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33-632: The peninsula features a large industrial park that was founded in 1928 and contains major facilities of Norsk Hydro , Yara . REC ( ScanWafer subsidiary) said in 2023 that the company is closing down its operations in Norway. The area is served by the Bratsberg Line . 2,700 people work on the 1.5 square kilometres (0.58 sq mi) peninsula that has about 30 companies, most of which are subsidiaries of Norsk Hydro, including Hydro's research park with 350 employees. A populated area south of

66-543: A North American industrial park is a water tower , which helps to hold enough water to meet the park's demands and for firefighting purposes, and also advertises the industrial park and locality, as usually the community's name and logo are painted onto its surface. This idea of setting land aside through this type of zoning has several purposes: Benchmarking helps to rank industrial parks based on various criteria, including performance, investment, environmental protection, social responsibility, and governance (ESG). For

99-489: A concrete footing or otherwise anchored to prevent leaning under the tension of a stretched fence. Posts set between the terminal posts are called "line posts" and are set at intervals not to exceed 10 feet. The installer attaches the fence at one end, stretches it, and attaches it at the other, easily removing the excess by "unscrewing" a wire. In many cases, the installer stretches a bottom tension wire, sometimes referred to as "coil wire", between terminal posts to help minimize

132-662: A long history of cloth manufacture). In the mid-1890s, the American Chain Link Fence Company in Medford, Massachusetts , was the first company in the United States to patent an "exclusive manufacturing process of continuous wire fabric" thanks to a patent by founder Guy Mafera which he first used to make spring beds. While sources vary on when Mafera first patented the method of forming chain link fence, his brother, Frank J. Mafera , patented

165-404: A method of "forming wire fence fabric" in 1930 which made chain link fence safe and practical for residential use. It "eliminate[d] each ragged selvage , particularly at the top of the fence, without sacrificing anything of the essential strength and rigidity, of the fence itself, thus to avoid danger of injury to hands or clothing." Frank J. Mafera first sold this type of fencing from his company

198-537: A nearby highway, and with only the basic utilities and roadways. Public transportation options may be limited or non-existent. Industrial parks in developing countries such as Pakistan face a myriad of additional difficulties. This includes the availability of a skilled workforce and the clustering together of radically different industrial sectors (pharmaceuticals and heavy engineering, for example), which often leads to unfavorable outcomes for quality centered industries. An industrial park specializing in biotechnology

231-707: A shipping port for Norwegian saltpeter (calcium nitrate) were built. In the process, the narrow sound between the island and the mainland was mostly filled up, thus transforming the island to a peninsula. The reason Hydro wanted to establish itself in the Grenland region was the proximity to limestone , one of the necessary components in the fertilizer, Calcium nitrate. Norsk Hydro had previously had to build its fertilizer plants in Notodden (in 1907 ) and Rjukan (in 1909 ) because technology at that time didn't allow for efficient transport of electricity long distances from

264-450: A somewhat flattened spiral . The spiral continues to rotate past the blade and winds its way through the previous spiral that is already part of the fence. When the spiral reaches the far end of the fence, the spiral is cut near the blade. Next, the spiral is pressed flat, and the entire fence is moved up, ready for the next cycle. The end of every second spiral overlaps the end of every first spiral. The machine clamps both ends and gives them

297-474: A special zone for many industries (mixed OIZs). Not every industry is allowed to operate in organized industrial zones. Chain link fencing A chain-link fence (also referred to as wire netting , wire-mesh fence , chain-wire fence , cyclone fence , hurricane fence , or diamond-mesh fence ) is a type of woven fence usually made from galvanized or linear low-density polyethylene -coated steel wire. The wires run vertically and are bent into

330-588: A zigzag pattern so that each "zig" hooks with the wire immediately on one side and each "zag" with the wire immediately on the other. This forms the characteristic diamond pattern seen in this type of fence. In the United Kingdom, the firm of Barnard, Bishop & Barnards was established in Norwich to produce chain-link fencing by machine. The process was developed by Charles Barnard in 1844 based on cloth weaving machines (up until that time, Norwich had

363-452: Is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development . An industrial park can be thought of as a more heavyweight version of a business park or office park, which has offices and light industry , rather than heavy industry . Industrial parks are notable for being relatively simple to build; they often feature speedily erected single-space steel sheds, occasionally in bright colours. Industrial parks are usually located on

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396-403: Is called a biotechnology industrial park. It may also be known as a bio-industrial park or eco-industrial cluster. Flatted factories exist in cities like Singapore and Hong Kong , where land is scarce. These are typically similar to flats , but house individual industries instead. Flatted factories have cargo lifts and roads that serve each level, providing access to each factory lot. India

429-590: The power plants to the place of use. But in the 1920s technology had developed and it was possible to locate the plants close to the natural resources instead of close to the hydro electric power plants , that were located in the mountains in Northern Telemark . Another important function was the establishment of a port for the export of fertilizer from Norsk Hydro's plants in Telemark. The Telemark Canal had been used for transport from Notodden from

462-507: The 1950s, Hydro would take up these plans and build a magnesium factory, which was rebuilt in 2002 to a metal recycling facility. In the reminiscing book UT. Fra en oppvekst i forrige århundre by historian Harald Berntsen , portrayals are given of incidents and milieus in Herøya, from the time when his family moved there in 1951 (from downtown Porsgrunn), just before he was to begin school, and until 1960. The book explains among other things

495-603: The Barnyard Fence Company in Raymond, New Hampshire , and his brother sold and produced the fencing at the American Chain Link Fence Company in Medford. Mafera's patent was updated in 1952, but expired in 1969 and is now used in the production of most chain link fencing. In the United States, fencing usually comes in 20-foot (6.1 m) or 50-foot (15 m) rolls, which can be joined by "unscrewing" one of

528-570: The German occupying force had plans to build aluminium and magnesium plants in Herøya. The construction of the plant by Norsk Hydro in partnership with the Luftwaffe -operated Nordische Aluminium Aktiengesellschaft (Nordag) was however ended on 24 July 1943, when a bombardment by American B-17 Flying Fortresses completely destroyed the facilities as well as hitting parts of the surrounding areas, killing 55 people, including civilians. Later, in

561-622: The Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2000. A special economic zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's domestic economic laws. India has specific laws for its SEZs.The category 'SEZ' covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including free-trade zones (FTZ), export processing zones (EPZ), free zones (FZ), industrial estates (IE), free ports , urban enterprise zones and others. Usually,

594-622: The edges of, or outside, the main residential area of a city , and are normally provided with good transportation access, including road and rail . One such example is the large number of industrial estates located along the River Thames in the Thames Gateway area of London . Industrial parks are usually located close to transport facilities, especially where more than one transport modes coincide, including highways , railroads , airports and ports . Another common feature of

627-426: The enclosed Gunneklevfjord, glittering in the sun in all hues of pollution. On the left side of the fjord Hydro's factory buildings tower proudly, in particular the tallest round tower which day and night pumps out the thick, yellow smoke which always gives the wind strength and direction." (Berntsen, pp. 72) The barrack being described would soon be demolished to provide room for a community house. Up Torggata, to

660-434: The end wires and then "screwing" it back in so that it hooks both pieces. Common heights include one-foot increments from 3 feet (0.91 m) to 8 feet (2.4 m), and other heights including 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m), 10 feet (3.0 m), and 12 feet (3.7 m) although almost any height is possible. Mesh is commonly 9, 11, or 11 + 1 ⁄ 2 wire gauge . Mesh length can also vary based on need, with

693-471: The fence. A chain-link fence can be made semi-opaque by using fence inserts in the mesh. Allowing ivy to grow up the fence and interweave itself is also popular. The installation of a chain-link fence involves setting posts into the ground and attaching the fence to them. The posts may be steel tubing, timber, or concrete and may be driven into the ground or set in concrete. End, corner, or gate posts, commonly referred to as "terminal posts", must be set on

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726-547: The goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors, typically an international business or a Multi National Corporation (MNC) . Notable SEZs in India An organized industrial zone ( Turkish : Organize Sanayi Bölgesi ) is a kind of special economic zone in Turkey . These zones were legislated for between 2000 and 2007, and may bring together related (OIZs for function) industries or just be

759-418: The in and out movement that occurs at the bottom of the chain-link mesh between posts. Top horizontal rails are used on most chain-link fences, although not necessary if the terminal posts are braced correctly. A top tension wire may be used in this situation. Bottom rails may be added in place of bottom tension wires, and for taller fences, 10 feet or more, intermediate horizontal rails are often added. Finally,

792-444: The installer ties the fence to the line posts and rails with steel or aluminum wire with a hook on one end called “fence ties”. The bottom tension wire should be secured to the line posts and the chain-link mesh "hog ringed" to the tension wire 2' on center. The manufacturing of chain-link fencing is called weaving . A metal wire , often galvanized to reduce corrosion , is pulled along a rotating long and flat blade , thus creating

825-429: The manufacturing companies located in industrial parks, the performance of industrial park operators is important, as the costs for infrastructure and services charged by the industrial park operator is a serious factor for the competitiveness of the manufacturing companies. Different industrial parks fulfill these criteria to differing degrees. Many small communities have established industrial parks with only access to

858-614: The peninsula itself, which was initially housing for the Hydro employees, is also considered part of Herøya as a suburb of the city of Porsgrunn . Herøya also has a local football club, participating in the Norwegian 5th division. The club stadium, Herøya Stadion, has a capacity in surplus of 2000. Originally an island that was used for agriculture , in 1928 Norsk Hydro decided to locate a new artificial fertilizer factory there, Hydro Porsgrunn , and in just 16 months both this factory and

891-470: The residence and down on the left, Torggata has recently been elevated and graveled , but not yet asphalted . On the other side of the street, the Germans have left a long two-storey barrack ... On both sides of Torggata down on the left, endless open yards with grass and weeds, thistles and nettles. The yards end in a fertile belt of tall, wavering rushes with a forest of brown cigars on the top, in front of

924-514: The right and into the forest, one would arrive at the beach of the Frierfjord where boats lay waiting outside Hydro, "and where we could make out the contours of Herre and the cellulose plant from which the fart -like Herre smell would come." The workers lived, among other places, on the eastside of Kirkehaugen in "owned homes". The engineers lived in the "'engineer town' consisting of villas with spacious gardens having been situated facing

957-457: The standard diamond size being 2 inches (5.1 cm). For tennis courts and ballparks, the most popular height is 10 or 12 feet (3.0 or 3.7 m). Tennis courts often use a diamond size of 1.75 inches (4.4 cm), as measured flat side to flat side, so that power hitters cannot lodge the ball in the fence. The popularity of chain-link fence is from its relatively low cost and that the open weave does not obscure sunlight from either side of

990-485: The start of operations there, while a railway, Rjukanbanen , had been built to the plant in Rjukan to Notodden. In 1916 this railway was extended as the Bratsberg Line to Skien , and then to Herøya when it opened, replacing the need for the canal . Since then there has been opened other plants at Herøya, including a production plant for PVC (in 1951 ). Following the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany in April 1940

1023-621: The still idyllic Frierfjord, closest to the factories, when Hydro's plant on Herøya grew from 1928 on. Or they would occupy the row of Hydro's more elegant one-family houses for engineers at Bakkedammen and, in a few cases, the grand workers' villas in Adriansåsen, the hill atop Herøya. Or increasingly in Hefalia, which lay on the opposite side of the factories, between Herøya and Porsgrunn." Industrial park An industrial park , also known as industrial estate or trading estate ,

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1056-534: The way in which the different residential areas in Herøya were related to status and hierarchy in the Hydro community. Berntsen's family lived in a flat on Torggata, on the peninsula proper, to the west of the Gunneklevfjord, in a recently built 4-flat house which the father had been given by Hydro. "On both sides of Torggata up on the right, one 'owned home' after the other, within well-groomed gardens fenced in with chain link fences and gates ... In front of

1089-654: Was one of the first countries in Asia to recognize the effectiveness of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) model in promoting exports, with Asia's first EPZ set up in Kandla in 1965. In order to overcome the shortcomings experienced on account of the multiplicity of controls and clearances; absence of world-class infrastructure, and an unstable fiscal regime and with a view to attract larger foreign investments in India,

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