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29-469: Hantra is a historic place, its name is derived from the field in the same name. It was originally called "Thung Uthai" (ทุ่งอุทัย, pronounced [tʰûŋ ʔùʔ.tʰāj] , lit: "field of rising sun") and was also the birthplace of Borommatrailokkanat , the eighth monarch of Ayutthaya Kingdom . Pa Sak River after flowing through the Nakhon Luang District . It continues to flow up till

58-918: A Bachelor of Arts in Russian studies from the University of Washington in 1952, Vickery became a Fulbright scholar in Finland from 1953 to 1955 before joining the United States Army in Germany from 1956 to 1958. He then taught English in Istanbul , Turkey, from 1958 to 1960, in Cambodia from 1960 to 1964, and in Laos from 1964 to 1967. He carried out a thesis research in Cambodia and Thailand from 1970 to 1972 and halted it in 1973 when he became

87-567: A communist. He is considered to be, and regularly cited as, a "Cambodia expert", one of the leading historians on Cambodian history and as a "giant of Southeast Asian scholarship". Vickery was a member of the Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars . In Volume 21, 1989, he wrote : "My first contribution (1982) to BCAS [Bulletin Of Concerned Asian Scholars] was on CIA falsification of Cambodian statistics. I believe

116-699: A lecturer in Southeast Asian history at the Universiti Sains Malaysia in Penang , Malaysia, where he worked until 1979. He resumed and completed the research in 1977, naming it Cambodia After Angkor: The Chronicular Evidence for the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries . In the same year, Vickery received a Doctor of Philosophy in history from Yale University . Following that, he became a research fellow in Southeast Asian history at

145-529: A visiting professor at the School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, University of Sydney , where he worked until at least 2011. On June 29, 2017, Vickery died of a heart attack at the age of 86 in Battambang Province , Cambodia, where his funeral was held for five days. He was survived by his Khmer-American wife, Angina Vickery, and his two daughters, Angelina and Mimi (the latter of whom

174-731: A younger son was made the Uparaja of Phitsanulok, junior to the Uparaja of Ayutthaya. In 1468, Borommatrailokkanat adopted a mandala tributary system, and ranked the cities recognizing him as overlord . Phitsanulok and Nakhon Sri Thamarat were listed among the eight great first-rank cities ( Phraya maha nakhon ). The mueang s Sing , In and Phrom were downgraded to be the level of four cities ( เมืองจัตวา ) under Lopburi . Governors of first class towns were chao phraya , second class were phraya , third class were phra , fourth class were luang , fifth class were khun , and sixth class were muen . In 1455, Borommatrailokkanat sent envoys to

203-411: Is adopted). Vickery's research and writings have concentrated on ancient and modern history of Cambodia and Thailand with publications ranging from early history to contextual studies and interpretations of recent and contemporary Cambodia - being one of only a handful scholars, who comprehensively examined regional events during the 1980s. Vickery essentially contributed to and helped to extend

232-504: Is also divided into six muban (village) include: Highway 32 , often colloquially known as Asian Highway is a main thoroughfare. The minor thoroughfare is Chang Sang Road. 14°22′41″N 100°35′53″E  /  14.377995°N 100.5979935°E  / 14.377995; 100.5979935 Borommatrailokkanat Borommatrailokkanat ( Thai : บรมไตรโลกนาถ , pronounced [bɔ̄ː.rōm.mā.trāj.lôːk.kā.nâːt] , Sanskrit : Brahmatrailokanātha ) or Trailok (1431–1488)

261-552: Is not verifiable in historic sources and may be due to a misreading or misinterpretation of a chronicle. Be that as it may, Ramesuan was born at a time when the Kingdom of Sukhothai was increasingly tied to Ayutthaya, being under its suzerainty since 1412. When King Maha Thammaracha IV ( Borommapan ) of Sukhothai died in 1438, Borommaracha II of Ayutthaya annexed Sukhothai and installed his own son, then seven year old Prince Ramesuan, as viceroy ( uparaja ) of Sukhothai. When Ramesuan

290-856: The Australian National University from 1979 to 1982, a research fellow in Southeast Asian history at the University of Adelaide from 1982 to 1988, and a senior lecturer in Southeast Asian history at the Universiti Sains Malaysia from 1988 to 1998. He then taught Cambodian history at the Royal University of Fine Arts in Phnom Penh , Cambodia, from 1998 to 2002. He worked as an independent scholar based in Chiang Mai Province , Thailand, from 2002 to 2008. The next year, he became

319-530: The Lan Na Kingdom to the north. He was revered as one of the greatest monarchs of Thailand. Prince Ramesuan (not to be confused with King Ramesuan r. 1369–1370) was born in 1431 to King Borommarachathirat II or Chao Sam Phraya. Some authors claim that his mother was a princess of the Sukhothai Kingdom , daughter of Sai Lue Thai . According to historian Michael Vickery , however, this

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348-461: The Mahatthai (precursor of the ministry of interior )—were introduced by Borommatrailokkanat. Originally they were meant to serve as simultaneous military and civil Greater Officers of State for the north and south, respectively. Also in his reign in 1454, noble titles were first codified under the hierarchy system called sakdina . Each subject was given a numerical ranking corresponding to

377-581: The Malacca Sultanate . The Thai had been suspicious of the sultanate since its conversion to Islam . The expedition was mentioned in Portuguese chronicles, written several years later, as not of great significance. Yutthitthira , a Sukhothai royal and Boromtrailokkanat’s relative, was the king's close childhood friend. He himself had promised Yuttittira the title of uparaja. However, after Borommatrailokkanat’s reforms, Yuttittira ended up with

406-621: The Lan Na armies to invade Ayutthaya but without achieving fruitful results and retreated. Trailokkanat then took this opportunity to retake Sukhothai. Borommatrailokkanat, upon seeing the seriousness of the wars, made Phitsanulok his base, moving the capital from Ayutthaya. Borommatrailokkanat, accompanied by more than 2000 followers, was the first Thai king to be ordained as a Buddhist monk . The ordination took place at Wat Chulamani, Phitsanulok , in 1461. In 1463, Lan Na invaded again. Borommatrailokkanat sent his son, Prince Intharacha , to crush

435-699: The Thai bureaucracy – the system lasted well into the 20th century. He separated civil and military officials, giving them titular ranks and feudal ranks to create the hierarchy of nobility, or life-nobles. He also established the mandalas : Inner Cities, Outer Cities, and Tributaries. He also stopped the tradition of appointing royal princes to govern cities, as they had always clashed with each other in times of succession. Borommatrailokkanat promulgated Ayutthayan Law in 1458. The traditional ministries of Thailand—the Kalahom (predecessor of today's ministry of defence ) and

464-667: The city of Ayutthaya , when it flows to the area that has both the Chao Phraya River and the Lopburi River confluence. The shunt was dug until the terrain became a shortcut waterway and a floating island. Pasak River crosses to the west, where it is referred to as "Hantra River" or "Khlong Hantra" that goes south to the Chao Phraya River at the lower part of Wat Phanan Choeng , where it is referred to as "Pak Nam Mae Bia" or "Pak Khlong Suan Phlu". Therefore,

493-828: The condition of the city of Ayutthaya is lined on the west bank of the Hantra River and faces directly into the Hantra River or the Pa Sak River. Hantra Field in the Ayutthaya period was a royal paddy field and used as the site of the Royal Ploughing Ceremony presided over by the King. It was also used as a military training facility, hence the name "Thung Han Kla" (ทุ่งหาญกล้า, pronounced [tʰûŋ hǎːn klâː] , lit: "field of courage"). This name has been distorted as "Thung Hantra" until now. In

522-427: The contemporary era, Rama IX used to perform royal duties here many times. Its geography is a lowland. The Hantra River receive water from the Pa Sak River that flows through every village in the area. There is waterlogging in the rainy season and there was a flood for about 2–3 months per year. Hantra is located in the southeast of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya District. The distance is about 5 km (3.1 mi) from

551-483: The discovery or the deciphering of a [new] inscription". and further: "To study nowadays Cambodian history with [Georges] Coédès would amount to do geography with Ptolemy ". In 1984, he published his book " Cambodia 1975–1982 " that covers the years of the Pol Pot era and its immediate aftermath . Vickery's work has been described as falling into "Marxist schools of thought" by some scholars although he wasn't

580-542: The downtown Ayutthaya. It borders the other subdistricts (from the north clockwise): Ban Ko in its district, Thanu and Khao Mao in Uthai District , Thanu in Uthai District, and Phai Ling in its district. Hantra is administered by two local government bodies: Town Municipality Ayothya (เทศบาลเมืองอโยธยา) and Subdistrict Administrative Organization (SAO) Hantra (องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหันตรา). The area

609-411: The invading armies. Indraracha defeated Yutthitthira but was killed during battles against Nagara, Tilokkarat’s uncle. However, Lan Na was plunged by her own internal princely conflicts. In 1474, Borommatrailokkanat finally expelled Lan Na out of Ayutthaya territories. The next year, Tilokarat sought peace settlements. In Phitsanulok, Borommatrailokkanat ordered the establishment of new temples as well as

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638-671: The number of rai of land he was entitled to. Borommatrailokkanat adopted the position of Uparaja, translated as "Deputy-King", "viceroy" or "underking", usually held by the king's senior son, or full brother, or the sons of their queens, in an attempt to regularize the succession to the throne — a particularly difficult feat for a polygamous dynasty. In practice, there was inherent conflict between king and uparaja and frequent disputed successions. He appointed his eldest son Uparaja of Ayutthaya while he lived in Phitsanulok for twenty-five years, keeping Chiang Mai under control. Eventually,

667-493: The restoration of existing older ones. He ordered the construction of a cetiya and other buildings at Wat Ratchaburana, Phitsanulok , for example. In 1485, Borommatrailokkanat appointed his son Prince Chaiyachettha (later Ramathibodi II ) as the Uparaja and King of Sukhothai. The title "King of Sukhothai" then became a title for Ayutthayan Crown Prince. However, upon Borommatrailokkanat's death in 1488, his two sons inherited

696-670: The scholarly debate of the Pre-Angkorian kingdoms , the classic age and the Post-Angkor Period , introducing and integrating the works of the Cambodian scholars Khin Sok and Mak Phoen by utilizing their alternative view-points. On the basis of volumes of previously non-deciphered epigraphic inscriptions, Vickery elaborated on the fact, that many works of earlier scholars, "...written 20 years ago may be simply refuted by

725-560: The task of BCAS should be to counter U.S. regime misinformation and mainstream self-censorship, and provide well-researched progressive information on Asia and the Pacific...[sic]" Vickery contributed a number of columns for the Phnom Penh Post from 1992 to 2007 during which time he engaged in political debate. In 2008 it was announced, that he had been working with former Khmer Rouge foreign minister Ieng Sary 's defense team at

754-562: The title of the Governor of Phichit . Yutthitthira then claimed to be the rightful king of Sukhothai. Lan Na under Tilokkarat was so powerful that he led armies down south to subjugate Ayutthaya. In 1456, Yutthitthira sought Tilokkarat’s support and led the Lan Na armies to capture Sukhothai and proceeded further towards Ayutthaya. Borommatrailokkanat, however, led armies to successfully defeat Lan Na. Tilokarat of mueang Chiang Mai , and Yutthitthira, governor of mueang Sawankhalok led

783-567: The two kingdoms, thus separating the union once again. Fort Borommatrailokkanat ( Royal Thai Army Base) in Samo Khae , Phitsanulok Province , is named after Borommatrailokkanat. Michael Vickery Michael Theodore Vickery (April 1, 1931 – June 29, 2017) was an American historian, lecturer, and author known for his works about the history of Southeast Asia . Vickery was born on April 1, 1931, in Billings , Montana . After acquiring

812-478: Was 15 years old, the king sent him to Phitsanulok (which had replaced the city of Sukhothai as capital around 1430) to rule the former territories of Sukhothai which were now known as the "northern cities" ( Mueang Nuea) and increase the control of the ruling family over them. Borommaracha II died in 1448, Prince Ramesuan was then crowned King Borommatrailokkanat of Ayutthaya, making a personal union between Sukhothai and Ayutthaya. Borommatrailokkanat reformed

841-473: Was the king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1448 to 1488. He was one of many monarchs who gained the epithet King of White Elephants ( Thai : พระเจ้าช้างเผือก ). He was the first Thai king to possess a "noble" or white elephant , which, according to Buddhist belief, was a "glorious and happy sign". His reign was also known for massive reforms of Thai bureaucracy and a successful campaign against

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