanish language poetry that the Mexican poet Enrique González Martínez attempted to announce the end of Modernismo with a sonnet provocatively entitled, Tuércele el cuello al cisne – "Wring the Swan's Neck" (1910). Swans are revered in Hinduism and are compared to saintly persons whose chief characteristic
5694-464: The symbol of the Nordic countries ; the whooper swan ( Cygnus cygnus ) is the national bird of Finland; and the mute swan is the national bird of Denmark. The ballet Swan Lake is among the most canonic of classical ballets. Based on the 1875–76 score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , the most promulgated choreographic version was created by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov (1895), the premiere of which
5772-416: The symphysis. Below the mental spine is an oval depression (the digastric fossa of the mandible ) where the digastric muscle attaches. Extending backward and upward on either side from the lower symphysis is a ridge called the mylohyoid line , where the mylohyoid muscle attaches; a small part of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle attaches to the posterior ridge, near the alveolar margin . Above
5850-505: The teeth. The mandible has two main holes ( foramina ), found on both its left and right sides: The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), a branch of the mandibular nerve (itself a major division of the cranium's trigeminal nerve ), enters the mandibular foramen and runs forward in the mandibular canal, supplying sensation to the gums and teeth. Before passing through the mental foramen, the nerve divides into two terminal branches: incisive and mental nerves. The incisive nerve runs forward in
5928-645: Was danced by the Imperial Ballet at the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg. The ballet's lead dual roles of Odette (white swan)/Odile (black swan) represent good and evil and are among the most challenging roles created in Romantic classical ballet. The ballet is in the repertories of ballet companies around the world. A swan is one of the attributes of St. Hugh of Lincoln , based on the story of
6006-567: Was regarded as a luxury food in England during the reign of Elizabeth I . A recipe for baked swan survives from that time: "To bake a Swan Scald it and take out the bones, and parboil it, then season it very well with Pepper, Salt and Ginger, then lard it, and put it in a deep Coffin of Rye Paste with store of Butter, close it and bake it very well, and when it is baked, fill up the Vent-hole with melted Butter, and so keep it; serve it in as you do
6084-523: Was the extinct Cygnus falconeri , a flightless giant swan known from fossils found on the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Sicily . Its disappearance is thought to have resulted from extreme climate fluctuations or the arrival of superior predators and competitors. The Northern Hemisphere species of swan have pure white plumage, but the Southern Hemisphere species are mixed black and white. The Australian black swan ( Cygnus atratus )
#965034