Harold Pender (13 January 1879, Tarboro, North Carolina – 6 Kennebunkport, Maine 1959) was an American academic, author, and inventor. He was the first Dean of the University of Pennsylvania 's Moore School of Electrical Engineering , a position he held from the founding of the School in 1923 until his retirement in 1949. During his tenure, the Moore School built the ENIAC , the first general-purpose electronic digital computer , and began construction of its successor machine, the EDVAC . Pender also proposed the Moore School Lectures , the first course in computers, which the Moore School offered by invitation in the summer of 1946.
36-577: American engineering award The Harold Pender Award , initiated in 1972 and named after founding Dean Harold Pender , is given by the Faculty of the School of Engineering and Applied Science of the University of Pennsylvania to an outstanding member of the engineering profession who has achieved distinction by significant contributions to society. The Pender Award
72-484: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Integrated optics A photonic integrated circuit ( PIC ) or integrated optical circuit is a microchip containing two or more photonic components that form a functioning circuit. This technology detects, generates, transports, and processes light. Photonic integrated circuits use photons (or particles of light) as opposed to electrons that are used by electronic integrated circuits . The major difference between
108-632: A core component of modern digital connections for the Internet and phones. Smit has received several awards, including an ERC Advanced Grant, a Rank Prize for Optoelectronics and a LEOS Technical Achievement Award. In October 2022, during an experiment held at the Technical University of Denmark in Copenhagen , a photonic chip transmitted 1.84 petabits per second of data over a fibre-optic cable more than 7.9 kilometres long. First,
144-514: A novel two-dimensional photonic crystal design for electro-reflective modulators, offering reduced size and enhanced efficiency compared to traditional bulky structures. This design achieves high optical transmission ratios with precise angle control, addressing critical challenges in miniaturizing optoelectronic devices for improved performance in PICs. In this structure, both lateral and vertical fabrication technologies are combined, introducing
180-401: A particle. For example, total internal reflection in an optical fibre allows it to act as a waveguide . Integrated circuits using electrical components were first developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s, but it took until 1958 for them to become commercially available. When the laser and laser diode were invented in the 1960s, the term "photonics" fell into more common usage to describe
216-405: A photonic integrated circuit which has replaced previous multiplexing schemes which utilized multiple discrete filter elements. Since separating optical modes is a need for quantum computing , this technology may be helpful to miniaturize quantum computers (see linear optical quantum computing ). Another example of a photonic integrated chip in wide use today in fiber-optic communication systems
252-487: A role in innovations in agriculture and the food industry in order to reduce wastage and detect diseases. Light sensing technology powered by PICs can measure variables beyond the range of the human eye, allowing the food supply chain to detect disease, ripeness and nutrients in fruit and plants. It can also help food producers to determine soil quality and plant growth, as well as measuring CO 2 emissions. A new, miniaturised, near-infrared sensor, developed by MantiSpectra,
288-619: A single chip. Newer techniques using resonant photonic interferometry is making way for UV LEDs to be used for optical computing requirements with much cheaper costs leading the way to petahertz consumer electronics. The primary application for photonic integrated circuits is in the area of fiber-optic communication though applications in other fields such as biomedical and photonic computing are also possible. The arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) which are commonly used as optical (de)multiplexers in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) fiber-optic communication systems are an example of
324-695: A single chip. Pioneering work in this arena was performed at Bell Laboratories. The most notable academic centers of excellence of photonic integrated circuits in InP are the University of California at Santa Barbara, USA, the Eindhoven University of Technology , and the University of Twente in the Netherlands. A 2005 development showed that silicon can, even though it is an indirect bandgap material, still be used to generate laser light via
360-551: Is different from Wikidata Harold Pender Pender was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1913 and the American Philosophical Society in 1917. The Harold Pender Award is named after him. He and his wife Ailsa had one son, bridge player and figure skater Peter Pender . This biography of an American academic administrator born in 1870–1879 is
396-704: Is in the area of fibre-optic communication . The arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) which are commonly used as optical (de)multiplexers in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) fibre-optic communication systems are an example of a photonic integrated circuit. Another example in fibre-optic communication systems is the externally modulated laser (EML) which combines a distributed feedback laser diode with an electro-absorption modulator . The PICs can also increase bandwidth and data transfer speeds by deploying few-modes optical planar waveguides. Especially, if modes can be easily converted from conventional single-mode planar waveguides into few-mode waveguides, and selectively excite
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#1732787041910432-484: Is possible to leverage the strengths of each. Taking this complementary approach to integration addresses the demand for increasingly sophisticated energy-efficient solutions. As of 2010, photonic integration was an active topic in U.S. Defense contracts. It was included by the Optical Internetworking Forum for inclusion in 100 gigahertz optical networking standards. A recent study presents
468-455: Is small enough to fit into a smartphone, and can be used to analyse chemical compounds of products like milk and plastics. The fabrication techniques are similar to those used in electronic integrated circuits, in which photolithography is used to pattern wafers for etching and material deposition. The platforms considered most versatile are indium phosphide (InP) and silicon photonics (SiPh): The term "silicon photonics" actually refers to
504-480: Is the School of Engineering's highest honor. Past recipients [ edit ] 2018: Yann LeCun , for his work in convolutional neural networks . 2013: Barbara Liskov , for her work in programming languages, programming methodology and distributed systems. 2010: Robert E. Kahn and Vinton G. Cerf , for their pioneering and seminal contributions to network-based information technology, and especially for
540-474: Is the externally modulated laser (EML) which combines a distributed feed back laser diode with an electro-absorption modulator on a single InP based chip. As global data consumption rises and demand for faster networks continues to grow, the world needs to find more sustainable solutions to the energy crisis and climate change. At the same time, ever more innovative applications for sensor technology, such as Lidar in autonomous driving vehicles , appear on
576-470: Is used to pattern wafers for etching and material deposition. Unlike electronics where the primary device is the transistor , there is no single dominant device. The range of devices required on a chip includes low loss interconnect waveguides , power splitters, optical amplifiers , optical modulators , filters, lasers and detectors. These devices require a variety of different materials and fabrication techniques making it difficult to realize all of them on
612-519: The UNIX operating system and C programming language 2002: John J. Hopfield , for his pioneering accomplishments in the field of computational neuroscience and neuroengineering 2000: Jack St. Clair Kilby , for his contribution to the invention of the integrated circuit , or microchip 1999: John H. Holland , founder of genetic algorithms and innovative research in the science of complexity and adaptation 1995: George Dantzig , developer of
648-497: The integrated circuit 1979: Edwin H. Land , Inventor of instant photography 1978: Claude E. Shannon , creator of quantitative Information theory 1977: Jan A. Rajchman , electronic and computer research 1976: Hyman G. Rickover , USN, father of the nuclear navy 1975: Chauncey Starr , founder of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 1974: Peter C. Goldmark , inventor of
684-411: The simplex algorithm spawning the field of linear programming 1993: Hiroshi Inose , leader in advances in digital communication and in increasing our understanding of the effects of information flow on society 1991: Arno Penzias , discoverer of the background microwave blackbody radiation of the universe 1990: Dana S. Scott , pioneer in application of concepts from logic and algebra to
720-568: The 33-1/3 rpm long-playing record (among other things) 1973: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert , inventors of ENIAC 1972: Edward E. David Jr. , science advisor to the President of the United States See also [ edit ] List of engineering awards References [ edit ] ^ "The Harold Pender Award" . School of Engineering and Applied Science , University of Pennsylvania . Archived from
756-467: The Raman nonlinearity. Such lasers are not electrically driven but optically driven and therefore still necessitate a further optical pump laser source. Photonics is the science behind the detection, generation, and manipulation of photons . According to quantum mechanics and the concept of wave–particle duality first proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905, light acts as both an electromagnetic wave and
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#1732787041910792-507: The application of light to replace applications previously achieved through the use of electronics. By the 1980s, photonics gained traction through its role in fibre optic communication. At the start of the decade, an assistant in a new research group at Delft University Of Technology , Meint Smit, started pioneering in the field of integrated photonics. He is credited with inventing the Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) ,
828-740: The data stream was split into 37 sections, each of which was sent down a separate core of the fibre-optic cable. Next, each of these channels was split into 223 parts corresponding to equidistant spikes of light across the spectrum. Unlike electronic integration where silicon is the dominant material, system photonic integrated circuits have been fabricated from a variety of material systems, including electro-optic crystals such as lithium niobate , silica on silicon, silicon on insulator , various polymers, and semiconductor materials which are used to make semiconductor lasers such as GaAs and InP . The different material systems are used because they each provide different advantages and limitations depending on
864-458: The design and implementation of the TCP/IP protocol suite , which continues to provide the foundation for the growing Internet 2006: Mildred Dresselhaus , for pioneering contributions and leadership in the field of carbon-based nanostructures and nanotechnology , and for promoting opportunities for women in science and engineering 2003: Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson , for development of
900-561: The desired modes. For example, a bidirectional spatial mode slicer and combiner can be used to achieve the desired higher or lower-order modes. Its principle of operation depends on cascading stages of V-shape and/ or M-shape graded-index planar waveguides. Not only can PICs increase bandwidth and data transfer speeds, they can reduce energy consumption in data centres , which spend a large proportion of energy on cooling servers. Using advanced biosensors and creating more affordable diagnostic biomedical instruments, integrated photonics opens
936-717: The development of artificial intelligence and cognitive science 1986: Ronold W. P. King , leader in the development of electromagnetic antenna theory 1985: Amnon Yariv , innovator in quantum electronics and integrated optics 1984: Carver Mead and Lynn Conway , developers of CAD techniques for VLSI technology and authors of first VLSI textbook 1983: John Backus , developer of speed-coding and FORTRAN 1982: Maurice V. Wilkes , developer of world's second large-scale general-purpose electronic digital computer and author of first digital computer programmers textbook 1981: Richard W. Hamming , father of algebraic coding theory 1980: Robert N. Noyce , developer of
972-441: The development of mathematical semantics of programming languages 1989: Leo Esaki , pioneer in tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and development of quantum well structures 1988: John Bardeen , co-inventor of the transistor and contributor to the theory of superconductivity 1987: Herbert A. Simon , contributor to cross-disciplinary work between computer science, psychology, economics, and management, including
1008-486: The door to lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology, cutting waiting times, and taking diagnosis out of laboratories and into the hands of doctors and patients. Based on an ultrasensitive photonic biosensor, SurfiX Diagnostics' diagnostics platform provides a variety of point-of-care tests. Similarly, Amazec Photonics has developed a fibre optic sensing technology with photonic chips which enables high-resolution temperature sensing (fractions of 0.1 milliKelvin) without having to inject
1044-510: The function to be integrated. For instance, silica (silicon dioxide) based PICs have very desirable properties for passive photonic circuits such as AWGs (see below) due to their comparatively low losses and low thermal sensitivity, GaAs or InP based PICs allow the direct integration of light sources and Silicon PICs enable co-integration of the photonics with transistor based electronics. The fabrication techniques are similar to those used in electronic integrated circuits in which photolithography
1080-543: The market. There is a need to keep pace with technological challenges. The expansion of 5G data networks and data centres, safer autonomous driving vehicles, and more efficient food production cannot be sustainably met by electronic microchip technology alone. However, combining electrical devices with integrated photonics provides a more energy efficient way to increase the speed and capacity of data networks, reduce costs and meet an increasingly diverse range of needs across various industries. The primary application for PICs
1116-653: The original on February 22, 2012 . Retrieved February 5, 2011 . ^ "Penn Engineering to Honor UNIX Co-Creators Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson with Pender Award" . Penn Today . 2003-09-08 . Retrieved 2024-09-20 . ^ "The Harold Pender Award Lecture" . Penn Engineering . Retrieved 2024-09-19 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Pender_Award&oldid=1250937603 " Categories : Awards established in 1972 American science and technology awards Engineering awards Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
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1152-480: The same chip. Initial examples of photonic integrated circuits were simple 2-section distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers, consisting of two independently controlled device sections—a gain section and a DBR mirror section. Consequently, all modern monolithic tunable lasers, widely tunable lasers, externally modulated lasers and transmitters, integrated receivers, etc. are examples of photonic integrated circuits. As of 2012, devices integrate hundreds of functions onto
1188-707: The surroundings of vehicles. It can also be deployed in-car connectivity through Li-Fi , which is similar to WiFi but uses light. This technology facilitates communication between vehicles and urban infrastructure to improve driver safety. For example, some modern vehicles pick up traffic signs and remind the driver of the speed limit. In terms of engineering, fibre optic sensors can be used to detect different quantities, such as pressure, temperature, vibrations, accelerations, and mechanical strain. Sensing technology from PhotonFirst uses integrated photonics to measure things like shape changes in aeroplanes, electric vehicle battery temperature, and infrastructure strain. Sensors play
1224-438: The technology rather than the material. It combines high density photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics fabrication. The most technologically mature and commercially used platform is silicon on insulator (SOI). Other platforms include: By combining and configuring different chip types (including existing electronic chips) in a hybrid or heterogeneous integration , it
1260-425: The temperature sensor within the body. This way, medical specialists are able to measure both cardiac output and circulating blood volume from outside the body. Another example of optical sensor technology is EFI's "OptiGrip" device, which offers greater control over tissue feeling for minimal invasive surgery. PICs can be applied in sensor systems, like Lidar (which stands for light detection and ranging), to monitor
1296-403: The two is that a photonic integrated circuit provides functions for information signals imposed on optical wavelengths typically in the visible spectrum or near- infrared (850–1650 nm). One of the most commercially utilized material platforms for photonic integrated circuits is indium phosphide (InP), which allows for the integration of various optically active and passive functions on
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