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91-461: In recent times, Hashid confederation had for decades been led by the powerful Abushawareb clan. The clan's influence was built on an alliance with the former President Ali Abdullah Saleh , who relied on a coalition with the most prominent leader of the Hashid tribal confederation, Sheikh Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar , to take power in 1978. Until his death on 29 December 2007, Sheikh Abdullah served as

182-507: A Gulf Cooperation Council initiative to transition toward democracy. On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to Riyadh in neighbouring Saudi Arabia to sign the Gulf Cooperation Council plan for political transition, which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the office and powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi . The agreement also led to

273-399: A 30-day transition plan in which he would receive immunity from criminal prosecution. He stated that he planned to hand power over to his vice president, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi as part of the deal. On 18 May 2011, he agreed to sign a deal with opposition groups, stipulating that he would resign within a month; On 23 May, Saleh refused to sign the agreement, leading to renewed protests and

364-435: A Mafia-style spoils system that substituted for governance". Robert Worth accused Saleh of exceeding the aggrandisement of other Middle Eastern strongmen by managing to "rake off tens of billions of dollars in public funds for himself and his family" despite the extreme poverty of his country. On 10 August 1978, Saleh ordered the execution of 30 officers who were charged with being part of a conspiracy against his rule. Saleh

455-685: A favourable view of the first two Rashidun Caliphs . The term " Rāfiḍa " became a popular pejorative term used by the Zaydi scholars against Imami Shias to criticize their rejection of Zayd ibn Ali . While not one of the Twelve Imams embraced by Twelver Shi'ism, Zayd ibn Ali features in historical accounts within Twelver literature in a positive and negative light. In Twelver accounts, Imam Ali al-Ridha narrated how his grandfather, Ja'far al-Sadiq , also supported Zayd ibn Ali's struggle: he

546-459: A full colonel in 1976 and was given command of a mechanised brigade. In 1977, the President of North Yemen , Ahmad al-Ghashmi , appointed him as military governor of Taiz . After al-Ghashmi was assassinated on 24 June 1978, Colonel Saleh was appointed to be a member of the four-man provisional presidency council and deputy to the general staff commander. On 17 July 1978, Saleh was elected by

637-545: A harsh crackdown in Egypt. In this, they were tacitly supported by the regime of Ali Abdullah Saleh, as he found them useful in his fight against southern separatists in the civil war of 1994 . After using Islamic militants to repress the separatist Yemeni Socialist Party and keep the country under his rule, Saleh turned a blind eye to their activities and allowed their sympathizers to work in his intelligence services. On 24 December 1997, Parliament approved Saleh's promotion to

728-465: A military hospital in Saudi Arabia for treatment. According to U.S. government officials, Saleh suffered a collapsed lung and burns on about 40 per cent of his body. A Saudi official said that Saleh had undergone two operations: one to remove the shrapnel and a neurosurgery on his neck. On 4 June 2011, Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi was appointed as acting president, while Saleh remained

819-496: A part of Bakil and finally gave their clan name to a tribal confederation including Hashid and Bakil . In the late 3rd century Banu Hamdan (and, consequently, Hashid and Bakil ) switched their alliance to Himyar . Later some groups of Hamdan migrated to Syria. In the year 622, Muhammad sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to Yemen to call them to Islam. Khaled managed to convert the Najrani and Tihami Yemenis to Islam but he didn't get

910-597: A patronage system with his family at the top. His seven brothers were placed "in key positions", and later he relied on "sons, daughters, sons-in-law and nephews". Beneath the positions occupied by his extended family, Saleh "relied heavily on the loyalty" of two tribes, his own Sanhan tribe and the Hamdan San'a tribe of his mentor, the late president al-Ghashmi. The New York Times Middle Eastern correspondent Robert F. Worth described Saleh as reaching an understanding with powerful feudal "big sheikhs" to become "part of

1001-608: A peace agreement or sided with the rebels. Hashid was already a well known "tribe" ( sha`b ) since the 1st millennium BCE and it was very frequently mentioned in Sabaic inscriptions. The Hashid, alongside the tribes Humlan and Yarsum, were a part of a tribal confederation called the Sum'ay, and they worshipped the god Ta'lab . Banu Hamdan was mentioned in Sabaic inscriptions as qayls ("chiefs") of Hashid, later Banu Hamdan acquired control over

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1092-452: A rationalist approach to scriptural uses of anthropomorphic expressions, as illustrated in works such as the Kitāb al-Mustarshid by the 9th-century Zaydi imam al-Qasim al-Rassi . There was a difference of opinion among the companions and supporters of Zayd ibn 'Ali, such as Abu al-Jarud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad, Sulayman ibn Jarir, Kathir al-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih, concerning the status of

1183-540: A rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate, which he believed was tyrannical and corrupt. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action and the followers of Zayd believed that a true Imām must fight against corrupt rulers. The renowned Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa , who is credited with founding the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam , delivered a fatwā or legal statement in favour of Zayd in his rebellion against

1274-555: A warm response from the Hamdani Yemenis of the highlands. So Muhammad delegated the task to Ali ibn Abi Talib , who was much more successful in converting the Hamdani Yemenis. After the death of Muhammad the Hamdan tribe remained Muslim and didn't join the ridda movement. The Hamdan tribe remained on the side of Ali , even after the martyrdom of Ali and later his sons. The tribes remained on alliance to Ali but didn't oppose

1365-417: Is a result of interaction of two currents, Batrism and Jarudism , their followers brought together during the original Zayd's rebellion. These names, also designated as Batri and Jarudi, do not necessarily represent cohesive groups of people, for example, Batrism ideas (proto-Sunni) were dominant among Zaydi in the 8th century, and Jarudism (Shia) took over in the 9th century. The following table summarizes

1456-663: The Houthis in their march to power. The United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on Saleh in 2014, accusing him of threatening peace and obstructing Yemen's political process, subjecting him to a global travel ban and an asset freeze. On 28 July 2016, Saleh and the Houthi rebels announced a formal alliance to fight the Saudi-led military coalition, run by a Supreme Political Council of 10 members – made up of five members from Saleh's General People's Congress, and five from

1547-675: The Ibadi school. Abu Hanifa , the founder of the Hanafi school, was favorable and even donated towards the Zaydi cause. Zaydis dismiss religious dissimulation ( taqiyya ). Zaydism does not rely heavily on hadith , but uses those that are consistent with the Qur'an , and is open to hadith . Some sources argue that Zaydism is simply a philosophy of political government that justifies the overthrow of unjust rulers and prioritizes those who are Banu Hashim . Haider states that mainstream Zaydism (Hadawi)

1638-761: The Iranian Alavids of Mazandaran Province and the Buyid dynasty of Gilan Province and the Arab dynasties of the Banu Ukhaidhir of al-Yamama (modern Saudi Arabia ) and the Rassids of Yemen . The Idrisid dynasty in the western Maghreb were another Arab Zaydi dynasty, ruling 788–985. The Alavids established a Zaydi state in Deylaman and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864; it lasted until

1729-661: The Kahlan tribe. The clans Sanhan and Khawlan are said to be related. Ali Abdallah Saleh married Asama Saleh in 1964. Saleh received his primary education at Ma'alama village before leaving to join the North Yemeni Armed Forces in 1958 as an infantry soldier and was admitted to the North Yemen Military Academy in 1960. Three years later, in 1963, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in armoured corps . He participated in

1820-589: The Parliament to be the President of the Yemen Arab Republic , while simultaneously holding the positions of chief of staff and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook describes Saleh as being neither from a "sheikhly family" nor a "large or important tribe" either, but instead rising to power through "his own means", and creating

1911-720: The Soviet Union severely weakened the status of South Yemen , a communist-originated state, and, in 1990, the North and South agreed to unify after years of negotiations. The South accepted Saleh as President of the unified country, while Ali Salim al-Beidh served as the Vice President and a member of the Presidential Council. After Iraq lost the Gulf War , Yemeni workers were deported from Kuwait by

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2002-564: The Sunni , although the "classical" form of Zaydism (usually referred to as Hadawi ) over the centuries had changed its posture with regard to Sunni and Shia traditions multiple times, to the point where interpretation of Zaydi as Shia is often based on just their acceptance of Ali as a rightful successor to prophet Muhammad . Mainstream (" twelver ") Shia sometimes consider Zaydism to be a " fifth school " of Sunni Islam. Zaydis regard rationalism as more important than Quranic literalism and in

2093-451: The "two wings" of the Zaidi imamate; in the sense that many of the tribes that belong to these confederations are and were strongly committed to Zaidi Islam, the imams were recognized – to a greater or lesser degree – as the heads of the Zaidi community and could, therefore, count on a measure of support and loyalty. Not all the tribes, however, accepted the temporal and even legal role that

2184-593: The 13th century. By The 10th century the Imam al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim (a scion of Imam al-Hasan, grandson of the Prophet) who, at Sa'da, in 893-7 C.E. arrived to the Northern Highlands on invitation from the Hamdan tribe and from that time till present day the Zaidi moderate Shia teachings became dominant in north Yemen. Many writers have referred to the Hashid and Bakil confederations as

2275-609: The 16th century. The Zaydis in Yemen had initially lived in the highlands and the northern territories, but extent of their dominance away from their capital of 7 centuries, Saada , had been changing over time. Rassid dynasty was established after an Ottoman invasion in the 16th century. After another interaction with Ottomans, a new succession line was started in the 19th century by Muhammad bin Yahya Hamid ad-Din . With minor interruptions, these two dynasties ruled in Yemen until

2366-481: The 1980s, he created the political organization that was to become known as his party, the General People's Congress (GPC), and steered Yemen into the age of oil. In the late 1980s, Saleh was under considerable international pressure to permit his country's Jewish citizens to travel freely to places abroad. Passports were eventually issued to them, which facilitated their unrestricted travel. The decline of

2457-537: The 1999 elections, the Parliament passed a law extending presidential terms from five to seven years, extending parliamentary terms from four to six years, and creating a 111-member, presidentially-appointed council of advisors with legislative power. This move prompted Freedom House to downgrade their rating of political freedom in Yemen from 5 to 6. In July 2005, during the 27th-anniversary celebrations of his presidency, Saleh announced that he would "not contest

2548-587: The Companions wrong in failing to recognise 'Ali as the legitimate Caliph and deny legitimacy to Abu Bakr , Umar and Uthman ; however, they avoid accusing them. The Jarudiyya were active during the late Umayyad Caliphate and early Abbasid Caliphate . Its views, although predominant among the later Zaydis, especially in Yemen under the Hadawi sub-sect, became extinct in Iraq and Iran due to forced conversion of

2639-579: The GPC, saying that when he initially decided not to contest the elections his aim was "to establish ground for a peaceful transfer of power ", and that he was now, however, bowing to the "popular pressure and appeals of the Yemeni people." Political analyst Ali Saif Hasan said that he had been "sure [President Saleh] would run as a presidential candidate. His announcement in July 2005 – that he would not run –

2730-597: The Houthi broke down in late 2017, with armed clashes occurring between former allies in Sana'a from 28 November. Saleh declared his split from the Houthi movement in a televised statement delivered on 2 December, calling on his supporters to take back the country and expressed his openness to a dialogue with the Saudi Arabian-led coalition . On 4 December 2017, Saleh's house in Sana'a was assaulted by fighters of

2821-420: The Houthi movement, according to residents. Saleh was killed on his way to Marib while trying to flee into Saudi-controlled territories after a rocket-propelled grenade struck and disabled his vehicle in an ambush and he was subsequently shot in the head by a Houthi sniper, something his party denied. The Houthis published a video allegedly depicting Saleh's body with a gunshot wound to the head. His death

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2912-604: The Houthis and instead sided with his former enemies – Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and President al-Hadi. On 4 December 2017, during a battle between Houthi and Saleh supporters in Sanaa, the Houthis accused Saleh of treason, and he was killed by a Houthi sniper . Reports were that Saleh was killed while trying to flee his compound in a car; however, this was denied by his party officials, who said he

3003-618: The Houthis. The members were sworn in on 14 August 2016. Houthi spokesperson Mohamed Abdel Salam stated that his group had spotted messages between the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saleh three months before his death. He told the Qatari channel Al-Jazeera that there was communications between Saleh, the UAE and a number of other countries such as Russia and Jordan through encrypted messages. The alliance between Saleh and

3094-689: The Nasserist-inspired military coup of 1962, which was instrumental in the removal of King Muhammad al-Badr and the establishment of the Yemen Arab Republic . During the North Yemen Civil War , he attained the rank of major by 1969. He received further training as a staff officer in the Higher Command and staff C Course in Iraq, between 1970 and 1971, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel . He became

3185-400: The Parliament, governor of Sanaa and many more. Saleh suffered burns and shrapnel injuries, but survived, a result that was confirmed by an audio message he sent to state media in which he condemned the attack, but his voice clearly revealed that he was having difficulty in speaking. Government officials tried to downplay the attack by saying he was lightly wounded. The next day he was taken to

3276-802: The President of Yemen on 27 February 2012, pledging to support efforts to "rebuild" the country still reeling from months of violence. In February 2013, Saleh opened a museum documenting his 33 years in power, located in a wing of the Al Saleh Mosque in Sanaa. One of the museum's central display cases exhibits a pair of burnt trousers that Saleh was wearing at the time of his assassination attempt in June 2011. Other displays include fragments of shrapnel that were taken out of his body during his hospital treatment in Saudi Arabia, as well as various gifts given to Saleh by kings, presidents and world leaders over

3367-485: The President of Yemen. On 7 July 2011, Saleh appeared for his first live television appearance since his injury. He appeared badly burned and his arms were both bandaged. In his speech, he welcomed power-sharing but stressed it should be "within the framework of the constitution and in the framework of the law". On 19 September 2011, he was pictured without bandages, meeting King Abdullah . On 23 September 2011, Yemeni state television announced that Saleh had returned to

3458-523: The Prophet's family to qualify as rulers and selected one leader, imam, from each generation (the proto-Sunni, in contrast, recognized Abu Bakr as a legitimate first caliph ). The Zaydis emerged in reverence of Zayd ibn Ali 's failed uprising against the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( r.  724–743 ). While a majority of the early Shia recognized Zayd's brother, Muhammad al-Baqir , as

3549-543: The Speaker of Parliament and was considered Yemen's second most powerful person after President Saleh (who, along with many others in the government, also is a member of a Hashid tribe). After Sheikh Abdullah's death, his son Sadiq inherited the leadership of the confederation, with other sons Hamid al-Ahmar , a prominent businessman and Yemeni opposition leader in the Muslim Brotherhood , and Himyar Al Ahmar,

3640-641: The Sulaymaniyya, except they see Uthman also as in error but not in sin. The term rafida was a term used by Zayd ibn Ali on those who rejected him in his last hours for his refusal to condemn the first two Caliphs of the Muslim world, Abu Bakr and Umar. Zayd bitterly scolds the "rejectors" ( rafidha ) who deserted him, an appellation used by Salafis to refer to Twelver Shi'a to this day. A group of their leaders assembled in his (Zayd's presence) and said: "May God have mercy on you! What do you have to say on

3731-506: The UAE of dragging Saleh to "this humiliating fate." On 9 December 2017, he was buried in Sana'a, according to an official. A Houthi commander reported that the burial was held in strict conditions with no more than 20 people attending. The Chinese 2018 movie Operation Red Sea is about the conflict in Yewaire, a country loosely based on Yemen, with a coup launched by General Sharaf, who

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3822-574: The Umayyad ruler. He also urged people in secret to join the uprising and delivered funds to Zayd. Unlike Twelver and Isma'ili Shi'ism , Zaydis do not believe in the infallibility of Imams and reject the notion of nass imamate . but believe that an Imam can be any descendant of Hasan ibn ʻAlī or Husayn ibn ʻAlī. Zaydis believe that Zayd ibn Ali in his last hour was betrayed by the people in Kufa . Zaydis reject anthropomorphism and instead, take

3913-640: The Umayyads during the 8th century. Since 2004 in Yemen , Zaidi fighters have been waging an uprising against factions belonging to the Sunni majority group in the country. The Houthis , as they are often called, have asserted that their actions are for the defense of their community from the government and discrimination, though the Yemeni government in turn accused them of wishing to bring it down and institute religious law. On 21 September 2014, an agreement

4004-764: The Ummayas or ally themselves with the other Shias. At that time Yemen was experiencing a great population movement forming the bulk of the Islamic Expansion mainly settling in southern Iraq . However, the majority of the Hamdan tribe remained in Yemen which later helped the Hashid/ Bakil Hamdani tribes become the biggest local key player, benefiting from the departure of the bulk of the most powerful Nomadic Yemeni tribes of that time into North Africa/Spain in Wetsward movements that continued until

4095-720: The United States, during the War on Terror . Islamic terrorism may have been used and encouraged by Ali Abdullah Saleh in order to win Western support and for disruptive politically motivated attacks. In 2011, in the wake of the Arab Spring , which spread across North Africa and the Middle East (including Yemen), Saleh's time in office became increasingly precarious, until he was eventually ousted as President in 2012. He

4186-637: The Zaidi community took the title of Caliph . As such, the ruler of Yemen was known as the Caliph. Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya , a descendant of Imam Hasan ibn Ali, founded this Rassid state at Sa'da , al-Yaman, in c. 893–897. The Rassid Imamate continued until the middle of the 20th century, when a 1962 revolution deposed the Imam. After the fall of the Zaydi Imamate in 1962 many Zaydi Shia in northern Yemen had converted to Sunni Islam. The Rassid state

4277-463: The [presidential] elections" in September 2006. He expressed hope that "all political parties – including the opposition and the General People's Congress – find young leaders to compete in the elections because we have to train ourselves in the practice of peaceful succession." However, in June 2006, Saleh changed his mind and accepted his party's nomination as the presidential candidate of

4368-483: The addition of two deputy ministers. On 10 March 2011, Saleh announced a referendum on a new constitution, separating the executive and legislative powers. On 18 March, at least 52 people were killed and over 200 injured by government forces when unarmed demonstrators were fired upon in the university square in Sana'a . The president claimed that his security forces were not at the location, and blamed local residents for

4459-413: The country after three months amid increasing turmoil in a week that saw increased gun battles on the streets of Sana'a and more than 100 deaths. Saleh said on 8 October 2011, in comments broadcast on Yemeni state television, that he would step down "in the coming days". The opposition expressed skepticism, however, and a government minister said Saleh meant that he would leave power under the framework of

4550-562: The course of his rule. Later that year, in October, the United Nations Special Envoy to Yemen, Jamal Benomar said that Saleh and his son have the right to run in the next Yemeni presidential election , as the 2011 deal does not cover political incapacitation. Saleh was a behind-the-scenes leader of the Houthi takeover in Yemen led by Zaydi Houthi forces. Tribesmen and government forces loyal to Saleh joined

4641-401: The creation of Yemen Arab Republic in 1962. While the rulers ostensibly conformed to Hadawi law (thus the "imamate"), the doctrines had to be modified to allow hereditary, as opposed to traditional merit-based, selection of imams. The end of imam rule in 1962, with the new rulers in Yemen no longer conforming to the requirements of Zaydism, caused Zaydi scholars to call for the restoration of

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4732-416: The death of its leader at the hand of the Sunni Samanids in 928. Roughly forty years later, the state was revived in Gilan (Northwest Iran) and survived until 1126. From the 12th–13th centuries, Zaydi communities acknowledged the Imams of Yemen or rival Imams within Iran. The Buyid dynasty was initially Zaidi as were the Banu Ukhaidhir rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries. The leader of

4823-425: The differences between Batri and Jarudi beliefs per Haider: Zaydis’ theological literature puts an emphasis on social justice and human responsibility, and its political implications, i.e. Muslims have an ethical and legal obligation by their religion to rise up and depose unjust leaders including unrighteous sultans and caliphs. Zaydis believe Zayd ibn Ali was the rightful successor to the imamate because he led

4914-433: The fifth leader, some considered Zayd as the fifth imam, and thus in the 8th century formed the Zaydi or " Fivers " offshoot of Islam. The Zaydis formed the states in what is now known as northern Iran ( Tabaristan , 864 CE , by Hasan ibn Zayd , expanded to Daylam and Gilan ) and later in Yemen (893 CE, by al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya ). The Zaydis on the Caspian Sea were forcefully converted to Twelver Shi'ism in

5005-415: The first three Rashidun caliphs who succeeded to the political and administrative authority of Muhammad. The earliest group, called Jarudiyya (named for Abu al-Jarud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad), was opposed to the approval of certain companions of the Prophet . They held that there was sufficient description given by the Prophet that all should have recognized Ali as the rightful caliph. They therefore consider

5096-415: The formation of a government divided by Saleh's political party (GPC) and the JMP. It was reported that Saleh had left Yemen on 22 January 2012 for medical treatment in New York City . He arrived in the United States six days later. After his deputy Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi won the 2012 Yemeni presidential election on 21 February 2012 running unopposed, Saleh formally ceded power to him and stepped down as

5187-462: The former deputy speaker of parliament – becoming influential members. With the beginning of the Arab Spring , this new tribal leadership sided with the protesters and launched a Hashid insurgency, which played an essential role in the revolution against President Ali Abdullah Saleh in May 2011, culminating in the Battle of Sana'a and mass protests that eventually forced President Saleh to step down in February 2012 after 33 years in power. However,

5278-492: The fugitives. In an investigative documentary allegations were made that Saleh's government supported and directly helped Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ( AQAP ). An informant for the National Security Bureau (NSB) and Political Security Organization (PSO) made these allegations. Hani Muhammad Mujahid, 38, told Al Jazeera that "many Al-Qaeda leaders were under the complete control of Ali Abdullah Saleh", "Ali Abdullah Saleh turned Al-Qaeda into an organized criminal gang. He

5369-408: The gallows in the al-Konasa neighbourhood." After Zayd left, As-Sadiq said, "Woe be to those who hear his call but do not help him!". Jafar al-Sadiq's love for Zayd ibn Ali was so immense that he broke down and cried upon reading the letter informing him of his death and proclaimed: From God we are and to Him is our return. I ask God for my reward in this calamity. He was a really good uncle. My uncle

5460-462: The imamate. This contributed to the North Yemen Civil War that lasted from 1962 to 1970. The national reconciliation of 1970 paused the fighting with traumatized Zaydis following three main routes: In matters of Islamic jurisprudence , the Zaydis follow Zayd Ibn 'Ali 's teachings which are documented in his book Majmu’ Al-Fiqh ( Arabic : مجموع الفِقه ). Zaydi fiqh is similar to the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, as well as

5551-435: The imams arrogated to themselves; consequently, many imams ( Imam Yahya and Imam Ahmad in the twentieth century included) complained bitterly about the tribes' inordinate political power. Ali Abdullah Saleh Politician (1942–2017) Ali Abdullah Saleh ( Arabic : علي عبدالله صالح , ʿAlī ʿAbdullāh Ṣāliḥ ; 21 March 1947 – 4 December 2017), commonly known by his last name Affash ( Arabic : عفاش ),

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5642-431: The massacre. On 7 April 2011, the United States diplomatic cables leak reported the plans of Hamid al-Ahmar , the Islah Party leader, prominent businessman, and de facto leader of Yemen's largest tribal confederation claiming that he would organize popular demonstrations throughout Yemen aimed at removing President Saleh from power. On 23 April 2011, facing massive nationwide protests, Saleh agreed to step down under

5733-401: The matter of Abu Bakr and Umar?" Zayd said, "I have not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved justly with the people and acted according to the Qur'an and the Sunnah" According to Zaydi traditions, Rāfiḍa referred to those Kufans who deserted and refused to support Zayd ibn Ali , who had

5824-433: The mid-eleventh century. The Hammudid dynasty was a Zaydi dynasty in the 11th century in southern Spain. The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen , also known as North Yemen, existed between 1918 and 1962 in the northern part of what is now Yemen. Its capital was Sana'a until 1948, then Ta'izz. Since the earliest form of Zaydism was Jaroudiah , many of the first Zaidi states were supporters of its position, such as those of

5915-419: The past were quite tolerant towards Sunni Shafi'ism , a religion of about half of the Yemenis . Most of the world's Zaydis are located in Northern Yemen , and in the Saudi Arabian area of Najran . In the 7th century some early Muslims expected Ali to become a first caliph , successor to Muhammad . After ascension of Abu Bakr , supporters of Ali (and future Shia) continued to believe only people from

6006-399: The port." However, transcripts from the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services stated that no other warships were in the vicinity at the time. After 9/11, Saleh sided with America in the War on Terror . Following the mysterious "escape" of Al Qaeda convicts in Yemeni custody during the 2006 Yemen prison escape , Saleh demanded more American money and support in order to catch

6097-413: The predominant external influence in Yemen since the withdrawal of Nasser's Egyptian expeditionary force marking the end of the bitter North Yemen Civil War . There is a wide array of domestic opponents to Houthi rule in Yemen, ranging from the conservative Sunni Islah Party to the secular socialist Southern Movement to the radical Islamists of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and, since 2014,

6188-522: The present religious sects to Twelver Shi'ism by the Safavid dynasty . The second group, the Sulaymaniyya, named for Sulayman ibn Jarir, held that the Imamate should be a matter to be decided by consultation. They felt that the companions, including Abu Bakr and 'Umar, had been in error in failing to follow 'Ali but it did not amount to sin. The third group is known as the Batriyya , Tabiriyya, or Salihiyya for Kathir an-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih. Their beliefs are virtually identical to those of

6279-456: The rank of field marshal , making him the highest-ranking military officer in Yemen. He became Yemen's first directly elected president in the 1999 presidential election , winning 96.2% of the vote. The only other candidate, Najeeb Qahtan Al-Sha'abi , who was the son of Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi , the former president of South Yemen . Though a member of Saleh's General People's Congress (GPC) party, Najeeb ran as an independent. After

6370-412: The restored government. In the 1993 parliamentary election , the first held after unification, Saleh's General People's Congress won 122 of 301 seats. South disagreeing with their party's third place position, started a brief civil-war until 1994 when Saleh's army ended the insurgency. Around 1994, jihadists from Ayman al-Zawahiri 's Egyptian Islamic Jihad attempted to regroup in Yemen following

6461-475: The resulting rift between the al-Ahmar clan and Saleh - who retained loyalty of some Hashid tribes - led to the divisions within the Hashid confederation. This, along with the suspension of financial support by Saudi Arabia over al-Ahmar's continued alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood , had contributed to their defeat in the ensuing conflict with the Houthis and led to the subsequent loss of Hashid leadership as many tribes (Bani Suraim, Usaimat, Uzer, etc.) reached

6552-473: The withdrawal of the Gulf Cooperation Council from mediation efforts in Yemen. On 3 June 2011 , Saleh was injured in a bomb attack on his presidential compound. Multiple C-4 (explosive) charges were planted inside the mosque and one exploded when the president and major members of his government were praying. The explosion killed four bodyguards and former prime minister, Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani (who died later of his wounds), deputy prime ministers, head of

6643-637: Was a Yemeni politician who served as the first President of the Republic of Yemen , from Yemeni unification on 22 May 1990, to his resignation on 27 February 2012, following the Yemeni revolution . Previously, he had served as the fourth and last President of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen), from July 1978 to 22 May 1990, after the assassination of President Ahmad al-Ghashmi . al-Ghashmi had earlier appointed Saleh as military governor in Taiz . Saleh developed deeper ties with Western powers , especially

6734-431: Was a Zaydi Shia dynasty which ruled over Bia pish (eastern Gilan) from the 1370s to 1592. They claimed Sasanian ancestry as well. Alid dynasty of Tabaristan. See Alid dynasties of northern Iran . The Idrisid dynasty was a Zaydi dynasty centered around modern-day Morocco. It was named after its first leader Idris I . The Banu Ukhaidhir was a dynasty that ruled in al-Yamamah (central Arabia ) from 867 to at least

6825-515: Was a major general and had three children: Yahya , Tareq , and Ammar, who all served under Saleh during his rule. Saleh's cousin, Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar from the Al Ahmar family, which is also part of the Sanhan clan is often confused with the same-named leading family of the Hashid tribe, with which the Sanhan clan was an ally. The Hashid tribe, in turn, belongs to the larger Yemeni parent group,

6916-706: Was a man for our world and for our Hereafter. I swear by God that my uncle is a martyr just like the martyrs who fought along with God’s Prophet or Ali or Al-Hassan or Al-Hussein However, in other hadiths, narrated in Al-Kafi , the main Shia book of hadith , Zayd ibn Ali is criticized by his half-brother, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, for his revolt against the Umayyad Dynasty . According to Alexander Shepard, an Islamic Studies specialist, much of Twelver ahadith and theology

7007-413: Was attacked by Houthis as they fled towards his hometown Sanhan . Houthi leader Abdul Malik al-Houthi meanwhile celebrated Saleh's death and called it "the day of the fall of the treasonous conspiracy". He also stated that his group had "no problem" with the GPC or its members. Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi offered condolences for Saleh's death and called for an uprising against the Houthis. The Houthis accused

7098-472: Was based on Saleh but never made an appearance. Zaidiyyah Zaydism ( Arabic : الزَّيْدِيَّة , romanized :  az-Zaydiyya ) is one of the three main branches of Shia Islam that emerged in the eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali ‘s unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate . Zaydism is typically considered to be a branch of Shia Islam that comes closest to

7189-470: Was confirmed by a senior aide to Saleh, and also by Saleh's nephew. His death has been described by The Economist as an embarrassment in a string of Saudi foreign policy failures under Mohammad bin Salman . Saleh's home was captured by Houthis before he fled. Officials of his party General People's Congress, while confirming his death, stated that a convoy he and other party officials were travelling in

7280-507: Was estimated to be between 32 and 64 billion dollars with his money spread across multiple accounts in Europe and abroad. On 2 February 2011, facing a major national uprising , Saleh announced that he would not seek re-election in 2013, but would serve out the remainder of his term. In response to government violence against protesters, eleven MPs of Saleh's party resigned on 23 February. By 5 March, this number had increased to 13, as well as

7371-496: Was exceptional and unusual." Mohammed al-Rubai, head of the opposition supreme council, said the president's decision "show[ed] that the president wasn't serious in his earlier decision. I wish he hadn't initially announced that he would step down. There was no need for such farce." In the 2006 presidential election , held on 20 September, Saleh won with 77.2% of the vote. His main rival, Faisal bin Shamlan , received 21.8%. Saleh

7462-584: Was executed at his house. Ali Abdullah Saleh was born on 21 March 1947 to a poor family in Beit al-Ahmar village (Red House village) from the Sanhan ( سنحان ) clan ( Sanhan District ), whose territories lie some 20 kilometers southeast of the capital, Sanaa . Saleh's father, Abdallah Saleh died after he divorced Ali Abdullah's mother when Saleh was still young. His mother later remarried her deceased former husband's brother, Muhammad Saleh, who soon became Saleh's mentor and stepfather. Saleh's brother Mohammed

7553-640: Was founded under Jarudiyya thought; however, increasing interactions with Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of Sunni Islam led to a shift to Sulaimaniyyah thought, especially among the Hadawi sub-sect. In the 21st century, the most prominent Zaidi movement is the Shabab Al Mu'mineen , commonly known as Houthis , who have been engaged in an uprising against the Yemeni Government, causing a grave humanitarian crisis in north Yemen. Some Persian and Arab legends record that Zaidis fled to China from

7644-801: Was not only playing with the West. He was playing with the entire world". Richard Barrett, who was with Britain's MI6 intelligence agency before becoming director of the Al-Qaeda Monitoring Team for the UN, described Mujahid's story of his background in Afghanistan, his return to Yemen and his involvement with AQAP as "credible". The attack on the U.S. Embassy in 2008 was funded by Saleh's nephew and Al Qaeda leaders had close relationships with him. The informant also gave critical intelligence on terrorist movements, attacks and leaders but no action

7735-675: Was one of the scholars from the Household of Muhammad and got angry for the sake of the Honorable the Exalted God. He fought with the enemies of God until he got killed in His path. My father Musa ibn Ja’far narrated that he had heard his father Ja’far ibn Muhammad say, "May God bless my uncle Zayd... He consulted with me about his uprising and I told him, "O my uncle! Do this if you are pleased with being killed and your corpse being hung up from

7826-673: Was promoted to major general in 1980, elected as the secretary-general of the General People's Congress party on 30 August 1982, and re-elected president of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1983. The People's Constituent Assembly, which had been created somewhat earlier, selected Col. Ali Abdullah Saleh as al-Ghashmī’s successor. Despite early public skepticism and a serious coup attempt in late 1978, Saleh managed to conciliate most factions, improve relations with Yemen's neighbours, and resume various programs of economic and political development and institutionalization. More firmly in power in

7917-464: Was signed in Sana'a under UN patronage essentially giving the Houthis control of the government after a decade of conflict. Tribal militias then moved swiftly to consolidate their position in the capital, with the group officially declaring direct control over the state on 6 February 2015. This outcome followed the removal of Yemen's President Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2012 in the wake of protracted Arab Spring protests. Saudi Arabia has exercised

8008-527: Was succeeded by Abdrabbuh Mansur al-Hadi , who had been serving as vice president since 1994, and acting president since 2011. In May 2015, Saleh openly allied with the Houthis (Ansar Allah) during the Yemeni Civil War , in which a protest movement and subsequent insurgency succeeded in capturing Yemen's capital , Sanaa , causing President al-Hadi to resign and flee the country. In December 2017, he declared his withdrawal from his coalition with

8099-407: Was sworn in for another term on 27 September 2006. In December 2005, Saleh stated in a nationally televised broadcast that only his personal intervention had prevented a U.S. occupation of the southern port of Aden after the 2000 USS Cole bombing , stating "By chance, I happened to be down there. If I hadn't been, Aden would have been occupied as there were eight U.S. warships at the entrance to

8190-519: Was taken. In early 2011, following the Tunisian revolution which resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali , opposition parties attempted to do the same in Yemen. Opposition elements started leading protests and demanding that Saleh end his three-decade-long rule because of the perceived lack of democratic reform, widespread corruption and human rights abuses carried out by him and his allies. His net worth

8281-529: Was written to counter Zaydism. The Justanids (Persian: جستانیان‎) were the rulers of a part of Daylam (the mountainous district of Gilan) from 791 to the late 11th century. After Marzuban ibn Justan converted to Islam in 805, the ancient family of Justan's became connected to the Zaydi Alids of the Daylam region. The Justanids adopted the Zaydi form of Shi'ism. The Karkiya dynasty , or Kia dynasty,

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