61-469: High diving is the act of diving into water from relatively great heights. High diving can be performed as an adventure sport (as with cliff diving ), as a performance stunt (as with many records attempts), or competitively during sporting events. It debuted at a FINA event at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona , after the sport was added to the federation's list of disciplines. In
122-618: A gymnastic act. The sport further improved with gymnastic acts being performed during the diving process, and was then given the names "springboard diving" and "high fancy diving", which were events in the Olympics of 1908 and 1912. The first diving event as a sport, however, was in 1889 in Scotland with a diving height of 6 feet (1.8 m). Today, in Latin America, diving by professionals from heights of 100 feet (30 m) or more
183-432: A lifeguard is not on duty. It was commetend that "...shallow dives can end up in death or permanent injury." and that in 1988 on lake powell a person "...was left a quadriplegic after diving just 5 feet off a houseboat into the murky lake." Water resistance increases with the speed of entry, so entering the water at high-velocity induces rapid deceleration. Jumping into water from a height of 20 feet (6.1 m) results in
244-479: A broken femur and could not exit the water on his own. In 1987, Olivier Favre attempted a double back somersault from 54 metres (177 ft) but broke his back upon impact and had to be rescued. Laso Schaller 's 2015 jump from a 59 metres (193 ft) cliff in Switzerland may not be considered a dive based on ABC's criteria (one somersault needed); however, he is the current record holder for Highest dive from
305-435: A competition. High divers have achieved speeds of descent of 96 kilometres per hour (60 mph). Initially, diving as a sport began by jumping from "great heights". Then it was exclusively practiced by gymnasts as they found it exciting with a low probability of injury. It then evolved into "diving in the air" with water as the safety landing base. Efforts by Thomas Ralph to name the sport "springing" were not realized, as
366-550: A diving board according to the Guinness Book of Records , simultaneously holding the Highest Cliff Jump record for the same jump. Highest dive from a high diving board and Highest Cliff Jump as per Guinness Book of World Records. Internal ligament injury to the knee as a result even though he wore some protection. Some research suggests that the impact associated with high diving could have negative effects on
427-406: A limited number of venues around the globe. The Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series men’s competition started in 2009. The women’s competition began in 2014. The competition season takes place over eight locations around the world. Since 2020, there have been an equal number of male and female competitors. Every athlete scores a number of points in every competition as distributed here: In 2012
488-408: A minimum depth of 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) which proved to be insufficient in the above case. The pool into which Meneely dived was not constructed to the published standards. The standards had changed after the diving board was installed on the non-compliant pool by the homeowner. But the courts held that the pool "was close enough" to the standards to hold NSPI liable. The multimillion-dollar lawsuit
549-508: A person impacting with the water surface at 25 mph (40 km/h). Impacting with the water surface at this velocity is capable of giving a person temporary paralysis of the diaphragm , a compressed spine , broken bones, or concussion . The speed that a diver is travelling at the water surface when they dive from a ten-metre platform is around 35 mph and when a diver hits the water flat from 10 metres they are brought to rest in about 1 ft. The extreme deceleration when hitting
610-423: A pinwheel, but this is no longer part of competitive synchronised diving. For example, one diver would perform a forward dive and the other an inward dive in the same position, or one would do a reverse and the other a back movement. In these events, the diving would be judged both on the quality of execution and the synchronicity – in timing of take-off and entry, height and forward travel. There are rules governing
671-452: A set of towering rocks... ...about 60 feet..." (18.2 metres). He dove into the water doing a "back flip." He never surfaced from the water and was found several days later 120 feet below the surface. The 22-year-old was found to have suffered a broken neck. In competitive diving, FINA takes regulatory steps to ensure that athletes are protected from the inherent dangers of the sport. For example, they impose restrictions according to age on
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#1732787525337732-598: A set of towering rocks... ...about 60 feet..." (18.2 metres). The 22 year old dove into the water to perform a back flip, but never surfaced from the water and was found several days later 120 feet under the water after suffering a broken neck from the dive due to being unaware of shallow sandy bottom. The 2018 film Bumblebee featured a main character who was a former competitive high diver. In 2022, YouTube group The Try Guys tested out high diving in Mission Viejo, California . Diving (sport) Diving
793-593: A swimmer named Drake could cover 53 feet (16 m). The English Amateur Swimming Association (at the time called the Swimming Association of Great Britain) first started a " plunging championship " in 1883. The Plunging Championship was discontinued in 1937. Diving into a body of water had also been a method used by gymnasts in Germany and Sweden since the early 19th century. The soft landing allowed for more elaborate gymnastic feats in midair as
854-402: A very confident dive in front of a very difficult dive to ensure that they will have a good mentality for the difficult dive. Most divers have pre-dive and post-dive rituals that help them either maintain or regain focus. Coaches also play a role in this aspect of the sport. Many divers rely on their coaches to help keep their composure during the meet. In a large meet coaches are rarely allowed on
915-559: Is a common occurrence. Cliff diving has been documented as far back as 1770 when Kahekili II , king of Maui, engaged in a practice called "lele kawa", which in English means jumping feet first into water from great heights without making a splash. The king's warriors were forced to participate to prove that they were courageous and loyal to the king. The practice later developed into a competition under king Kamehameha I , and divers were judged on their style and amount of splash upon entering
976-422: Is a panel of seven, nine, or eleven judges; two or three to mark the execution of one diver, two or three to mark the execution of the other, and the remaining three or five to judge the synchronisation. The execution judges are positioned two on each side of the pool, and they score the diver which is nearer to them. The 2012 London Olympics saw the first use of eleven judges. The score is computed similarly to
1037-460: Is declared failed and scores zero according to a strict reading of the FINA law. But in practice, a re-dive would usually be granted in these circumstances. The global governing body of diving is FINA , which also governs swimming , synchronised swimming , water polo and open water swimming . Almost invariably, at national level, diving shares a governing body with the other aquatic sports. This
1098-445: Is frequently a source of political friction as the committees are naturally dominated by swimming officials who do not necessarily share or understand the concerns of the diving community. Divers often feel, for example, that they do not get adequate support over issues like the provision of facilities. Other areas of concern are the selection of personnel for the specialised Diving committees and for coaching and officiating at events, and
1159-534: Is limited to 20 metres (66 ft). The Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series is held annually and draws crowds of up to 70,000 people. Participants dive from a variety of locations including castles, cliffs, towers, bridges, and the Copenhagen Opera House . Efforts were made by divers to make this sport an Olympic event for the 2024 Summer Olympics held in Paris, France , however the highest platform
1220-566: Is made. Dives such as five somersault dives can thrill, but some competitors prefer to perform simpler dives. Some outdoor diving involves launching from significant heights. One such diver noted, "There is adrenaline, excitement, danger – so many different energies go through your mind when you jump off. That goes away and then you hit the water come up and it's a massive elation, you feel such self achievement." A rescue team of scuba divers may be involved in some instances, and are required for any official competitions. Cliff divers practice
1281-401: Is multiplied by a degree of difficulty factor, derived from the number and combination of movements attempted. The diver with the highest total score after a sequence of dives is declared the winner. Synchronized diving was adopted as an Olympic sport in 2000. Two divers form a team and perform dives simultaneously. The dives are identical. It used to be possible to dive opposites, also known as
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#17327875253371342-532: Is not used during the winter period. In 2018, Zhaoqing Yingxiong High Diving Training Center, which contains the first year-round regulation-size high diving platform, opened at the Zhaoqing Sports Center in Zhaoqing , China . The training practice is generally done on 10-metre-high (33 ft) platforms. The "competition dives" are collectively put in place in pieces, similar to the way a dress
1403-578: Is the sport of jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard , usually while performing acrobatics . Diving is an internationally recognised sport that is part of the Olympic Games . In addition, unstructured and non-competitive diving is a recreational pastime. Competitors possess many of the same characteristics as gymnasts and dancers , including strength, flexibility, kinaesthetic judgement and air awareness. Some professional divers were originally gymnasts or dancers as both
1464-548: The 10 m. Points on pool depths in connection with diving safety: Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series The Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series , established in 2009 and created by Red Bull , is an annual international series of cliff diving events in which a limited number of competitors determine the Cliff Diving World Series winner. Divers jump from a platform at a height ranging from 85–92 ft (26 to 28 m) . Competitions are held in
1525-637: The Beijing World Series and smashed my head at 35mph on to the water...". The concussion resulted in him receiving "headaches, nausea, dizziness...". It also resulted in Daley being "...out of action for six days and left him unable to dive off his competition height of 10m for three weeks." It was commented that in 1989 a 22-year-old, who was a "...diver and a member of the Salt Lake Country Club diving team... ...climbed up on
1586-560: The Diver in Paestum , contains a fresco dating to around 500 to 475 BCE that also shows a scene of a person diving into a pool or stream of water from a structure. Although diving has been a popular pastime across the world since ancient times, the first modern diving competitions were held in England in the 1880s. The exact origins of the sport are unclear, though it likely derives from
1647-677: The National Graceful Diving Competition, was held there by the Royal Life Saving Society in 1895. The event consisted of standing and running dives from either 15 or 30 feet (4.6 or 9.1 m). It was at this event that the Swedish tradition of fancy diving was introduced to the sport by the athletes Otto Hagborg and C F Mauritzi. They demonstrated their acrobatic techniques from the 10 m diving board at Highgate Pond and stimulated
1708-521: The Olympics use seven-judge panels. For a five-judge panel, the highest and lowest scores are discarded and the middle three are summed and multiplied by the DD. For seven-judge panels, as of the 2012 London Olympics , the two highest scores and two lowest are discarded, leaving three to be summed and multiplied by the DD. (Prior to the London Olympics, the highest and lowest scores were eliminated, and
1769-529: The United States that "For the purposes of obtaining rough estimates of diving board-related injury risks," the estimated "...rate of SCI [Spinal Cord Injury] due to diving into swimming pools from diving boards to be on the order of 0.028 per 100,000 swimmers..." Many diving accidents occur when divers do not account for submerged objects in the water such as rocks and logs. Because of this many beaches and pools prohibit diving in shallow waters or when
1830-580: The United States scholastic diving is almost always part of the school's swim team. Diving is a separate sport in Olympic and Club Diving. The NCAA will separate diving from swimming in special diving competitions after the swim season is completed. After an incident in Washington in 1993, most US and other pool builders are reluctant to equip a residential swimming pool with a diving springboard so home diving pools are much less common these days. In
1891-456: The act of diving at the start of swimming races. In the seventeenth century gymnasts moved their equipment to the beaches and "performed acrobatics over the water." The 1904 book Swimming by Ralph Thomas notes English reports of plunging records dating back to at least 1865. The 1877 edition to British Rural Sports by John Henry Walsh makes note of a "Mr. Young" plunging 56 feet (17 m) in 1870, and also states that 25 years prior,
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1952-408: The deck to talk to their athlete so it is common to see coaches using hand gestures or body movements to communicate. There are some American meets which will allow changes of the position of the dive even after the dive has been announced immediately before execution, but these are an exception to the rules generally observed internationally. Generally, NCAA rules allow for dives to be changed while
2013-493: The different components of their dives in isolation and only execute the complete dive during championship competitions. Cliff dives are considered extremely difficult and dangerous, a challenge to every competitor; in addition to the physical challenges, they can be mentally challenging to perform. Both men and women participate in the High Diving World Championships, but the diving height for women
2074-402: The dive, the conformance of their body to the requirements of the dive, and the amount of splash created by their entry to the water. A possible score out of ten is broken down into three points for the takeoff (meaning the hurdle), three for the flight (the actual dive), and three for the entry (how the diver hits the water), with one more available to give the judges flexibility. The raw score
2135-407: The dive-sheet to be submitted (generally a period ranging from one hour to 24 hours, depending on the rulings made by the event organiser). It is the diver's responsibility to ensure that the dive-sheet is filled in correctly, and also to correct the referee or announcer before the dive if they describe it incorrectly. If a dive is performed which is as submitted but not as (incorrectly) announced, it
2196-414: The diver is on the board, but the diver must request the change directly after the dive is announced. This applies especially in cases where the wrong dive is announced. If the diver pauses during his or her hurdle to ask for a change of dive, it will be declared a ulk (when the diver stops mid-hurdle) and the change of dive will not be permitted. Under FINA law, no dive may be changed after the deadline for
2257-453: The diver's control has caused them to be unable to perform-such as a loud noise). In the Olympics or other highly competitive meets, many divers will have nearly the same list of dives as their competitors. The importance for divers competing at this level is not so much the DD, but how they arrange their list. Once the more difficult rounds of dives begin it is important to lead off with a confident dive to build momentum. They also tend to put
2318-478: The dives. Specifically, if a judge consistently gives low scores for all divers, or consistently gives high scores for the same divers, the judging will yield fair relative results and will cause divers to place in the correct order. However, absolute scores have significance to the individual divers. Besides the obvious instances of setting records, absolute scores are also used for rankings and qualifications for higher level meets. In synchronised diving events, there
2379-568: The diving community, the FINA requirement that international competitors had to be registered with their National Governing Body was a major factor in the abandonment of this ambition a few years later. Since FINA refused to rescind recognition of the ASA as the British governing body for all aquatic sports including diving, this meant that the elite divers had to belong to ASA-affiliated clubs to be eligible for selection to international competition. In
2440-723: The diving events for the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm . In the 1928 Olympics, 'plain' and 'fancy' diving were amalgamated into one event – 'Highboard Diving'. The diving event was first held indoors in the Empire Pool for the 1934 British Empire Games and 1948 Summer Olympics in London . Most diving competitions consist of three disciplines: 1 m and 3 m springboards, and the platform. Competitive athletes are divided by gender, and often by age group. In platform events, competitors are allowed to perform their dives on either
2501-455: The emphasis is on the synchronisation of the divers. The synchronisation scores are based on: The judges may also disqualify the diver for certain violations during the dive, including: To win dive meets, divers create a dive list in advance of the meet. To win the meet the diver must accumulate more points than other divers. Often, simple dives with low DDs will look good to spectators but will not win meets. The competitive diver will attempt
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2562-747: The establishment of the Amateur Diving Association in 1901, the first organisation devoted to diving in the world (later amalgamated with the Amateur Swimming Association). Fancy diving was formally introduced into the championship in 1903. Plain diving was first introduced into the Olympics at the 1904 event . The 1908 Olympics in London added 'fancy diving' and introduced elastic boards rather than fixed platforms. Women were first allowed to participate in
2623-437: The event is announced or shortly before it begins) they cannot change their dives. If they fail to perform the dive announced, even if they physically cannot execute the dive announced or if they perform a more difficult dive, they will receive a score of zero. Under exceptional circumstances, a redive may be granted, but these are exceedingly rare (usually for very young divers just learning how to compete, or if some event outside
2684-475: The five, seven and a half (generally just called seven), nine, or ten meter towers. In major diving meets, including the Olympic Games and the World Championships, platform diving is from the 10 meter height. Divers have to perform a set number of dives according to established requirements, including somersaults and twists. Divers are judged on whether and how well they completed all aspects of
2745-590: The heights of platforms which divers may compete on. Group D divers have only recently been allowed to compete on the tower. In the past, the age group could compete only springboard, to discourage children from taking on the greater risks of tower diving. Group D tower was introduced to counteract the phenomenon of coaches pushing young divers to compete in higher age categories, thus putting them at even greater risk. However, some divers may safely dive in higher age categories to dive on higher platforms. Usually this occurs when advanced Group C divers wish to compete on
2806-400: The highest DD dives possible with which they can achieve consistent, high scores. If divers are scoring 8 or 9 on most dives, it may be a sign of their extreme skill, or it may be a sign that their dive list is not competitive, and they may lose the meet to a diver with higher DDs and lower scores. In competition, divers must submit their lists beforehand, and once past a deadline (usually when
2867-485: The incident, 14-year-old Shawn Meneely made a "suicide dive" (holding his hands at his sides, so that his head hit the bottom first) in a private swimming pool and became a tetraplegic . The lawyers for the family, Jan Eric Peterson and Fred Zeder, successfully sued the diving board manufacturer, the pool builder, and the National Spa and Pool Institute over the inappropriate depth of the pool. The NSPI had specified
2928-417: The joints and muscles of athletes. To avoid injury to their arms upon impact with the water, divers from significant heights usually enter the water feet first. Water resistance increases with the speed of entry, so entering the water at high-velocity induces rapid and potentially dangerous decelleration. In 1989 a 22 year-old, who was a "...a member of the Salt Lake Country Club diving team... ...climbed up on
2989-467: The jump could be made from a greater height. This tradition evolved into 'fancy diving', while diving as a preliminary to swimming became known as 'Plain diving'. In England , the practice of high diving – diving from a great height – gained popularity; the first diving stages were erected at the Highgate Ponds at a height of 15 feet (4.6 m) in 1893 and the first world championship event,
3050-453: The remaining five scores were multiplied by 3 ⁄ 5 , to allow for comparison to five-judge panels.) The cancelling of scores is used to make it difficult for a single judge to manipulate scores. There is a general misconception about scoring and judging. In serious meets, the absolute score is somewhat meaningless. It is the relative score, not the absolute score that wins meets. Accordingly, good judging implies consistent scoring across
3111-405: The scores from other diving events, but has been modified starting with the 2012 London Olympics for the use of the larger judging panels. Each group of judges will have the highest and lowest scores dropped, leaving the middle score for each diver's execution and the three middle scores for synchronisation. The total is then weighted by 3 ⁄ 5 and multiplied by the DD. The result is that
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#17327875253373172-511: The scoring of a dive. Usually a score considers three elements of the dive: the approach, the flight, and the entry. The primary factors affecting the scoring are: Each dive is assigned a degree of difficulty (DD), which is determined from a combination of the moves undertaken, position used, and height. The DD value is multiplied by the scores given by the judges. To reduce the subjectivity of scoring in major meets, panels of five or seven judges are assembled; major international events such as
3233-452: The sports have similar characteristics to diving. Dmitri Sautin holds the record for most Olympic diving medals won, by winning eight medals in total between 1992 and 2008. In the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing there is a wall painting from around 530 - 500 BCE that shows a person climbing rocks towards a cliff face and a second person diving down the cliff face towards water. The Tomb of
3294-562: The team selection for international competitions. There are sometimes attempts to separate the governing body as a means to resolve these frustrations, but they are rarely successful. For example, in the UK the Great Britain Diving Federation was formed in 1992 with the intention of taking over the governance of Diving from the ASA ( Amateur Swimming Association ). Although it initially received widespread support from
3355-540: The term "diving" was by then firmly rooted. It soon became a sporting event pursued by many enthusiasts. In the early years of the sport, finding suitable places to jump was an issue, and people started jumping from any high place – in Europe and the United States they started jumping from bridges, then diving head first into the water. This evolved into "fancy diving" in Europe, and, particularly in Germany and Sweden, as
3416-455: The water flat at around 35 mph can cause severe bruising both internal and external, strains to connective tissue securing the organs, possible minor haemorrhaging to lungs and other tissues possibly resulting in a person coughing up blood, a compressed spine , broken bones, or concussion . This is very painful and distressing, but not life-threatening. Tom Daley has described one concussion that occurred to him "I missed my hands before
3477-513: The water without the assistance of others. In 1983 Wide World of Sports produced its last World Record High Dive at Sea World in San Diego. Five divers ( Rick Charls , Rick Winters, Dana Kunze , Bruce Boccia, and Mike Foley) successfully executed dives from 52 metres (172 ft). In 1985 Randy Dickison dove from 53.24 metres (174 ft 8 in) at Ocean Park in Hong Kong but sustained
3538-466: The water. The first female world champion in this sport was Cesilie Carlton of the United States, who won the first gold medal at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships with a total score of 211.60. The first male world champion was Orlando Duque of Colombia who received a score of 590.20. Until 2018, the only permanent regulation-size high diving platform in the world is located in Austria, but it
3599-421: The world championships, men jump from a 27-metre-high (89 ft) platform while women jump from a 20-metre-high (66 ft) platform. In other official competitions, men generally dive from a height of 22–27 metres (72–89 ft) while women dive from a height of 18–23 metres (59–75 ft). The sport is unique in that athletes are often unable to practice in an authentic environment until the days leading up to
3660-421: Was eventually resolved in 2001 for US$ 6.6 million ($ 8 million after interest was added) in favour of the plaintiff. The NSPI was held to be liable, and was financially strained by the case. It filed twice for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and was successfully reorganised into a new swimming pool industry association. It has been commented that for spinal cord injuries related to diving board use in
3721-405: Was the usual 10 metres (33 ft). There is considerable debate surrounding record claims for the highest dive, which largely revolves around criteria for what constitutes a valid dive. ABC's Wide World of Sports produced world record high dives for its Emmy award-winning sports anthology show for more than a decade. They required contestants to dive or execute at least one somersault and exit
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