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37-647: Hintalo ( Tigrinya : ሕንጣሎ ), also called Antalo , was Administrative Center of Enderta’s historical wereda of Gabat Melash, is a small town located in the Debub Misraqawi (Southeastern) Zone of the Tigray Region of Ethiopia . It lies on a plateau with an elevation variously reported as 2050 to 2102 meters above sea level. It lies some 20 miles south of Mekelle , the capital of Tigray. The urge to control this fortified mountainous place has provoked frequent engagements among various Tigrayan chiefs since

74-535: A Tigrayan , that is a native of Tigray , who also speaks the Tigrinya language, is referred to in Tigrinya as təgraway (male), təgrawäyti (female), tägaru (plural). Bəher roughly means "nation" in the ethnic sense of the word in Tigrinya, Tigre , Amharic and Ge'ez. The Jeberti in Eritrea also speak Tigrinya. Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language in Eritrea (see Demographics of Eritrea ), and

111-618: A standard. Even though the most spread and used in, for example books, movies and news is the Asmara dialect. For the representation of Tigrinya sounds, this article uses a modification of a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages , but differs somewhat from the conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet . Tigrinya has a fairly typical set of phonemes for an Ethiopian Semitic language. That is, there

148-653: A thousand head of cattle, and many rifles. The Italian askari lost 11 dead and 30 wounded, while 16 dead Tigrayans were counted on the battle site and 60 wounded were said to have been carried from there. Hintalo was occupied by the Italian army in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War after their victory over the Ethiopians in the Battle of Enderta . Currently, it is only a small town and the capital of

185-567: A total population of 676 of whom 316 were men and 360 were women. Hintalo lies on a plateau in the Ethiopian Highlands near its eastern escarpment . It is just south of a steep hill formerly used for defense and just north of a wide fertile plain, along the road from Shoa to Massawa , the former Ethiopian port which now lies within Eritrea . Geologically , it is surrounded by fossil -bearing limestone . Geologists have named

222-512: A word, the cluster is broken up with the introduction of an epenthetic vowel -ə- , and when two consonants (or one geminated consonant) would otherwise end a word, the vowel -i appears after them, or (when this happens because of the presence of a suffix) -ə- is introduced before the suffix. For example, Stress is neither contrastive nor particularly salient in Tigrinya. It seems to depend on gemination, but it has apparently not been systematically investigated. Grammatically, Tigrinya

259-405: Is ä, the first column in the table. However, since the pharyngeal and glottal consonants of Tigrinya (and other Ethiopian Semitic languages) cannot be followed by this vowel, the symbols in the first column for those consonants are pronounced with the vowel a, exactly as in the fourth column. These redundant symbols are falling into disuse in Tigrinya and are shown with a dark gray background in

296-488: Is a set of ejective consonants and the usual seven-vowel system. Unlike many of the modern Ethiopian Semitic languages, Tigrinya has preserved the two pharyngeal consonants which were apparently part of the ancient Geʽez language and which, along with [ xʼ ] , voiceless velar ejective fricative or voiceless uvular ejective fricative , make it easy to distinguish spoken Tigrinya from related languages such as Amharic, though not from Tigre, which has also maintained

333-518: Is a typical Ethiopian Semitic (ES) language in most ways: Tigrinya grammar is unique within the Ethiopian Semitic language family in several ways: Tigrinya is written in the Geʽez script , originally developed for Geʽez. The Ethiopic script is an abugida : each symbol represents a consonant+vowel syllable, and the symbols are organized in groups of similar symbols on the basis of both

370-579: Is also the birthplace of Ras Bitweded Gebre Kidan , the son of Bilatengeta Zemu of Hintalo Enderta. Ras Bitweded Gebre Kidan was the Enderassie of Emperor Yohaness IV, and served as the Ethiopia's prime minister from 1872 to 1889. He married Emperor Yohanes's sister Empress Dinkinsh, with whom he had 3 children, who included Dejazmach Seyoum Gebre Kidan. Tigrinya language Tigrinya ( ትግርኛ , Təgrəñña ), sometimes spelled Tigrigna ,

407-468: Is an Ethio-Semitic language commonly spoken in Eritrea and in northern Ethiopia 's Tigray Region by the Tigrinya and Tigrayan peoples respectively. It is also spoken by the global diaspora of these regions. Although it differs markedly from the Geʽez (Classical Ethiopic) language, for instance in having phrasal verbs, and in using a word order that places the main verb last instead of first in

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444-525: Is especially clear from verb roots in which one consonant is realized as one or the other allophone depending on what precedes it. For example, for the verb meaning ' cry ' , which has the triconsonantal root √b-k-y, there are forms such as ምብካይ /məbkaj/ ( ' to cry ' ) and በኸየ /bɐxɐjɐ/ ( ' he cried ' ), and for the verb meaning ' steal ' , which has the triconsonantal root √s-r-kʼ, there are forms such as ይሰርቁ /jəsɐrkʼu/ ( ' they steal ' ) and ይሰርቕ /jəsɐrrəxʼ/ ( ' he steals ' ). What

481-453: Is especially interesting about these pairs of phones is that they are distinguished in Tigrinya orthography. Because allophones are completely predictable, it is quite unusual for them to be represented with distinct symbols in the written form of a language. A Tigrinya syllable may consist of a consonant-vowel or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence. When three consonants (or one geminated consonant and one simple consonant) come together within

518-464: Is indicated in brackets. Gemination , the doubling of a consonantal sound, is meaningful in Tigrinya, i.e. it affects the meaning of words. While gemination plays an important role in the morphology of the Tigrinya verb, it is normally accompanied by other marks. But there is a small number of pairs of words which are only differentiable from each other by gemination, e.g. /kʼɐrrɐbɐ/ , ( ' he brought forth ' ); /kʼɐrɐbɐ/ , ( ' he came closer ' ). All

555-430: Is now considered old-fashioned. These less-used series are shown with a dark gray background in the chart. The orthography does not mark gemination, so the pair of words qärräbä 'he approached', qäräbä 'he was near' are both written ቀረበ . Since such minimal pairs are very rare, this presents no problem to readers of the language. Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia) The CSA has 25 branch offices. Besides

592-462: The pharyngeal consonants . The charts below show the phonemes of Tigrinya. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, the orthography is indicated in brackets. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, the orthography

629-615: The ras in September, 1805. By March 1810, it was described as the capital of Enderta Province. A later meeting at Hintalo between Dejazmach Kassai Mercha (the future Yohannes IV ) and Sir Robert Napier on 25–26 February 1868, led to the Dejazmach agreeing to deliver 15,000 kilograms of grain per week to each of the British camps at Hintalo and Adigrat used to support their 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia ; for this, Dejazmach Kassai

666-425: The uvular place of articulation (although it is represented in this article as [xʼ] ). All of these possible realizations – velar ejective fricative , uvular ejective fricative , velar ejective affricate and uvular ejective affricate – are cross-linguistically very rare sounds. Since these two sounds are completely conditioned by their environments, they can be considered allophones of /k/ and /kʼ/ . This

703-635: The 13th century. In Eritrea, during British administration , the Ministry of Information put out a weekly newspaper in Tigrinya that cost 5 cents and sold 5,000 copies weekly. At the time, it was reported to be the first of its kind. Tigrinya (along with Arabic) was one of Eritrea's official languages during its short-lived federation with Ethiopia . In 1958, it was replaced by the Southern Ethiopic language Amharic prior to its annexation. Upon Eritrea's independence in 1991, Tigrinya retained

740-440: The 17th century. Hintalo flourished as a town in the last quarter of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century. Historically, Hintalo was the capital city of Enderta Province . Located on a high plateau beneath the south face of Amba Aradam , which made the town a natural fortress. With the advent of ras Wolde Selassie of Enderta to power as Governor of all Tigray , Hintalo became the political center of Tigray. Earlier, it

777-483: The 1994 and 2007 censuses are available online. While the practice of keeping statistical information in Ethiopia has been traced back as far as the sixteenth century, the need for systematic statistical information that could be used for economic management was recognized as a priority in 1957. In 1960 compiling statistical information became a regular government activity as a result of the Addis Ababa conference of

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814-684: The African Statisticians from UNECA member countries in 1960. At first the collection of statistics was the responsibility of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism, then in 1963, this activity became the function of the CSO, which was an autonomous unit under the Ministry of Planning and Development. In 1972 the CSO was reorganized in Proclamation 303/1972, and was responsible for the Planning Commission. The CSO

851-619: The Hintalo subdistrict in the South-Eastern Tigray Zone. The population was estimated at 899 inhabitants in 2000. In 1867, Hintalo was described as one of the principal towns of Tigray, containing 200 to 300 houses. Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Hintalo has an estimated total population of 1,179 of whom 593 are men and 586 are women. The 1994 census reported it had

888-517: The Yejju dynasty induced him to undertake the necessary preparation from Hintalo. It was first mentioned in 1648 by the Yemeni ambassador Hasan ibn Ahmad al-Haymat, who described it as a "fortified town". In 1678 Hintalo was the location of a battle; some of the prominent men of Lasta intended to join a rebellion in southern Tigray, but they were defeated, and some of those from Hintalo were driven over

925-456: The capital city of Addis Ababa , the cities and towns with offices are: Ambo , Arba Minch , chiro , Asayita , Assosa , Awasa , Bahir Dar , Debre Berhan , Dessie , Dire Dawa , Gambela , Goba , Gondar , Harar , Hosaena , Inda Selassie , Jijiga , Jimma , Mek'ele , Mizan Teferi , Adama , Negele Borana , Nekemte , and Sodo . National censuses of the population and housing have been taken in 1984, 1994, and 2007. Information from

962-457: The consonant and the vowel. In the table below the columns are assigned to the seven vowels of Tigrinya; they appear in the traditional order. The rows are assigned to the consonants, again in the traditional order. For each consonant in an abugida, there is an unmarked symbol representing that consonant followed by a canonical or inherent vowel . For the Ethiopic abugida, this canonical vowel

999-432: The consonants, with the exception of the pharyngeal and glottal , can be geminated. The velar consonants /k/ and /kʼ/ are pronounced differently when they appear immediately after a vowel and are not geminated . In these circumstances, /k/ is pronounced as a velar fricative . /kʼ/ is pronounced as a fricative, or sometimes as an affricate . This fricative or affricate is more often pronounced further back, in

1036-653: The fourth most spoken language in Ethiopia after Amharic , Oromo , and Somali . It is also spoken by large immigrant communities around the world, in countries including Sudan , Saudi Arabia , Israel, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In Australia, Tigrinya is one of the languages broadcast on public radio via the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service . Tigrinya dialects differ phonetically, lexically, and grammatically. No dialect appears to be accepted as

1073-404: The precipices to their deaths. Parallel to the physical extension of the town, Hintalo's population grew rapidly in the beginning of the 19th century. Meanwhile, Hintalo emerged as the principal commercial center of Tigray, second only to Adwa . It was frequented by Muslims and Christians alike. Nevertheless, the town had declines immediately after the death of its patron, ras Wolde Selassie. It

1110-595: The sentence, there is a strong influence of Geʽez on Tigrinya literature, especially with terms relating to Christian life, Biblical names, and so on. Ge'ez, because of its status in Eritrean and Ethiopian culture, and possibly also its simple structure, acted as a literary medium until relatively recent times. The earliest written example of Tigrinya is a text of local laws found in the district of Logosarda, Debub Region in Southern Eritrea, which dates from

1147-468: The status of working language in the country. Eritrea was the only state in the world to officially recognize Tigrinya until 2020, when Ethiopia made changes to recognize Tigrinya on a national level. There is no general name for the people who speak Tigrinya. In Eritrea, Tigrinya speakers are officially known as the Bəher-Təgrəñña ( ' nation of Tigrinya speakers ' ) or Tigrinya people . In Ethiopia,

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1184-552: The table. When it is necessary to represent a consonant with no following vowel, the consonant + ə form is used (the symbol in the sixth column). For example, the word ʼǝntay 'what?' is written እንታይ , literally ʼǝ-nǝ-ta-yǝ. Since some of the distinctions that were apparently made in Ge'ez have been lost in Tigrinya, there are two rows of symbols each for the consonants ‹ḥ›, ‹s›, and ‹sʼ›. In Eritrea, for ‹s› and ‹sʼ›, at least, one of these has fallen into disuse in Tigrinya and

1221-775: The very thick calcareous strata, which are very developed in Tigray, the Antalo Limestone . The hereditary chiefs of Enderta had their birthplace in Hintalo. These included the 18th and 19th century aristocrats Dejazmach Weldo, Dejazmach Kifla Iyasus and Ras Wolde Selassie. In his "Life in Abysinia", the 19th-century British traveller Mansfield Parkyns writes that the family of Dejazmach Kifla Iyasus and Ras Wolde Selassie were of distinguished origin and came from Hintalo in Enderta, where they were chiefs. Hintalo

1258-401: Was badly affected by the chaos that followed and became overshadowed by Adigrat , the new political center established by Sabagadis Woldu of Agame . The latter succeeded Wolde Selassie as Governor of Tigray. Even the, Hintalo survived as an important market-center of the salt trade throughout the 19th century. Ras Wolde Selassie made Hintalo his capital. It was here that Henry Salt met

1295-600: Was later rewarded with a formidable quantity of supplies and material worth approximately £ 500,000. By 1880, most of the town was in ruins but the weekly market remained important for the area. During the 1890s, it was a notable source of ivory and some 16,000 oxen, 8,000 cows, 8,000 goats, and 17,000 sheep were sold annually. On 9 October 1895, the Italian Major Ameglio with six companies and two pieces of artillery attacked Ethiopian warriors under Ras Mengesha Yohannes . The Italians caught about 200 prisoners,

1332-651: Was once again restructured on 9 March 1989, when it was renamed as the CSA and was directly responsible to the Council of Ministers . It was once again placed under a Ministry, the Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation in October 1996, and transferred to its present position in September 2001, under the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development . On November 21, 2006 the CSA announced that it had been recognized by

1369-434: Was the residence and a safe hideout of his father dejazmach Kafle Iyasus, who once rose up to challenge the authority of ras Mikael Sehul of Tigray. Furthermore, one of the most insecure Gondarine "shadow emperors", atse Tekle Giyorgis once took asylum in the same area. It was from Hintalo that ras Wolde Selassie received annual taxes, reviewed troops and declared administrative re-organizations. His ambition to overthrow

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