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68-671: The settlement developed as a trading centre at the head of a narrow, navigable inlet known as the Schlei , which connects to the Baltic Sea . The location was favorable because there is a short portage of less than 15 km to the Treene River , which flows into the Eider with its North Sea estuary, making it a convenient place where goods and ships could be pulled on a corduroy road overland for an almost uninterrupted seaway between

136-699: A base in Camargue , Fraxinetum or La Garde-Freinet-Les Mautes (888–972), from which they made slave raids in to France; the population fled in fear of the slave raids, which made it difficult for the Frankish to secure their Southern coast, and the Saracens of Fraxinetum exported the Frankisk prisoners they captured as slaves to the slave market of the Muslim Middle East . The Saracens captured

204-582: A big market for non-Muslim slaves in Islamic territory. The Vikings sold both Christian and Pagan European captives to the Muslims, who referred to them as saqaliba ; these slaves were likely both Pagan Slavic, Finnic and Baltic Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans. Forming relations between the Umayyads , Khārijites and 'Abbāsids , the flow of trafficked people from the main routes of

272-844: A category known as ghulamyyat , slave-girls dressed as boys, who were trained to perform as singers and musicians and who attended the drinking parties of the sovereign and his male guests, and this custom is known in al-Andalus in the reign of Caliph al-Hakam II (r. 961–976). In al-Isbahani 's Kitab al-Aghani , Ibrahim al-Mawsili noted that originally slave girls with dark complexion had been selected to be trained as qiyan, because they were viewed as unattractive, but that this custom had changed and white slave-girls, who were considered more beautiful and were therefore more expensive, had started to be trained as qiyan to increase their market value even more: The qiyan-slaves were not secluded from men in harem as free women or slave concubines, but in contrast performed for male guests - sometimes from behind

340-777: A destination as well as a place of transit of the slave trade of European slaves from the North to the rest of the Muslim world in the South and the East. Slavery existed in Muslim al-Andalus as well as in the Christian kingdoms, and both sides of the religious border followed the custom of not enslaving people of their own religion. Consequently, Muslims were enslaved in Christian lands, while Christians and other non-Muslims were enslaved in al-Andalus. The Moors imported white Christian slaves from

408-697: A foundation of the Hanseatic League that would emerge by the 12th century. Hedeby played an important role in the international Viking slave trade between Europe and the Muslim world. People taken captive during the Viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could be sold to Moorish Spain via the Dublin slave trade or transported to Hedeby or Brännö in Scandinavia and from there via

476-543: A grid, with the east–west streets leading down to jetties in the harbour. People rarely lived beyond 30 or 40, and archaeological research shows that their later years were often painful due to crippling diseases such as tuberculosis. Al-Tartushi , a late 10th-century traveller from al-Andalus , provides one of the most colourful and often quoted descriptions of life in Hedeby. Al-Tartushi was from Cordoba in Spain , which had

544-729: A high demand for domestic female slaves in the Muslim world. Female slaves in al-Andalus could also be used as slave artists. The Caliphate of Cordoba continued the tradition of the Umayyad Caliphate to instruct a category of female slaves to become entertainers; qiyan . The female qiyan slave entertainer, often referred to as "singing slave girls", were instructed in a number of accomplishments, such as poetry, music, recitating akhbar (accounts or anecdotes), calligraphy and shadow puppetry. Qiyan-slave-girls were initially imported to al-Andalus from Medina . Qiyan slave-girls are noted to have been first imported to al-Andalus during

612-665: A man to have sexual intercourse with his female slave, prostitution was practiced by a pimp selling his female slave on the slave market to a client, who returned his ownership of her to her former owner (the pimp) on the pretext of discontent after having had intercourse with her, which was a legal and accepted method for prostitution in the Islamic world. While slaves could be of different ethnicities, this did not exclude enslavers from categorizing slaves by their ethnic origin in to racial stereotypes. Ibn al-Khaṭīb classified female sex slaves by racial stereotypes: The slave traders were known to prepare their slave girls in order to acquire

680-447: A number of tasks, such as offices in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of harem guards, they were castrated), female saqaliba were placed in the harem. The Sub-Saharan African Pagans were often given more laborious chores than the saqaliba-slaves. In the Islamic world, female slaves were targeted for either use as domestic house slave maidservants, or for sexual slavery in

748-658: A principal marketplace because of its geographical location on the major trade routes between the Frankish Empire and Scandinavia (north-south), and between the Baltic and the North Sea (east-west). Between 800 and 1000 the growing economic power of the Vikings led to its dramatic expansion as a major trading centre. Along with Birka and Schleswig , Hedeby's prominence as a major international trading hub served as

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816-541: A screen and sometimes visible - and are the perhaps most well documented of all female slaves. While trained qiyan-slaves were sexually available to their enslaver, they were not categorized or sold as concubines and, with their training, were the most expensive female slaves. The writer Al-Jahiz : "the singing-girl is hardly ever honest in her passion or sincere in her affection, for she, by training and by disposition, sets traps and snares for her admirers in order that they may plung into her toils [lit. "noose"]", and "for

884-411: A significantly more wealthy and comfortable lifestyle than Hedeby. While Hedeby may have been significant by Scandinavian standards, Al-Tartushi was unimpressed: The town was sacked in 1050 by King Harald Hardrada of Norway during a conflict with King Sweyn II of Denmark . He set the town on fire by sending several burning ships into the harbour, the charred remains of which were found at the bottom of

952-699: A slave source supply, as the Bilad as-Saqaliba ("land of the slaves"). Bohemia were in an ideal position to become a supply source for Pagan saqaliba slaves to al-Andalus. The slaves were acquired through slave raids toward the Pagan Slavic lands North of Prague. The Prague slave trade adjusted to the al-Andalus market, with females required for sexual slavery and males required for either military slavery or as eunuchs . Male slaves selected to be sold as eunuchs were subjected to castration in Verdun . Traditionally,

1020-702: A subsequent attack upon Silves in 1191. In the Almohad raid to Evora in Portugal in 1181–82, 400 women were taken captives and put for sale in the slave market of Seville. These raiding expeditions also included the Sa’ifa (summer) incursions, a tradition produced during the Amir reign of Cordoba. In addition to acquiring wealth, some of these Sa’ifa raids sought to bring mostly male captives, often eunuchs, back to Al-Andalus. They were generically referred to as Saqaliba ,

1088-623: A substantial price. The slaves were not always destined for the al-Andalus market; similar to Bohemia in Europe, al-Andalus was a religious border state for the Muslim world, and saqaliba slaves were exported from there further to the Muslim world in the Middle East. The saqaliba slave trade from Prague to al-Andalus via France became defunct in the 11th-century, when the Pagan Slavs of the North started to gradually adopt Christianity from

1156-532: Is first mentioned in the Frankish chronicles of Einhard (804), who was in the service of Charlemagne , as a place Charlemagne stayed in the summer of 804, at the end of the Saxon Wars . In 808 the Danish king Godfred (Lat. Godofredus) destroyed a competing Slav trade centre named Reric , and it is recorded in the Frankish chronicles that he resettled the merchants from there to Hedeby. This may have provided

1224-607: Is recorded in numerous spelling variants. Sources from the 9th and 10th century AD also attest to the names Sliesthorp and Sliaswich (cf. -thorp vs. -wich ), and the town of Schleswig still exists 3 km north of Hedeby. However, Æthelweard claimed in his Latin translation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that the Saxons used Slesuuic and the Danes Haithaby to refer to the same town. Hedeby

1292-792: The Bukhara slave trade . However, it is not confirmed if the Vikings sold the captives from their raids in Christian Iberia directly to Muslim Iberia. The Vikings did provide slaves to al-Andalus via the Norse Kingdom of Dublin. Slaves captured primarily in the British islands and put on sale in Dublin, which was one of the biggest slave markets in Europe in the 9th- and 11th-centuries, are known to have been sold all over Europe; one of

1360-469: The Libro de los juegos claimed that Muslim women wore transparent tunics, which has been interpreted as the supposed freedom of Andalusian women, but such clothing was likely worn by slave women rather than Muslim women. The use of female sex slaves of foreign ethnicity had unwanted consequences in the racialized society of al-Andalus, where Arab Muslims were considered to be the most high status ethnicity in

1428-764: The Samanid slave market in Central Asia and finally via Iran to the Abbasid Caliphate . The following indicates the importance achieved by the town: A Swedish dynasty founded by Olof the Brash is said to have ruled Hedeby during the last decades of the 9th century and the first part of the 10th century. This was told to Adam of Bremen by the Danish king Sweyn Estridsson , and it is supported by three runestones found in Denmark. Two of them were raised by

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1496-635: The Store Bredning and Lille Bredning and in German as the Große Breite and Kleine Breite , near Schleswig). The word is thought to be connected with the Danish word slæ ("reeds, water plants"). 54°35′N 9°50′E  /  54.59°N 9.83°E  / 54.59; 9.83 This Schleswig-Holstein location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Slavery in al-Andalus Slavery in al-Andalus

1564-576: The Volga trade route to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver dirham and silk, which have been found in Birka , Wollin and Dublin ; initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed via the Khazar Kaghanate , but from the early 10th-century onward it went via Volga Bulgaria and from there by caravan to Khwarazm , to

1632-539: The 8th century until the end of the Reconquista in the late 15th century. European slaves were exported from the Christian section of Spain as well as Eastern Europe and referred to as Saqaliba . Saqaliba slavery in al-Andalus was especially prominent in the Caliphate of Córdoba , where white female slaves constituted a big part of the slave concubines of the royal harem, and white male slaves constituted most of

1700-538: The Almohadist version of Islam to avoid enslavement. The slave market of Prague was one route for saqaliba slaves to al-Andalus. Similarly to al-Andalus, the Duchy of Bohemia was a state in a religious border zone, in the case of Bohemia bordering to Pagan Slavic lands to the North, East and South East. The Arabic Caliphate of Córdoba referred to the forrests of Central and Eastern Europe, which came to function as

1768-600: The Almoravid Emirate in the 12th-century. Islamic law allowed Muslims to take non-Muslims as slaves, but not Muslims. However, the Almohads defined Muslims who were not followers of Almohadism as unbelivers ( takfir ) and therefore viewed them as legitimate to enslave. While adult men were killed, women and children were taken captive and sold as slaves and even kept as concubines , something normally only allowed for non-Muslim women. When Abd al-Mu'min took

1836-560: The Arab word for Slavs. Slavs’ status as the most common group in the slave trade by the tenth century led to the development of the word “slave.” During the Sack of Barcelona (985) by the Córdoban general, Almanzor , the entire garrison was slain, and the inhabitants were either killed or enslaved. Moorish Saracen pirates from al-Andalus attacked Marseille and Arles and established

1904-851: The Baleares in 903, and made slave raids also from this base toward the coasts of the Christian Mediterranean and Sicily. While the Saracen bases in France was eliminated in 972, this did not prevent the Saracen piracy slave trade of the Mediterranean; both Almoravid dynasty (1040–1147) and the Almohad Caliphate (1121–1269) approved of the slave raiding of Saracen pirates toward non-Muslim ships in Gibraltar and

1972-625: The Baltic and the North Sea and avoid a dangerous and time-consuming circumnavigation of Jutland, providing Hedeby with a role similar to later Lübeck . Hedeby was the second largest Nordic town during the Viking Age, after Uppåkra in present-day southern Sweden. The city of Schleswig was later founded on the other side of the Schlei. Hedeby was abandoned after its destruction in 1066. Hedeby

2040-518: The Baltic near Kappeln and Arnis to the town of Schleswig . Along the Schlei are many small bays and swamps. It separates the Angeln peninsula to the north from the Schwansen peninsula to the south. The important Viking settlement of Hedeby was located at the head of the firth ( fjord ), but was later abandoned in favor of the town of Schleswig. A museum has been built on the site, telling

2108-719: The Central North, and Franks from the North East and France. The medieval Iberian Peninsula was the scene of episodic warfare among Muslims and Christians. Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from Al-Andalus to ravage the Christian Iberian kingdoms, bringing back booty and people. For example, in a raid on Lisbon in 1189 the Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur took 3,000 female and child captives, and his governor of Córdoba took 3,000 Christian slaves in

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2176-461: The Mediterranean for the purpose of slave raiding. Along with Christians and Slavs, Sub-Saharan Africans were also held as slaves, brought back from the caravan trade in the Sahara. The Ancient Trans-Saharan slave trade trafficked slaves to Al-Andalus from non-Muslim Pagan Sub-Saharan Africa. Forming relations between the Umayyads , Khārijites and 'Abbāsids , the flow of trafficked people from

2244-478: The Sahara towards Al-Andalus served as a highly lucrative trade configuration. The archaeological evidence of human trafficking and proliferation of early trade in this case follows numismatics and materiality of text. This monetary structure of consistent gold influx proved to be a tenet in the development of Islamic commerce. In this regard, the slave trade outperformed and was the most commercially successful venture for maximizing capital. This major change in

2312-403: The Schlei during recent excavations. A Norwegian skald , quoted by Snorri Sturluson , describes the sack as follows: In 1066 the town was sacked and burned by West Slavs . Following the destruction, Hedeby was slowly abandoned. People moved across the Schlei inlet , which separates the two peninsulas of Angeln and Schwansen , and founded the town of Schleswig . After the settlement

2380-876: The Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate, illustrated by the Abbasid harem , was reproduced by the Islamic realms developing from them, such as in the Emirates and Caliphates in Muslim Spain, Al-Andalus , which attracted a lot of attention in Europe during the Middle Ages until the Emirate of Granada was conquered in 1492. The most famous of the Andalusian harems was perhaps the harem of the Caliph of Cordoba . Except for

2448-596: The administrative personnel in the courts and palaces. Al-Andalus , the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula (711–1492) imported a large number of slaves to its own domestic market, as well as served as a staging point for Muslim and Jewish merchants to market slaves to the rest of the Islamic world. An early economic pillar of the Islamic empire in Iberia ( Al-Andalus ) during the eighth century

2516-520: The color of their clothing, and that white slave-girls, for example, where dressed in rose color (pink). Female slaves were visible in public; while free Muslim women were expected to veil in public to signal their modesty and status as free women, slave women were expected to appear unveiled in public to differentiate them from free and modest women. Ibn Habib noted how Free Muslim women were prohibited from wearing revealing and transparent clothing, but that such clothing were worn in an intimate context;

2584-411: The constant warfare and slave raids across Iberian borders. Christian Europe exported Pagan Europeans as slaves to al-Andalus via the Prague slave trade through Christian France. Pagan Vikings exported Christian slaves captured in Christian Europe to the Muslims in al-Andalus. Muslim Saracen pirates captured and sold Christian Europeans captured in slave raids along the shores of the Mediterranean to

2652-438: The female relatives of the Caliph, the harem women consisted of his slave concubines. The slaves of the Caliph were often European saqaliba slaves trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe. While male saqaliba could be given work in a number offices such as: in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of harem guards, they were castrated), but female saqaliba were placed in

2720-401: The form of concubinage. In certain Islamic periods such as Al-Andalus, female slaves could also be selected for training as slave artists, known as qiyan . Domestic slavery was a common enslavement for women in the Muslim world. Since free Muslim women were expected to live in gender segregated seclusion in as high degree as possible, they generally did not work as maidservants, which created

2788-399: The form of numismatics serves as a paradigm shift from the previous Visigothic economic arrangement. Additionally, it demonstrates profound change from one regional entity to another, the direct transfer of people and pure coinage from one religiously similar semi-autonomous province to another. The Almohads broke Islamic law by taking Muslim women and children as slaves during the conquest of

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2856-411: The fortress Dai, two women were taken as captives who became his concubines, one of whom became the mother of his son Abu Said Uthman. When Tlemcen was taken by the Almohad army, Ibn al-Athir stated that "The children and womenfolk were taken as captives.... Those who were not slain were sold at minimal prices". When the capital Marrakesh was conquered in 1147, al-Baydhaq described how "Everything that

2924-608: The function selected for them from childhood. Common slave names were adjusted to the tasks selected for the slave children, such as Mujahid ('warrior'), Muqatil ('fighter') for slave soldiers; or Anbar ('amber'), Zuhayr ('radiant'), Kharyan ('blessing'), wathiq ('trusthworthy') or jumn ('pearl') for bureaucrats. The slaves of the Caliph were often European saqaliba slaves trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe. The Saqaliba were mostly assigned to palaces as guards, concubines, and eunuchs , although they were sometimes privately owned. While male saqaliba could be given work in

2992-414: The harbour was partially dredged, during which the wreck of multiple Viking ships were discovered, including the Hedeby 1 . Despite all this work, only 5% of the settlement (and only 1% of the harbour) has as yet been investigated. The most important finds resulting from the excavations are now on display in the adjoining Hedeby Viking Museum . In 2005 an ambitious archaeological reconstruction program

3060-453: The harem. The harem could contain thousands of slave concubines; the harem of Abd al-Rahman I consisted of 6,300 women. The saqaliba concubines were appreciated for their light skin. The concubines ( jawaris ) were educated in accomplishments to make them attractive and useful for their master, and many became known and respected for their knowledge in a variety of subjects from music to medicine. A jawaris concubine who gave birth to

3128-437: The highest price for them at the slave market. A 12th-century document described how slave traders smeared female slaves of dark complexion with ointments and dyed the hair of brunettes "golden" (blonde) in order to appear lighter, and how they instructed slave girls to flirt to attract buyers. al-Saqati noted how slave traders dressed slave-girls in transparent clothing on public display in order to attract customers and adjusted

3196-401: The initial impetus for the town to further develop. The same sources record that Godfred strengthened the Danevirke , an earthen wall that stretched across the south of the Jutland peninsula. The Danevirke joined the defensive walls of Hedeby to form an east–west barrier across the peninsula, from the marshes in the west to the Schlei inlet leading into the Baltic in the east. The town itself

3264-438: The late 10th-century , which prohibited Christian Bohemia to enslave and sell to Muslim al-Andalus. Al-Andalus was described in the Muslim world as the "land of jihad", a religious border land in a state of constant war with the infidels, which by Islamic Law was a legitimate zone for enslavement, and slaves were termed as coming from three different zones in Christian Iberia: Galicians from the North West, Basques or Vascones from

3332-416: The main routes of the Sahara towards Al-Andalus served as a highly lucrative trade configuration. According to Roger Collins , although the role of the Vikings in the slave trade in Iberia remains largely hypothetical, their depredations are clearly recorded. Raids on Al-Andalus by Vikings are reported in the years 844, 859, 966 and 971, conforming to the general pattern of such activity concentrating in

3400-400: The mid ninth and late tenth centuries. The Vikings performed slave raids toward the Christian parts of Iberia as well. It is known that the Vikings sold people they captured in their raids in Christian Europe to the Islamic world via Arab merchants in Russia along the Volga trade route , slaves who were trafficked to the Middle East via Central Asia and was an important slave supply source to

3468-425: The most lucrative trades for Vikings as well as other traders operating from Irish ports such as Dublin were the slave trade to Islamic Iberia. The slave market in the Muslim world prioritized women for the use of domestic servants and concubines (sex slaves) and men as eunuchs , laborers and slave soldiers. Children were the preferred category on the slave market because they could be trained and raised to fill

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3536-605: The most part singing-girls are insicere and given to employing deciet and treachery in squeezing out the property of the deluded victim and then abandoning him", and that their enslaver used them to assemble gifts from male guests who came to him to see and hear his qiyan slave-girl. Another category was that of sexual slavery . Islamic law prohibited a man from having sexual intercourse with any woman except his wife or his female slave. Female slaves were used for both prostitution as well as private concubines. Islamic Law formally prohibited prostitution. However, since Islamic Law allowed

3604-404: The mother of Olof's grandson Sigtrygg Gnupasson . The third runestone, discovered in 1796, is from Hedeby, the Stone of Eric ( Swedish : Erikstenen ). It is inscribed with Norwegian-Swedish runes . It is, however, possible that Danes also occasionally wrote with this version of the younger futhark . Life was short and crowded in Hedeby. The small houses were clustered tightly together in

3672-648: The racial hierarchy, followed by Berber Muslims, Christians, Jews and slaves. In order to achieve the status and privileges reserved for ethnic Arabs, such as tax reduction, many Andalusians forged their genealogy to appear pure blood Arab. The fact that the rulers of al-Andalus preferred and could afford to buy white European female sex slaves had the unwanted consequence that many Caliphs, who were sons of European slave concubines, became lighter in color for each generation; many Caliphs had fair complexion and blue eyes, and dyed their hair black in order to appear more stereotypically Arab. The harem system that developed in

3740-401: The reign of al-Hakam I (r. 796–822). However, qiyan soon started to be trained in Cordoba and from 1013 in Seville; it is however unknown if the tradition was preserved in the Emirate of Granada . Qiyan-slaves were selected to be trained for this function as children, and underwent a long training to fit the demands. During reign of the Caliph al-Amin (r. 809–813) in Bahgdad, there was

3808-525: The same fashion, both Christians and Muslims were prohibited from performing castrations, but there was no such ban for Jews, which made it possible for them to meet the demand for eunuchs in the Muslim world. The slaves were transported to Al-Andalus via France. While the church discouraged the sale of Christian slaves to Muslims, the sale of Pagans to Muslims was not met with such opposition. White European slaves were viewed as luxury goods in Al-Andalus, where they could be sold for as much as 1,000 dinars ,

3876-407: The site was productive for two main reasons: that the site had never been built on since its destruction some 840 years earlier, and that the permanently waterlogged ground had preserved wood and other perishable materials. After the Second World War, in 1959, archaeological work was started again and has continued intermittently ever since. The embankments surrounding the settlement were excavated, and

3944-540: The slave markets of al-Andalus. African slaves were trafficked to al-Andalus from the South across the Sahara desert via the Trans-Saharan slave trade. Slaves in al-Andalus were used in a similar manner as in other Muslim states. Female slaves were used primarily as domestic servants, prostitution and private harem concubines (sex slaves). Male slaves were used for a number of different tasks, but primarily divided in to eunuchs , who could be given prestigious tasks; laborers; or as slave soldiers. al-Andalus functioned as both

4012-748: The slave traders acquiring the slaves in Prague and transporting them to the slave market of al-Andalus are said to have been dominated by the Jewish Radhanite merchants. How dominating the Jewish merchants were is unknown, but Jewish slave traders did have an advantage toward their non-Jewish colleagues, because they were able to move across the Christian-Muslim lands, which was not always to case for Christian and Muslim merchants, and act as mediators between Christian and Muslim commercial markets. While Christians were not allowed to enslave Christians and Muslims not allowed to enslave Muslims, Jews were able to sell Christian slaves to Muslim buyers and Muslim slaves to Christian buyers, as well as Pagan slaves to both. In

4080-405: The story of the abandoned town. The Schlei's name was once presumably Angel , later giving its name to the region Angeln . This name derives from the Norse word angr ("narrow"). Angel therefore meant "narrow fjord", which fits the long and narrow Schlei well. The current name is thought to have been used only for the inner Schlei (the broads at the top of the firth now known in Danish as

4148-406: Was a practice throughout Al-Andalus and the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain and Portugal) between the 8th-century and the 15th century. This includes the periods of the Emirate of Córdoba (756–929), the Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031), the Taifas (11th century), Almoravid rule (1085–1145), Almohad rule (1147–1238), and the Emirate of Granada (1232–1492). Slavery in al-Andalus

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4216-455: Was abandoned, rising waters contributed to the complete disappearance of all visible structures on the site. It was even forgotten where the settlement had been. This proved to be fortunate for later archaeological work at the site. Archaeological work began at the site in 1900 after the rediscovery of the settlement. Excavations were conducted for the next 15 years. Further excavations were carried out between 1930 and 1939. Archaeological work on

4284-452: Was in he city was taken to the treasury. The women were sold and everything [all the booty of the conquest] went back to the treasury", and Ibn Sahib al-Sala that "[Abd al-Mu'min] distribyted the houses [of the Marrakhsis] to [the Almohads]. The families of Marrakesh were sold and their children were somd into slavery" The enslavement of Muslim war captives however soon stopped since during the Almohad conquests, Muslims stated to rapidly adopt

4352-417: Was initiated on the original site. Based on the results of archaeological analyses, exact copies of some of the original Viking houses have been built. Schlei The Schlei ( German: [ʃlaɪ] ; Danish : Slien or Slesvig Fjord ) is a narrow inlet of the Baltic Sea in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany . It stretches for approximately 20 miles (32 kilometers) from

4420-591: Was rediscovered in the late 19th century and excavations began in 1900. The Hedeby Viking Museum was opened next to the site in 1985. Because of its historical importance during the Viking Age and exceptional preservation, Hedeby and the nearby defensive earthworks of the Danevirke were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2018. Hedeby is mentioned in Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale "The Marsh King's Daughter". The Old Norse name Heiða-býr simply translates to "heath-settlement" ( heiðr " heath " and býr = "yard; settlement, village, town"). The name

4488-506: Was regulated in accordance with Islamic law. Non-Muslims foreigners were viewed as legitimate targets of enslavement. Since al-Andalus was a situated in the religious border zone, it had the conditions necessary to become a center of slave trade between Christian and Pagan Europe and the Muslim Middle East. Slaves were trafficked to al-Andalus via a number of different routes. The centuries long reconquista between Muslim and Christian Iberia resulted in numerous Christian slaves captured during

4556-435: Was surrounded on its three landward sides (north, west, and south) by earthworks. At the end of the 9th century the northern and southern parts of the town were abandoned for the central section. Later a 9-metre (29-ft) high semi-circular wall was erected to guard the western approaches to the town. On the eastern side, the town was bordered by the innermost part of the Schlei inlet and the bay of Haddebyer Noor . Hedeby became

4624-401: Was the slave trade. Due to manumission being a form of piety under Islamic law, slavery in Muslim Spain couldn't maintain the same level of auto-reproduction as societies with older slave populations. Therefore, Al-Andalus relied on trade systems as an external means of replenishing the supply of enslaved people. Islamic law prohibited Muslims from enslaving other Muslims, and there was thus

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