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56-481: Hari River may refer to: Hari River (Afghanistan) , one of the three major rivers of Afghanistan Batang Hari River , the longest river in Sumatra, Indonesia [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

112-756: A Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia , living mainly in Turkmenistan , northern and northeastern regions of Iran and north-western Afghanistan . Sizeable groups of Turkmens are found also in Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan , and the North Caucasus ( Stavropol Krai ). They speak the Turkmen language , which is classified as a part of the Eastern Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages . In

168-702: A Turkmen sample describes a mixture of mostly West Eurasian lineages maternal lineages and minority of East Eurasian lineages. Turkmens also have two unusual mtDNA markers with polymorphic characteristics, only found in Turkmens and southern Siberians. Turkmens belong to the Oghuz tribes , who originated on the periphery of Central Asia and founded gigantic empires beginning from the 3rd millennium BC. Subsequently, Turkmen tribes founded lasting dynasties in Central Asia, Middle East , Persia and Anatolia that had

224-598: A great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz Turkic and Persian (by Seljuks in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of Azerbaijan and Turkey . This works include, but are not limited to the Book of Dede Korkut , Gorogly and others. The medieval Turkmen literature was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian, and used mostly Arabic alphabet . There

280-541: A profound influence on the course of history of those regions. The most prominent of those dynasties were the Ghaznavids , Seljuks , Ottomans , Afsharids and Qajars . Representatives of the Turkmen tribes of Ive and Bayandur were also the founders of the short-lived, but formidable states of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu Turkmens respectively. Turkmens that stayed in Central Asia largely survived unaffected by

336-495: A sample of Turkmens from Golestan , Iran. Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found Q-M25 in 31.1% (23/74) and Q-M346 in 2.7% (2/74) for a total of 33.8% (25/74) Q-M242 in a sample of Turkmens from Jawzjan . Karafet et al. (2018) found Q-M25 in 50.0% (22/44) of another sample of Turkmens from Turkmenistan. Haplogroup Q have seen its highest frequencies in the Turkmens from Karakalpakstan (mainly Yomut ) at 73%. A genetic study on maternal mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) haplogroups of

392-624: A specific ethnonym. The generally accepted view for the etymology of the name is that it comes from Türk and the Turkic emphasizing suffix -men , meaning "'most Turkish of the Turks' or 'pure-blooded Turks.'" A folk etymology , dating back to the Middle Ages and found in the works of al-Biruni and Mahmud al-Kashghari , instead derives the suffix -men from the Persian suffix -mānand , with

448-457: A spinning wheel (parh), steaming in a boiler with boiling water; 2) fixing the threads on the spindle using a rotating spinning wheel, twisting the threads into one thread, rewinding them from the spindle into a ball, then into skeins; 3) dyeing skeins, drying in the sun. Home weaving was extremely widespread throughout the territory of Turkmenistan. In almost every family, weaving skills were instilled in girls from an early age. They began to learn

504-430: Is closely related to Azerbaijani , Turkish , Gagauz , Qashqai and Crimean Tatar , sharing common linguistic features with each of those languages. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between these languages. However, the closest language of Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorezm,

560-446: Is general consensus, however, that distinctively Turkmen literature originated in 18th century with the poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy , who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature. Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are Döwletmämmet Azady (Magtymguly's father), Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Abdylla Şabende, Şeýdaýy, Mahmyt Gaýyby and Gurbanally Magrupy. In the 20th century, Turkmenistan's most prominent Turkmen-language writer

616-565: Is quite a linguistic impossibility. Turk [and] iman are two separate nouns, which cannot be composed by an ezafet . We can say, for example, din-i-ingiliz or iman-i-turk (the faith of the English, or the faith of the Turks), but not ingiliz-i-din or turk-i-iman . Finally, it must not be forgotten that the name the Nomads themselves adopt is Turkmen , and Turkman is applied to them only by

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672-598: The Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal or further East in Mongolia . Archaeogenetic, historical and linguistic evidence suggests that the earliest Turkic peoples were "within or close to the Northeast Asian genepool" but made up of multiple heterogeneous groups, with their exact location of their homeland remains disputed. The genetic and historical evidence suggests that the early Turkic peoples, including

728-653: The Siberian steppes, and settled in this region. They also penetrated as far west as the Volga basin and the Balkans . These early Turkmens are believed to have mixed with native Sogdian peoples and lived as pastoral nomads until being conquered by the Russians in the 19th century. Migration of the Turkmen tribes from the territory of Turkmenistan and the rest of Central Asia in the south-west direction began mainly from

784-656: The Stavropol Trukhmens . To preserve their independence, those tribes that remained in Turkmenistan were united in military alliances, although remnants of tribal relations remained until the 20th century. Their traditional occupations were farming, cattle breeding, and various crafts. Ancient samples of applied art (primarily carpets and jewelry) indicate a high level of folk art culture. The Seljuks , Khwarazmians , Qara Qoyunlu , Aq Qoyunlu , Ottomans , and Afsharids are also believed to descend from

840-569: The Yasawiya and Kubrawiya greatly contributed to the conversion of the Turkmens to Islam. The great majority of Turkmen readily identify themselves as Muslims and acknowledge Islam as an integral part of their cultural heritage. The country of Turkmenistan encourages the conceptualization of "Turkmen Islam", or worship that is often mixed with veneration of elders and saints, life-cycle rituals, and Sufi practices. Since Turkmenistan's independence saw an increase in religious practices and

896-522: The early Middle ages , Turkmens called themselves Oghuz ; in the Middle Ages , they took the ethnonym Turkmen . Further westward migration of the Turkmen tribes from the territory of modern Turkmenistan and the rest of Central Asia started from the 11th century and continued until the 18th century. These Turkmen tribes played a significant role in the ethnic formation of such peoples as Anatolian Turks , Turkmens of Iraq and Syria , as well as

952-422: The 11th century and continued until the 18th century. These Turkmen tribes played a significant role in the ethnic formation of such peoples as Anatolian Turks , Turkmens of Iraq and Syria , as well as the Turkic population of Iran and Azerbaijan . To preserve their independence, those tribes that remained in Turkmenistan were united in military alliances, although remnants of tribal relations remained until

1008-482: The 20th century. Their traditional occupations were farming, cattle breeding, and various crafts. Ancient samples of applied art (primarily carpets and jewelry) indicate a high level of folk art culture. Haplogroup Q-M242 is commonly found in Siberia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia. This haplogroup forms a large percentage of the paternal lineages of Turkmens. Grugni et al. (2012) found Q-M242 in 42.6% (29/68) of

1064-654: The Chinese encyclopedia Tongdian . However, even if 特拘夢 might have transcribed Türkmen , these "Türkmens" might be Karluks instead of modern Türkmens' Oghuz-speaking ancestors; as Türkmen might be the Karluks' equivalent of the Göktürks ' political term Kök Türk . Zuev (1960) links the tribal name 餘沒渾 Yumeihun (< MC * iʷо-muət-хuən ) in Tang Huiyao to the name Yomut of a modern Turkmen clan. Towards

1120-736: The European sources and later in the American tradition, Turkmens were called Turkomans , in the countries of the Near and Middle East - Turkmens, as well as Torkaman , Terekeme ; in Kievan Rus - Torkmens; in the Duchy of Moscow - Taurmen; and in the Tsarist Russia - Turkoman and Trukhmen. In the 7th century AD, Oghuz tribes had moved westward from the Altai Mountains through

1176-526: The Hari Rud is about 55 m3/s, but during a spring flood in 1939 the discharge went up to 1090 m3/s. In 2000, the river dried up completely during a 10-month drought . An unused stone-bridge of five arches, this falls in the Ahal Region of Turkmenistan. It is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of Iran–Turkmenistan Friendship Dam . Pulkhatyn translates to "wealthy woman." In Turkmen lore,

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1232-670: The Mongol period due to their semi-nomadic lifestyle and became traders along the Caspian , which led to contacts with Eastern Europe . Following the decline of the Mongols, Tamerlane conquered the area and his Timurid Empire would rule, until it too fractured, as the Safavids , Khanate of Bukhara , and Khanate of Khiva all contested the area. The expanding Russian Empire took notice of Turkmenistan's extensive cotton industry , during

1288-834: The Oghuz dialect of Uzbek language spoken mainly along the Turkmenistan border. The standardized form of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the Teke dialect, while Iranian Turkmen uses mostly the Yomud dialect, and Afghan Turkmen uses Ersary variety. In Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran. Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. Turkmens have joint claims to

1344-461: The Persians. Despite various criticisms, it remains a theory advocated by some today, such as linguist and ethnographer Dávid Somfai . Former president of Turkmenistan Saparmurad Niyazov was also among the advocates of this etymology, although he altered the meaning of the words, writing in his Ruhnama that, rather than "Muslim Turk", it meant "made of light": [The Turkmen people were given]

1400-558: The Russian Orthodox Church or Armenian Apostolic Church. Some ethnic Russians and Armenians are also members of smaller Protestant groups. There are small pockets of Shia Muslims, consisting largely of ethnic Iranians, Azeris, and Kurds, some located in Ashgabat, with others along the border with Iran and in the western city of Turkmenbashy. The Turkmen adopted Islam between the 12th and 14th centuries. Sufi orders like

1456-585: The Turkic Tengri , the name of the supreme god in the pre-Islamic Turkic pantheon. The Turkmen language features a multitude of euphemisms for "wolf", because of a belief that speaking the actual word while tending a flock of sheep will invoke a wolf's appearance. In other examples of syncretism, some infertile Turkmen women, rather than praying, step or jump over a live wolf in order to assist them in getting pregnant, and children born subsequently are typically given names associated with wolves; alternatively

1512-443: The Turkmen history through their music. The names and music of these bakshys have become legendary among the Turkmen people, and passed orally from generation to generation. The Central Asian classical music tradition muqam is also present in Turkmenistan. In the 20th century, Danatar Ovezov began composing classical music using Turkmen themes, and that classical expression of Turkmen motifs and melodies reached its apotheosis in

1568-548: The Turkmen tribes of Qiniq , Begdili , Yiwa , Bayandur , Kayi , and Afshar respectively. The term Turkmen is generally applied to the Turkic tribes that have been distributed across the Near and Middle East , as well as Central Asia, from the 11th century to modern times. Originally, all Turkic tribes who belonged to the Turkic dynastic mythological system and/or converted to Islam (e.g. Karluks , Oghuz Turks , Khalajs , Kanglys , Kipchaks , etc.) were designated "Turkmens" . Only later did this word come to refer to

1624-598: The U.S. Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report for 2019, According to U.S. government estimates, the country is 89 percent Muslim (mostly Sunni), 9 percent Eastern Orthodox, and 2 percent other. There are small communities of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Shia Muslims, Baha’is, Roman Catholics, the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, and evangelical Christians, including Baptists and Pentecostals. Most ethnic Russians and Armenians identify as Orthodox Christian and generally are members of

1680-468: The ancestors of the Turkmen people - Oghuz Turks , harbored both West-Eurasian and Northeast Asian ancestry and were located in and around the Altai region and western Mongolia. Later medieval Turkic groups exhibited a wide range of both West-Eurasian and East Asian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring Iranian and Mongolic peoples . Before

1736-411: The art of making yarn, weaving and sewing from the age of 8–10. Fabrics, depending on the purpose, were divided into various types: for sewing women's and men's clothing, thin fabric for camel wool dressing gowns, for cotton tablecloths was highly valued. Bags for storing grain and flour were made of fabric of thick twisted yarn, narrow strong strips of fabric (5–12 cm) were used to fasten the poles to

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1792-532: The bluff of the river Harirud existed in the first centuries during the prevalence of Buddhism. The artificial caves revealed testimony of daily life of the Buddhist monks. The river originates in the eastern part of Ghor Province in the Baba mountain range , part of the extensions of Hindu Kush system, and follows a relatively straight course to the west. Some 200 kilometres (120 mi) upstream from Herat ,

1848-471: The compositions of Nury Halmammedov . Embroidery Turkmen pictorial embroidery became widespread in the Scythian period and reached great perfection in other periods. It is known that for a long time the Turkmens were engaged in the production of silk as the main material for embroidery, and Turkmen women and girls embroidered their dresses with colored silks. All these deeds are clearly expressed in

1904-530: The custodian of the bridge was a woman who made a fortune by taxing all travelers; Alexander the Great had apparently refused to pay this fee and crossed further downstream. 34°39′N 66°43′E  /  34.650°N 66.717°E  / 34.650; 66.717 Turkmens This is an accepted version of this page Turkmens ( Turkmen : Türkmenler , Түркменлер , توركمنلر ‎, [tʏɾkmønˈløɾ] ; historically "the Turkmen") are

1960-806: The development of institutions like the Muftiate and the building of mosques, today it is often regulated. The government leadership of Turkmenistan often uses Islam to legitimize its role in society by sponsoring holiday celebrations such as iftar dinners during Ramadan and presidential pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. This sponsorship has validated the country's two presidents ( Nyýazow and Berdimuhamedow ) as pious Turkmen, giving them an aura of cultural authority. The Russian Academy of Sciences has identified many instances of syncretic influence of pre-Islamic Turkic belief systems on practice of Islam among Turkmen, including placing offerings before trees. The Turkmen word taňry , meaning "God", derives from

2016-799: The end of the 10th century A.D in Islamic literature by the Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi in Ahsan Al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat Al-Aqalim . In his work, which was completed in 987 A.D, al-Muqaddasi writes about Turkmens twice while depicting the region as the frontier of the Muslim possessions in Central Asia. Earlier references to Türkmen might be trwkkmˀn (if not trkwmˀn "translator"), mentioned in an 8th-century Sogdian letter and 特拘夢 Tejumeng (< MC ZS * dək̚-kɨo-mɨuŋ ), another name of Sogdia , besides Suyi 粟弋 and Sute 粟特, according to

2072-601: The end of the 11th century, in Divânü Lügat'it-Türk (Compendium of the Turkic Dialects), Mahmud Kashgari uses "Türkmen" synonymously with "Oğuz". He describes Oghuz as a Turkic tribe and says that Oghuz and Karluks were both known as Turkmens. The origins of the Turkic peoples has been a topic of much discussion, but evidence point either to a homeland in South Central Siberia , close to

2128-425: The fiber with a spinning wheel, twisting it into a thread and winding the threads into skeins; 3) winding the threads on the hook and bobbin. For woolen thread: 1) washing and drying wool, scuttling with twigs until a fluffy mass is obtained; 2) combing, loosening, yarn and twisting into a thread with a spindle, winding into skeins; 3) dyeing skeins. For silk thread: 1) cleaning and unwinding (sarmak) cocoons (goza) with

2184-460: The following general name: Turk Iman. turk means core, iman means light. Therefore, Turk Iman, namely Turkmen, means “made from light, whose essence is light.” Today, the terms Turkmen and Turkoman are usually restricted to two Turkic groups: the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan and adjacent parts of Central Asia and Iran, and the Turkomans of Iraq and Syria . Türkmens were mentioned near

2240-536: The formation of the Turkmen ethnicity, the Oghuz Turks inhabited parts of Transoxiana , the western portion of Turkestan , a region that largely corresponds to much of Central Asia as far east as Xinjiang . Famous historian and ruler of Khwarazm of the XVII century Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur links the origin of all Turkmens to 24 Oghuz tribes in his literary work " Genealogy of the Turkmens ". In Byzantine , then in

2296-867: The largely nomadic nature of day-to-day life prior to the Soviet period coupled with a long local tradition, dating back millennia before the arrival of the Turkmen in the region, of white wheat production. Baked goods, especially flat bread ( Turkmen : çörek ) typically baked in a tandoor , make up a large proportion of the daily diet, along with cracked wheat porridge ( Turkmen : ýarma ), wheat puffs ( Turkmen : pişme ), and dumplings ( Turkmen : börek ). Since sheep-, goat-, and camel husbandry are traditional mainstays of nomadic Turkmen, mutton, goat meat, and camel meat were most commonly eaten, variously ground and stuffed in dumplings, boiled in soup, or grilled on spits in chunks ( Turkmen : şaşlyk ) or as fingers of ground, spiced meat ( Turkmen : kebap ). Rice for plov

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2352-399: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hari_River&oldid=1130331892 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hari River (Afghanistan) The name of

2408-418: The lower part of pants protruding from under the dress, various small bags for storing small things. Weaving Weaving is one of the types of home craft that has its roots in the deep past. During excavations of many ancient and early medieval settlements on the territory of Turkmenistan, archaeologists discovered fragments of cotton and woolen fabrics, the analysis of which does not exclude local production:

2464-640: The mother may visit shrines of Muslim saints. The future is divined by reading of dried camel dung by special fortune tellers . Turkmen ( Turkmen : Türkmençe , Түркменче ) is a Turkic language spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia , mainly of Turkmenistan , Iran and Afghanistan . It has an estimated five million native speakers in Turkmenistan, a further 719,000 speakers in Northeastern Iran and 1.5 million people in Northwestern Afghanistan . The Turkmen language

2520-496: The northern part of the border between Afghanistan and Iran . Farther north it forms the south-eastern part of the border between Iran and Turkmenistan. The Iran–Turkmenistan Friendship Dam is on the river. The Afghan-India Friendship Dam (Salma Dam) is a hydroelectric and irrigation dam project located on the Hari Rud in Chishti sharif District of Herat Province in western Afghanistan . The average annual discharge of

2576-494: The pious Muhammadan etymology of Neshri, who, in spite of being one of the earliest Ottoman writers, has but very little notion of the true spirit of the Turkish language. For, even in his day, the word Turk was analogous to raw , uncultured , just as the word Oguz , from which came oguzane ( boorish , thick-headed ), and oguzluk ( coarseness ). Neshri's etymology is entirely based upon Muhammadan devotional feeling, and

2632-927: The reign of Peter the Great , and invaded the area. Following the decisive Battle of Geok Tepe in January 1881, the bulk of Turkmen tribes found themselves under the rule of the Russian Emperor , which was formalized in the Akhal Treaty between Russia and Persia. After the Russian Revolution , Soviet control was established by 1921, and in 1924 Turkmenistan became the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic . Turkmenistan gained independence in 1991. The Turkmen of Turkmenistan , like their kin in Uzbekistan , Afghanistan , and Iran are predominantly Muslims . According

2688-681: The resulting word meaning "like a Turk". While formerly the dominant etymology in modern scholarship, this mixed Turkic-Persian derivation is now typically viewed as incorrect. An alternative etymology was proposed by 16th-century Ottoman historian Mehmed Neşri , who derived it from the Persian phrase Turk-i iman ( ترک ایمان ), meaning "Turk of the faith" (i.e. Islam ). This theory was rejected as incorrect by turkologist Ármin Vámbéry , who argued that it relied upon an incorrect understanding of Persian grammar: [It] does not do [one] well to accept

2744-739: The river derives from the Old Persian word Harawaiah 'river rich in water'. In Turkmenistan, the Hari is known as the Tejen or Tedzhen river and passes close to the city of Tejen . To the ancient Greeks, it was known as the Arius . In Latin , it was known as the Tarius . One theory suggests that the Rigvedic Sarayu and the Hari are the same river. A Buddhist monastery hand-carved in

2800-627: The river meets the Jam River at the site of the Minaret of Jam , the second tallest ancient minaret in the world at 65 metres (213 ft). In western Afghanistan, the Hari Rud flows to the south of Herat. The valley around Herat with the Paropamisus Mountains ( Selseleh-ye Safēd Kōh ) on the right river bank was historically famous for its fertility and dense cultivation. After Herat, the river turns northwest, then north, forming

2856-526: The songs of Turkmen women and in the oral Turkmen literature . The main materials for Turkmen embroidery are thread and fabric. There are several types of threads: natural threads such as silk and cotton threads; synthetic and acrylic threads. As for the types of fabrics, silk and woolen fabrics are usually used for embroidery. It is customary for the Turkmens to embroider with colored silks girls' and men's skullcaps ( tahya ), collars and sleeves of women's dresses (and in more distant times, men's shirts),

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2912-420: The two-stringed lute called dutar . Other important musical instruments are gopuz , tüydük , dombura , and gyjak. The most famous Turkmen bakshys are those who lived in the 19th century: Amangeldi Gönübek, Gulgeldi ussa, Garadali Gokleng, Yegen Oraz bakshy, Hajygolak, Nobatnyyaz bakshy, Oglan bakshy, Durdy bakshy, Shukur bakshy, Chowdur bakshy and others. Usually they narrated the woeful and gloomy events of

2968-445: The warp and wefts (transverse threads) have the same thickness, the yarn is single, the weave is simple. The techniques of weaving craft of Turkmen women are similar to homespun production of other peoples. First, there were three stages of preparation of different types of threads. To obtain cotton thread: 1) cleaning cotton from seeds using a small machine, loosening the resulting fiber with rods, rolling into small bunches; 2) spinning

3024-424: The yurt lattice. Using a simple technique of weaving, the craftswomen achieved a great effect in the manufacture of peculiar national fabrics, which cannot be reproduced in mechanical production: a loom consisting of 3-4 columns dug into the ground, a transverse roller, a heald. Tools made of wood in the form of a saber were used to seal the weft threads. Characteristics of traditional Turkmen cuisine are rooted in

3080-649: Was Berdi Kerbabayev , whose novel Decisive Step , later made into a motion picture directed by Alty Garlyyev , is considered the apotheosis of modern Turkmen fiction. It earned him the USSR State Prize for Literature in 1948. The musical art of the Turkmens is an integral part of the musical art of the Turkic peoples . The music of the Turkmen people is closely related to the Kyrgyz and Kazakh folk forms . Important musical traditions include traveling singers called bakshy , who sing with instruments such as

3136-668: Was reserved for festive occasions. Due to lack of refrigeration in nomad camps, dairy products from sheep-, goat-, and camel milk were fermented to keep them from spoiling quickly. Fish consumption was largely limited to tribes inhabiting the Caspian Sea shoreline. Fruits and vegetables were scarce, and in nomad camps limited mainly to carrots, squash, pumpkin, and onions. Inhabitants of oases enjoyed more varied diets, with access to pomegranate-, fig-, and stone fruit orchards; vineyards; and of course melons. Areas with cotton production could use cottonseed oil and sheep herders used fat from

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