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52-563: Tell Hassuna was found in 1942 by Fuad Safar, and excavated in 1943 and 1944 by a team from the Iraqi Directorate General of Antiquities led by Seton Lloyd . Excavations revealed that there was once an advanced village culture that was spread throughout northern Mesopotamia . At Hassuna, six different layers of houses were uncovered, revealing various vessels and pottery that date ~5600-5350 BCE, with each layer becoming more substantial. Similar vessels were found throughout

104-412: A Halaf period archaeological tell . ) English Egyptologist Sir John Gardner Wilkinson visited Amarna twice in the 1820s and identified it as Alabastron , following the sometimes contradictory descriptions of Roman-era authors Pliny ( On Stones ) and Ptolemy ( Geography ), although he was not sure about the identification and suggested Kom el-Ahmar as an alternative location. The area of

156-458: A female archaeologist that specializes in remote sensing . The adventure stars a female archaeologist Amelia Peabody and the mystery of the missing Bust of Nefertiti. The Painted Queen takes place in the 1912, several years after the actual excavations at Amarna, when excavations in Egypt are solely European, local hires, or looters. Like all good mystery novels, there is humor, twists, and turns, and

208-713: A local woman digging for sebakh uncovered a cache of over 300 cuneiform tablets (now commonly known as the Amarna Letters ). These tablets recorded select diplomatic correspondence of the Pharaoh and were predominantly written in Akkadian , the lingua franca commonly used during the Late Bronze Age of the Ancient Near East for such communication. This discovery led to the recognition of

260-603: A predictable ending of a solved case. Nefertiti by Michelle Moran is a historical fiction work that guides the reader from the perspective of Queen Nefertiti and her younger sister Mutnodjmet . The story follows the timeline from her time in Thebes to Amarna and after Akhenaten's death. Nefertiti was the Chief wife in Akhenaten's court or haram. Though she is well known by name, as many historical female role models, her story

312-658: A prosperous area with large houses, but the house size decreased and became poorer the further from the road they were. Most of the important ceremonial and administrative buildings were located in the central city. Here the Great Temple of the Aten and the Small Aten Temple were used for religious functions and between these the Great Royal Palace and Royal Residence were the ceremonial residence of

364-400: A sort of monotheism , or perhaps more accurately, monolatrism , archaeological evidence shows other deities were also revered, even at the centre of the Aten cult – if not officially, then at least by the people who lived and worked there. ... at Akhetaten itself, recent excavation by Kemp (2008: 41–46) has shown the presence of objects that depict gods, goddesses and symbols that belong to

416-488: Is an extensive ancient Egyptian archaeological site containing the remains of what was the capital city during the late Eighteenth Dynasty . The city of Akhetaten was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Pharaoh Akhenaten , and abandoned shortly after his death in 1332 BC. The name that the ancient Egyptians used for the city is transliterated as Akhetaten or Akhetaton , meaning "

468-461: Is encircled with a total of 14 boundary stelae (labeled A thru V with discontinuities left for those thought to be missing, Stele B was defaced by locals in 1885) detailing Akhenaten's conditions for the establishment of this new capital city of Egypt. The earliest dated stele from Akhenaten's new city is known to be Boundary stele K which is dated to Year 5, IV Peret (or month 8), day 13 of Akhenaten's reign. (Most of

520-635: Is known about Amarna's founding is due to the preservation of a series of official boundary stelae (13 are known) ringing the perimeter of the city. These are cut into the cliffs on both sides of the Nile (10 on the east, 3 on the west) and record the events of Akhetaten (Amarna) from founding to just before its fall. To make the move from Thebes to Amarna, Akhenaten needed the support of the military. Ay , one of Akhenaten's principal advisors, exercised great influence in this area because his father Yuya had been an important military leader. Additionally, everyone in

572-415: Is often overlooked for masculine rulers. Michelle Moran webs her story of the queen and her sister with political secrets, loss of innocence, and female strength in a patriarchal society. The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People by Barry Kemp , discusses everything from the conception of Amarna to the abandonment of the city. Within the book are images that display art, architecture, and

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624-515: The Amarna heresy and suppressed, this art had a more lasting legacy. The first western mention of the city was made in 1714 by Claude Sicard , a French Jesuit priest who was travelling through the Nile Valley, and described the boundary stela from Amarna. As with much of Egypt, it was visited by Napoleon 's corps de savants in 1798–1799, who prepared the first detailed map of Amarna, which

676-515: The Aten . Construction started in or around Year 5 of his reign (1346 BC) and was probably completed by Year 9 (1341 BC), although it became the capital city two years earlier. To speed up construction of the city most of the buildings were constructed out of mudbrick , and white washed. The most important buildings were faced with local stone. It is the only ancient Egyptian city which preserves great details of its internal plan in large part because it

728-759: The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara . He excavated with, among others, James Mellaart , one of the first scholars at the Ankara School, the mound at Beycesultan , in western Anatolia , and also conducted excavations at Polatli , Haran , Sultantepe and other Anatolian sites. He was succeeded by Michael Gough as Director of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara . He died on 7 January 1996 in Faringdon , England. Tel el Amarna Amarna ( / ə ˈ m ɑːr n ə / ; Arabic : العمارنة , romanized :  al-ʿAmārna )

780-575: The British Library , where an ongoing project to identify their locations is underway. The Prussian expedition led by Richard Lepsius visited the site in 1843 and 1845, and recorded the visible monuments and topography of Amarna in two separate visits over a total of twelve days, using drawings and paper squeezes. The results were ultimately published in Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien between 1849 and 1913, including an improved map of

832-681: The Great Temple of the Aten , the Great Official Palace, the King's House, the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh , and several private houses. Although frequently amounting to little more than a sondage , Petrie's excavations revealed additional cuneiform tablets, the remains of several glass factories, and a great quantity of discarded faience , glass, and ceramic in sifting the palace rubbish heaps (including Mycenaean sherds). By publishing his results and reconstructions rapidly, Petrie

884-624: The Maru-Aten , which was a palace or sun-temple originally thought to have been constructed for Akhenaten 's queen Kiya , but on her death her name and images were altered to those of Meritaten , his daughter. Surrounding the city and marking its extent, the Boundary Stelae (each a rectangle of carved rock on the cliffs on both sides of the Nile) describing the founding of the city are a primary source of information about it. Away from

936-509: The Aten, while it shines upon him rejuvenating his body with its rays." Located on the east bank of the Nile, the ruins of the city are laid out roughly north to south along a "Royal Road", now referred to as "Sikhet es-Sultan". The Royal residences are generally to the north, in what is known as the North City , with a central administration and religious area and the south of the city is made up of residential suburbs. If one approached

988-927: The Directorate of Antiquities in Iraq , where he helped to establish the Iraq Museum and reorganize the Gertrude Bell Museum. He trained Iraqi archaeologists and participated with Iraqi colleagues in several major excavations, notably at 'Uqair and Eridu , at Assyrian Khorsabad , the Aqueduct of Sennacherib at Jerwan . He succeeded Max Mallowan as the President of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq . In 1948, he became Director of

1040-487: The Hassuna culture, such as Jarmo , and were typically made of flint and obsidian . Female figurines were also used in relation to worship and jar burials, within which food was placed due to belief in the afterlife . Pottery found at Hassuna can be divided into three different categories: Hassuna Archaic, Hassuna Standard, and Samarran. These also include painted, incised, and painted-incised ware. The decoration of

1092-672: The Middle East, showing that there was an extensive trade network that was present as early as the 6th Millennium BCE. Tell Hassuna is located approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of modern Mosul , along the west bank of the Tigris River . It is a small site, roughly 200 by 150 metres (660 ft × 490 ft) and about 7 metres (23 ft) high. Hassuna was one of the earliest cultures in Northern Mesopotamia. Before this time, Southern Mesopotamia

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1144-828: The North and South suburbs of the city. The famous bust of Nefertiti , now in Berlin's Ägyptisches Museum , was discovered amongst other sculptural artefacts in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose . The outbreak of the First World War in August ;1914 terminated the German excavations. From 1921 to 1936 an Egypt Exploration Society expedition returned to excavation at Amarna under the direction of T.E. Peet , Sir  Leonard Woolley , Henri Frankfort , Stephen Glanville , and John Pendlebury . Mary Chubb served as

1196-501: The Samarra Painted Fine Ware are carefully painted. Occasionally, however, parallel lines approach or diverge slightly, and the thickness of some lines varies, apparently due to the use of a soft painting-brush. The outside rim motifs are spaced and limited by groups of horizontal lines. Seton Lloyd Seton Howard Frederick Lloyd , CBE (30 May 1902 – 7 January 1996), was an English archaeologist . He

1248-413: The Samarra Painted Fine Ware is always monochrome, but it seems as if three types of paint have been used: an ivory black, a dark violet brown, and a medium chocolate brown. Circumstances of firing and variations in the concentration of the paint have caused color changes, so that for example an oxidizing firing of vessels painted with ivory black has produced an Indian red color. In general, the designs of

1300-694: The auspices of the Egypt Exploration Society and now with the "Amarna Project" . ). In 1980 a separate expedition led by Geoffrey Martin described and copied the reliefs from the Royal Tomb, later publishing its findings together with objects thought to have come from the tomb. This work was published in 2 volumes by the EES. From 2005 to 2013, the Amarna Project excavated at a cemetery of private individuals, close to

1352-463: The city Akhenaten's Royal necropolis was started in a narrow valley to the east of the city, hidden in the cliffs. Only one tomb was completed, and was used by an unnamed Royal Wife, and Akhenaten's tomb was hastily used to hold him and likely Meketaten , his second daughter. In the cliffs to the north and south of the Royal Wadi, the nobles of the city constructed their Tombs . Much of what

1404-554: The city as it was (reconstructed) and now. It also has a short chapter written by Kemp in the book Cities That Shaped the Ancient World . In the past years National Geographic and archaeological articles have published articles on Amarna, Akhenaten , Tutankhamun , or Nefertiti . Most of the article can be found in both the paperback or on the National Geographic website (currently the most recent article

1456-674: The city of Amarna from the north by river the first buildings past the northern boundary stele would be the North Riverside Palace . This building ran all the way up to the waterfront and was likely the main residence of the royal family. Located within the North City area is the Northern Palace , the main residence of the royal family. Between this and the central city, the Northern Suburb was initially

1508-619: The city was effectively a virgin site, and it was this city that Akhetaten described as the Aten's "seat of the First Occasion, which he had made for himself that he might rest in it". It may be that the Royal Wadi 's resemblance to the hieroglyph for horizon showed that this was the place to found the city. The city was built as the new capital of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, dedicated to his new religion of worship to

1560-469: The city's powerful nobles, including Nakhtpaaten (Chief Minister), Ranefer, Panehesy (High Priest of the Aten), and Ramose (Master of Horses). This area also held the studio of the sculptor Thutmose , where the famous bust of Nefertiti was found in 1912. Further to the south of the city was Kom el-Nana , an enclosure, usually referred to as a sun-shade , and was probably built as a sun-temple., and then

1612-486: The city. Despite being somewhat limited in accuracy, the engraved Denkmäler plates formed the basis for scholastic knowledge and interpretation of many of the scenes and inscriptions in the private tombs and some of the Boundary Stelae for the rest of the century. The records made by these early explorers teams are of immense importance since many of these remains were later destroyed or otherwise lost. In 1887,

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1664-666: The digs administrator. The renewed investigations were focused on religious and royal structures. During the 1960s the Egyptian Antiquities Organization (now the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities ) undertook a number of excavations at Amarna. Exploration of the city continues to the present, currently under the direction of Barry Kemp (Emeritus Professor in Egyptology, University of Cambridge , England) (until 2006, under

1716-614: The east side of Amarna there are several modern villages, the chief of which are l-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south. Activity in the region flourished from the Amarna Period until the later Roman era . The name Amarna comes from the Beni Amran tribe that lived in the region and founded a few settlements. The ancient Egyptian name was Akhetaten. (This site should be distinguished from Tell Amarna in Syria ,

1768-471: The edge of the Nile. However, due to the unique circumstances of its creation and abandonment, it is questionable how representative of ancient Egyptian cities it actually is. Amarna was hastily constructed and covered an area of approximately 8 miles (13 km) of territory on the east bank of the Nile River; on the west bank, land was set aside to provide crops for the city's population. The entire city

1820-454: The first half of 6th millennium B.C. Around 6,000 B.C., people began moving to the foothills of northern Mesopotamia and practicing methods of dry agriculture. These people were the first known farmers, and Hassuna became one of the most ancient centers for the principal forms of producing economies, such as the cultivation of soil and raising livestock. Evidence of this is shown in the oldest layers of Hassuna. The occupants of Hassuna also led

1872-526: The horizon of the Aten ". The site is on the east bank of the Nile River , in what today is the Egyptian province of Minya . It is about 58 km (36 mi) south of the city of al-Minya , 312 km (194 mi) south of the Egyptian capital, Cairo , and 402 km (250 mi) north of Luxor (site of the previous capital, Thebes ). The city of Deir Mawas lies directly to its west. On

1924-554: The importance of the site, and led to a further increase in exploration. Between 1891 and 1892 Alessandro Barsanti discovered and cleared the king's tomb (although it was probably known to the local population from about 1880). In 1891 and 1892 Sir Flinders Petrie worked for one season at Amarna, working independently of the Egypt Exploration Fund . He excavated primarily in the Central City, investigating

1976-539: The king and royal family, and were linked by a bridge or ramp. Located behind the Royal Residence was the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh , where the Amarna Letters were found. This area was probably the first area to be completed, and had at least two phases of construction. To the south of the city was the area now referred to as the Southern Suburbs . It contained the estates of many of

2028-452: The military had grown up together, they had been a part of the richest and most successful period in Egypt's history under Akhenaten's father , so loyalty among the ranks was strong and unwavering. Perhaps most importantly, "it was a military whose massed ranks the king took every opportunity to celebrate in temple reliefs, first at Thebes and later at Amarna." While the reforms of Akhenaten are generally believed to have been oriented towards

2080-412: The original 14 boundary stelae have been badly eroded.) It preserves an account of Akhenaten's foundation of this city. The document records the pharaoh's wish to have several temples of the Aten to be erected here, for several royal tombs to be created in the eastern hills of Amarna for himself, his chief wife Nefertiti , and his eldest daughter Meritaten as well as his explicit command that when he

2132-575: The southern tombs of the Nobles. The Painted Queen written by the famous Elizabeth Peters a.k.a. Barbara Mertz is the most recent installment to the Amelia Peabody novels after the author's passing in 2013. Elizabeth Peters was a school trained archaeologist, but was persuaded by her male colleagues that a woman was not to be an archaeologist, so "she created characters based on those misogynistic Egyptologists..." as stated by Sarah Parcak ,

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2184-415: The strict idealistic formalism of previous Egyptian art , it depicted its subjects more realistically. These included informal scenes, such as intimate portrayals of affection within the royal family or playing with their children, and no longer portrayed women as lighter coloured than men. The art also had a realism that sometimes borders on caricature. While the worship of Aten was later referred to as

2236-481: The traditional field of personal belief. So many examples of Bes , the grotesque dwarf figure who warded off evil spirits, have been found, as well as of the goddess-monster, Taweret , part crocodile, part hippopotamus, who was associated with childbirth. Also in the royal workmen's village at Akhetaten, stelae dedicated to Isis and Shed have been discovered (Watterson 1984: 158 & 208). The Amarna art-style broke with long-established Egyptian conventions. Unlike

2288-546: The way in improving agriculture, settling the river valleys, the beginning of irrigation, and progress in all branches of production and culture. Around 6,000 B.C., at Tell Hassuna, adobe dwellings built around open central courts; fine painted pottery was replacing the crude pottery of the earlier levels. Hand axes, sickles, grinding stones, bins, baking ovens and numerous bones of domesticated animals reflect settled agricultural life. Stone tools found at Tell Hassuna do not seem to be as advanced as tools found at other sites of

2340-491: Was His son Wa'enrē [i.e. Akhenaten] who founded it for Him as His monument when His Father commanded him to make it. Heaven was joyful, the earth was glad every heart was filled with delight when they beheld him. This text then goes on to state that Akhenaten made a great oblation to the god Aten "and this is the theme [of the occasion] which is illustrated in the lunettes of the stelae where he stands with his queen and eldest daughter before an altar heaped with offerings under

2392-916: Was President of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, Director of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (President, 1948–1961), Professor of Western Asiatic Archaeology in the Institute of Archaeology, University of London (1962–1969). Lloyd was born on 30 May 1902 in Birmingham , England. After education at Uppingham School , he studied at the Architectural Association in London and qualified as an architect in 1926. He gained his first archaeological experience at Tel el Amarna , which Henri Frankfort

2444-455: Was abandoned almost completely shortly after the royal government of Tutankhamun quit the city in favor of Thebes (modern Luxor ). The city seems to have remained active for a decade or so after his death, and a shrine to Horemheb indicates that it was at least partially occupied at the beginning of his reign, if only as a source for building material elsewhere. Once it was abandoned, it remained uninhabited until Roman settlement began along

2496-529: Was able to stimulate further interest in the site's potential. The copyist and artist Norman de Garis Davies published drawn and photographic descriptions of private tombs and boundary stelae from Amarna from 1903 to 1908. These books were republished by the EES in 2006. In the early years of the 20th century (1907 to 1914) the Deutsche Orientgesellschaft expedition, led by Ludwig Borchardt , excavated extensively throughout

2548-473: Was considered the cradle of civilization. When settlements began forming in the north, such as Hassuna, Jarmo , Samarra , and Tell Halaf , the north became the important region. The architecture at Hassuna was built of packed mud, with the width varying from 20 to 50 centimeters. The mud-brick technique may perhaps have been developed in Southern Mesopotamia, where mud-bricks were common in

2600-468: Was dead, he would be brought back to Amarna for burial. Boundary stela K introduces a description of the events that were being celebrated at Amarna: His Majesty mounted a great chariot of electrum , like the Aten when He rises on the horizon and fills the land with His love, and took a goodly road to Akhetaten, the place of origin, which [the Aten] had created for Himself that he might be happy therein. It

2652-609: Was excavating for the Egypt Exploration Society . In 1930 Lloyd was invited by Frankfort to join latter's next excavation, under the auspices of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago , of a series of sites in the Diyala valley (1930–1937). In 1937–1939 he excavated with John Garstang at Mersin , in southern Turkey , for the University of Liverpool . In 1939 Lloyd was appointed Archaeological Adviser to

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2704-563: Was subsequently published in Description de l'Égypte between 1821 and 1830. After this European exploration continued in 1824 when Sir John Gardiner Wilkinson explored and mapped the city remains. The copyist Robert Hay and his surveyor G. Laver visited the locality and uncovered several of the Southern Tombs from sand drifts, recording the reliefs in 1833. The copies made by Hay and Laver languish largely unpublished in

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