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49-500: HPC integrates systems administration (including network and security knowledge) and parallel programming into a multidisciplinary field that combines digital electronics , computer architecture , system software , programming languages , algorithms and computational techniques. HPC technologies are the tools and systems used to implement and create high performance computing systems. Recently, HPC systems have shifted from supercomputing to computing clusters and grids . Because of

98-843: A dedicated individual(s) may apply all system upgrades, a Quality Assurance (QA) team may perform testing and validation, and one or more technical writers may be responsible for all technical documentation written for a company. System administrators, in larger organizations, tend not to be systems architects , systems engineers , or systems designers . In smaller organizations, the system administrator might also act as technical support, database administrator , network administrator, storage (SAN) administrator or application analyst . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from Occupational Outlook Handbook (2010-11 ed.). Bureau of Labor Statistics . On-premises software On-premises software (abbreviated to on-prem , and often written as "on-premise")

147-416: A failure, as customers wanted SaaS particularly for the purpose of the automation of single specific corporate functions rather than a corporate-wide system. However, the idea of on-demand service delivery of software was not revolutionary at the time of 2000. Some vendors already had attempted this delivery style of software service in 1900s. The reason the business model was not widely known at that time

196-439: A large amount of cost, time and efforts. Besides the demand-side (or customer-side) factors above, this vendor reaction could be another reason for the slow migration toward cloud-based services in software market. The movement toward cloud-based software not only implies the change in business's information management system but also result in potential change in their value creation processes. Cloud-based platform incorporates

245-502: A larger company, these may all be separate positions within a computer support or Information Services (IS) department. In a smaller group they may be shared by a few sysadmins, or even a single person. Most employers require a bachelor's degree in a related field, such as computer science , information technology , electronics engineering , or computer engineering . Some schools also offer undergraduate degrees and graduate programs in system administration. In addition, because of

294-655: A synonym for supercomputing; but, in other contexts, "supercomputer" is used to refer to a more powerful subset of "high-performance computers", and the term "supercomputing" becomes a subset of "high-performance computing". The potential for confusion over the use of these terms is apparent. Because most current applications are not designed for HPC technologies but are retrofitted, they are not designed or tested for scaling to more powerful processors or machines. Since networking clusters and grids use multiple processors and computers, these scaling problems can cripple critical systems in future supercomputing systems. Therefore, either

343-705: Is a person who is responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems , especially multi-user computers, such as servers . The system administrator seeks to ensure that the uptime , performance , resources , and security of the computers they manage meet the needs of the users , without exceeding a set budget when doing so. To meet these needs, a system administrator may acquire, install, or upgrade computer components and software ; provide routine automation; maintain security policies; troubleshoot ; train or supervise staff; or offer technical support for projects. Many organizations staff offer jobs related to system administration. In

392-421: Is a separate role responsible for overall security and the upkeep of firewalls and intrusion detection systems , but all sysadmins are generally responsible for the security of computer systems. A system administrator's responsibilities might include: In larger organizations, some of the tasks above may be divided among different system administrators or members of different organizational groups. For example,

441-462: Is expected in B2C market than B2B market. This is because businesses usually require much more complex structure and system of information management in contrast to private users. In addition, businesses are more prudent to the shift of its software system because they have significant concern over the data security as its failure could potentially result in the loss of enormous amount of data as well as

490-437: Is installed and runs on computers on the premises of the person or organization using the software, rather than at a remote facility such as a server farm or cloud . On-premises software is sometimes referred to as " shrinkwrap " software, and off-premises software is commonly called " software as a service " ("SaaS") or " cloud computing ". The software consists of database and modules that are combined to particularly serve

539-434: Is questionable as software vendors are usually more exposed to being targeted by cyberattacker as they hold vast amount of data within the system. On-premises software was invented first mainly for the purpose of corporate-wide process automation of large entities in advance to the evolvement of cloud-based software, SaaS. SaaS emerged in the early 2000s, and some of businesses that published SaaS products have experienced

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588-560: The United States Department of Energy 's Los Alamos National Laboratory ) simulated the performance, safety, and reliability of nuclear weapons and certifies their functionality. TOP500 ranks the world's 500 fastest high-performance computers, as measured by the High Performance LINPACK (HPL) benchmark. Not all existing computers are ranked, either because they are ineligible (e.g., they cannot run

637-457: The 'better' choice among 2 software depends on many factors, for instance, customer's business model, financial status and business strategy. However, neither choice would provide customers the perfect solutions as both software do not offer full functionalities to its users. In transition to cloud-based solution for the information management, customers' concern involves the security of data, privacy, and many more that may be better provided by

686-567: The HPL benchmark) or because their owners have not submitted an HPL score (e.g., because they do not wish the size of their system to become public information, for defense reasons). In addition, the use of the single LINPACK benchmark is controversial, in that no single measure can test all aspects of a high-performance computer. To help overcome the limitations of the LINPACK test, the U.S. government commissioned one of its originators, Jack Dongarra of

735-552: The ISC European Supercomputing Conference and again at a US Supercomputing Conference in November. Many ideas for the new wave of grid computing were originally borrowed from HPC. Traditionally, HPC has involved an on-premises infrastructure, investing in supercomputers or computer clusters. Over the last decade, cloud computing has grown in popularity for offering computer resources in

784-579: The University of Tennessee, to create a suite of benchmark tests that includes LINPACK and others, called the HPC Challenge benchmark suite. This evolving suite has been used in some HPC procurements, but, because it is not reducible to a single number, it has been unable to overcome the publicity advantage of the less useful TOP500 LINPACK test. The TOP500 list is updated twice a year, once in June at

833-400: The architecture of cloud-based software platform that consists of a number of different platforms with different specialty and functions. The most representative example of such platform is Microsoft Azure. The software consists of a number of distinct business platforms. As discussed above, on-premises solution and cloud-based solution have both positive and negative sides respectively. Thus,

882-457: The beginning of 2000s. Although, during these periods, IT industry as a whole was in the middle of market boom and experienced a rapid growth in its market size, software market accounted for nearly 25% of all the spending in IT industry products. According to Hietala's research, US has been always the biggest country player in the software business and has been presenting a dominant market position in

931-421: The behavior of software in order to deploy it and to troubleshoot problems, and generally know several programming languages used for scripting or automation of routine tasks. A typical sysadmin's role is not to design or write new application software but when they are responsible for automating system or application configuration with various configuration management tools, the lines somewhat blur. Depending on

980-763: The business's reputation. Primary customers for relatively new software, SaaS, were the non-users of on-premises software as it was easier for them to make the purchase, installation and implementation of its service due to the factors previously discussed such as the lower installation cost and the lower system management cost. As the convenience of these features associated with cloud-based software becomes widely known, more customers (mainly businesses) start shifting their software system toward cloud-based as they have been realizing that SaaS brings more efficiency to their information and system management. Especially for those whose business processes are highly standardized and shared within their industry. Another factor resulted in

1029-420: The commercial sector regardless of their investment capabilities. Some characteristics like scalability and containerization also have raised interest in academia. However security in the cloud concerns such as data confidentiality are still considered when deciding between cloud or on-premise HPC resources. Systems administrator An IT administrator , system administrator , sysadmin , or admin

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1078-402: The customer relation to the businesses. Over the last decade of software market, an increasing trend toward cloud-based software from traditional on-premises software has been appeared with an acceleration to its speed. At the time of 2016, despite this trend, most of corporations maintained their traditional information management system through on-premises software. This suggested that

1127-418: The daily operation and maintenance of the system by itself. This results in more time and costs required for the system operation as well as IT personnel who have specialization in managing the system. On the other hand, for cloud-based software, it is a software provider who is responsible for the system operations and maintenance. Thus, no IT professionals need to be hired within the entity specifically for

1176-564: The difference of the pace of market adaptation toward cloud-based software was the degree of concern and legislation regarding data security. In fact, developing economies where subjected to less restrictions regarding data security and legacy management, showed a relatively quicker response to the software market trend shift. Some vendors, particularly for those who have originally been offering on-premises software, are not willing to shift their software service to cloud-based as they will need to change their business model entirely and this requires

1225-400: The engineering applications of cluster-based computing (such as computational fluid dynamics and the building and testing of virtual prototypes ). HPC has also been applied to business uses such as data warehouses , line of business (LOB) applications, and transaction processing . High-performance computing (HPC) as a term arose after the term "supercomputing". HPC is sometimes used as

1274-636: The entity will be subjected to the costs incurred for these as well. On the other hand, in general, the initial costs required for the use of software services are considered relatively low for cloud-based software and thus suitable to small enterprises without a large amount of capital. Moreover, cloud-based software users are not subjected to license fees as well as maintenance and operation costs since these are on hands of software vendors . Furthermore, costs incurred for infrastructures are expected to be smaller compared to on-premises software as users only need their electronic devices to be able to get access to

1323-518: The existing tools do not address the needs of the high performance computing community or the HPC community is unaware of these tools. A few examples of commercial HPC technologies include: In government and research institutions, scientists simulate galaxy creation, fusion energy, and global warming, as well as work to create more accurate short- and long-term weather forecasts. The world's tenth most powerful supercomputer in 2008, IBM Roadrunner (located at

1372-443: The functionality of facilitating the interactions and communications among customers and producers due to its feature of being accessible from various stakeholders at the same time, while on-premises software usually limits the access to its platform owner in exclusion to other group of individuals. Cloud-based software provides the software services in relatively more flexible way and with more variations. The reason of this exists in

1421-552: The huge advantage of being capable of customization and tailoring software services to each business needs, SaaS has also evolved as a platform where customizable services are available to some extent as cloud-based software market develops. On-premises software was prevailing in 2013 in the software market, however, more and more customers and thus software vendors are shifting toward cloud-based software. Key corporate players who have contributed to this software model change as well as associated ERP systems are: For instance, SAP

1470-519: The market. In 2006, software products of US companies occupied around 60% of the whole world software product turnover. sa.. There are mainly 3 types of software product from the function point of view and from a commercial perspective: Pure software is mainly sold or purchased on its own as one independent product and not being incorporated into other products. Although these software are traded as main product, sometimes vendors get more revenue stream from services that are combined with or offered on

1519-490: The need of networking in clusters and grids, High Performance Computing Technologies are being promoted by the use of a collapsed network backbone , because the collapsed backbone architecture is simple to troubleshoot and upgrades can be applied to a single router as opposed to multiple ones. The term is most commonly associated with computing used for scientific research or computational science . A related term, high-performance technical computing (HPTC), generally refers to

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1568-499: The organization use the computers. Perhaps the most important skill for a system administrator is problem solving —frequently under various sorts of constraints and stress. The sysadmin is on call when a computer system goes down or malfunctions, and must be able to quickly and correctly diagnose what is wrong and how best to fix it. They may also need to have teamwork and communication skills; as well as being able to install and configure hardware and software. Sysadmins must understand

1617-769: The practical nature of system administration and the easy availability of open-source server software, many system administrators enter the field self-taught. Generally, a prospective employee will be required to have experience with the computer systems they are expected to manage. In most cases, candidates are expected to possess industry certifications such as the Microsoft MCSA , MCSE , MCITP , Red Hat RHCE , Novell CNA , CNE , Cisco CCNA or CompTIA 's A+ or Network+ , Sun Certified SCNA , Linux Professional Institute , Linux Foundation Certified Engineer or Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator, among others. Sometimes, almost exclusively in smaller sites,

1666-423: The purchase of hardwares and other infrastructures as well as costs required for software installation and examination. In addition to this, the entity is entitled to the purchase of the license particular to the software, which involves costs and time for the preparation and required procedures. Furthermore, in order to maintain the software functionality, sustainable maintenance and operations are required and

1715-400: The purpose of operating the software. As for the maintenance and operations, the entity using on-premises software is also responsible for backup and storage of software data. This implies the ability of the entity to have a full control over its data and its security. For cloud-based software, the entity has no requirement of data backup by itself, as this is also a responsibility of

1764-460: The recent years the company has been publishing many cloud-based piece of software such as Azure and Microsoft Dynamics LCS that provide customers internet services that offer automated and standardized business functions for specific area of the businesses. Salesforce has brought revolution to business's CRM process through its cloud-based software service, including Sales Cloud that offers best suitable standardized business processes regarding

1813-404: The responsibility is on the software provider. However, the difference in the level of safety over data security between on-premises and cloud-based software is arguable. Some experts claim that cloud-based software is likely to be more secure as they have more amount of capital and other resources to invest in data security system than normal business entities. While others argue that this

1862-411: The role of system administrator may be given to a skilled user in addition to or in replacement of their duties. The subject matter of system administration includes computer systems and the ways people use them in an organization. This entails a knowledge of operating systems and applications , as well as hardware and software troubleshooting , but also knowledge of the purposes for which people in

1911-404: The services. Although initial costs for the access to services are usually low for cloud-based software, total costs required for the use of software over a specific time period are unsure as cloud-based software requires routine payment (i.e. monthly subscription fee) for the use of services whereas on-premises software does not. The entity using on-premises software are fully responsible for

1960-463: The software of which the system and the service can be tailored to individual needs of customers. This customization can be achieved through a variety of different combinations of software modules and platforms. The core purpose of this software product is to solve a specific business issues of individual customers and provide a unique solution to that through technology. While standard cloud-based software usually offer standardized solution and service to

2009-474: The software platform. Unlike pure software product, embedded software products are not traded on its own but rather considered as a part being incorporated in other products. The examples are the software embedded into the mobile phone, computer and other electronic devices. In general, completely different ways of architecture and system construction needed for this type of software compared to that of traditional software products. Customer-tailored software are

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2058-528: The software provider and data backup is perquisite for the provider in offering their services. On the other hand, the control of data by software providers suggests that users have no control over the data and software system performance. This may result in some security issues, especially for those who are subject to high level of regulation standards against data security, such as financial institutions. As discussed, users are responsible of data management for on-premises software while for cloud-based software,

2107-566: The sysadmin's role and skillset they may be expected to understand equivalent key/core concepts a software engineer understands. That said, system administrators are not software engineers or developers , in the job title sense. Particularly when dealing with Internet -facing or business-critical systems, a sysadmin must have a strong grasp of computer security . This includes not merely deploying software patches, but also preventing break-ins and other security problems with preventive measures. In some organizations, computer security administration

2156-450: The time and their location. Unlike on-premises software, cloud-based software users only need to install an application or a web browser in order to access its services. For on-premises software, there are several costs expected to incur until the software and its services would be fully available for use. First of all, the construction of on-premises software within the organisation requires high initial costs, including costs incurred for

2205-417: The traditional on-premises solution. In order to deal with this problem, the software market came up with new solution to combine on-premises and cloud-based solution and its best features. As such, the software will be provided on-demand with customization simultaneously. Software has begun evolving from the beginning of 1990s and there was a big movement in business market trend toward the use of software at

2254-646: The trend shift in software market is occurring with a slow pace as the businesses are gradually shifting their software system from the traditional on-premises to cloud-based. In 2020, approximately 70% of business customers are planning new or further transitions from on-premises software to cloud-based software. In accordance to this consumer movement toward cloud-based solutions in software market, more and more vendors, including industry leading software corporations such as Microsoft, Oracle and SAP, shift their business model and transfer their products to cloud-based solutions. Faster shift from on-premises to cloud-based

2303-407: The unique needs of the large organizations regarding the automation of corporate-wide business system and its functions. On-premises software is established within the organisation's internal system along with the hardware and other infrastructure necessary for the software to function. Cloud-based software is usually served via internet and it can be accessed by users online regardless of

2352-464: Was originally an on-premises software vendor. In accordance with the change in technologies and customer preferences in the software market, the company has turned itself into cloud-based ERP provider that are available both in public cloud and private clouds depending on the customer's needs. Microsoft previously provided on-premises collaborative platforms such as SharePoint2010 for automation of corporate-wide business system of large corporations. In

2401-620: Was the lack of broadband penetration and that there was no sufficient internet accessibility to effectively make all the on-demand software service work effectively. As SaaS market evolved in the 2000s, as opposed to on-premises software, the cloud-based software got adopted by the market demand to serve many types of businesses, including small and large corporations, and to automate specific business processes within them. In addition, SaaS allowed customers to make selections among many functions depending on each customer's needs and economic conditions. Although on-premises software previously had

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