64-785: Hutt County was one of the former counties of New Zealand . It occupied the south-western corner of the North Island , extending south from the Waikanae River and lying to the west of the summits of the Rimutaka Ranges . The county's name arose from the fact that a large amount of its land area lay in the Hutt River catchment. The county initially had 8 ridings: Belmont, Epuni, Horokiwi, Makara, Mungaroa, Porirua, Wainui-o-mata and Whareroa. By 1895, each riding elected one councillor, except Porirua, which elected two, to
128-510: A blessing. By the time the slaves were released in 1863, only 160 remained, hardly 10% of the 1835 population. In early May 1838 (some reports say 1839, but this is contradicted by ship records ) the French whaling vessel Jean Bart anchored off Waitangi to trade with the Māori. The number of Māori boarding frightened the French, escalating into a confrontation in which the French crew were killed and
192-487: A brig in late 1842 and sailed to Auckland Island . While Matioro was surveying the island, two of the chiefs who had accompanied him decided the island was too inhospitable for settlement, and set sail before he had returned, stranding him and his followers until Pākehā settlers arrived in 1849. In 1865, the Māori leader Te Kooti was exiled on the Chatham Islands along with a large group of Māori rebels called
256-441: A dependent town district could be established on the petition of two thirds of the resident householders of any settlement of at least fifty households in an area of not more than two square miles (5.18 km ). To become an independent town district, a town district must have had a population of greater than 500. By 1986, the number of territorial authorities and single-purpose authorities had grown to more than 850. In 1989 there
320-526: A hundred armed Frenchmen went ashore, burning buildings, destroying waka , and seizing pigs and potatoes. The attacks mostly affected Ngāti Tama, weakening their position relative to Ngāti Mutunga. In 1840, Ngāti Mutunga decided to attack Ngāti Tama at their pā . They built a high staging next to the pā so they could fire down on their former allies. Fighting was still in progress when the New Zealand Company ship Cuba arrived as part of
384-610: A number of marine mammals are found in the waters of the Chathams, including New Zealand sea lions , leopard seals , and southern elephant seals . Many whale species are attracted to the rich food sources of the Chatham Rise . Only three species of Odonata are known from the Chatham Islands, while 14 have been recorded throughout New Zealand. According to Marinov & McHugh (2010), The poor diversity in Odonata species on
448-800: A population density of 0.9 people per km . Chatham and Pitt Islands are inhabited and had a population of 612 in the 2023 New Zealand census , a decrease of 51 people (−7.7%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 12 people (2.0%) since the 2013 census . There were 390 dwellings. The median age was 44.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 99 people (16.2%) aged under 15 years, 96 (15.7%) aged 15 to 29, 318 (52.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 102 (16.7%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 72.5% European/ Pākehā , 68.6% Māori , 3.9% Pasifika , 2.0% Asian , 1.0% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.5% other. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The Chatham Islands had
512-515: A population exceeding 20,000 could proclaim itself a city. As part of the restructuring, many provincial cities were combined with surrounding rural counties to form districts. For example, Hastings became a district, although its population is greater than nearby city Napier, which did not acquire any rural areas. The term city is still used informally for all large towns. Rotorua was a city from 1962 until 1979, when it amalgamated with Rotorua County to become Rotorua District . New Zealand's first city
576-474: A redoubt of stone surrounded by a ditch and wall. Later, they built three stone prison cells. In 1868 Te Kooti and the other prisoners commandeered a schooner and escaped back to the North Island. Almost all the Māori returned to Taranaki in the 1860s, some after a tsunami in 1868 . The economy of the Chatham Islands, then dominated by the export of wool, suffered under the international depression of
640-437: A scheme to buy land for settlement. The Treaty of Waitangi , at that stage, did not apply to the islands. The company negotiated a truce between the two warring tribes. In 1841, the New Zealand Company had proposed to establish a German colony on the Chathams. The proposal was discussed by the directors, and the secretary of the company John Ward signed an agreement with Karl Sieveking of Hamburg on 12 September 1841. The price
704-500: A semi-submerged craft, constructed of flax and lined with air bladders from kelp. This craft was used to travel to the outer islands on 'birding' missions. After generations of warfare, bloodshed was outlawed by the chief Nunuku-whenua and the Moriori society became peaceful. Arguments were resolved by consensus or by duels rather than warfare, and at the first sign of bloodshed, the fight was deemed as over. It has been estimated that
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#1732780045289768-491: A share in ancestral Māori fishing rights. This claim was granted. Now that the primordial population, the Moriori, have been recognised to be former Māori—over the objections of some of the Ngāti Mutunga —they too share in the ancestral Māori fishing rights. Both groups have been granted fishing quotas. Chatham Islands covers 793.88 km (306.52 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 720 as of June 2024, with
832-523: A voluntary amalgamation of two or more component local authorities were termed Districts. These Districts were of a mixed rural/urban character but are not to be confused with the Districts created by the local government reorganisation of 1989. A town district, as created under the Town Boards Act of 1882 was a municipality intermediate in nature between a county town and a borough. In 1952,
896-413: Is estimated that 10 to 20 per cent of the indigenous Moriori soon died from diseases introduced by foreigners. The sealing and whaling industries ceased activities about 1861, while fishing remained as a major economic activity. An all-male group of German Moravian missionaries arrived in 1843. When a group of women were sent out to join them three years later, several marriages ensued; a few members of
960-468: Is now a technical term referring to those ancestral Māori who settled the Chatham Islands).' The plants cultivated by the Māori arrivals were ill-suited for the colder Chathams, so the Moriori lived as hunter-gatherers and fishermen. While their new environment lacked the resources with which to build ocean-going craft for long voyages, the Moriori invented what was known as the waka kōrari ,
1024-470: The Auckland Council in 2010. Most of the districts resulting from the 1989 reforms continue in operation. Banks Peninsula District is an exception; it was merged into Christchurch City Council in 2006. Chatham Islands The Chatham Islands ( / ˈ tʃ æ t ə m / CHAT -əm ) ( Moriori : Rēkohu , lit. 'Misty Sun'; Māori : Wharekauri ) are an archipelago in
1088-526: The Chatham Standard Time Zone is distinctive as one of very few that differ from others by a period other than a whole hour or half-hour. (New Zealand Time orients itself to 180° longitude.) The natural vegetation of the islands was a mixture of forest, scrubby heath, and swamp, but today most of the land is fern or pasture-covered, although there are some areas of dense forest and areas of peat bogs and other habitats. Of interest are
1152-461: The Chatham albatross (IUCN classification VU) are at risk of capture by a variety of fishing gear, including fishing lines, trawls , gillnets , and pots. A number of species have gone extinct since human settlement, including the Chatham raven , the Chatham fernbird and the three endemic species of flightless rails , the Chatham rail , Dieffenbach's rail , and Hawkins's rail . Also,
1216-574: The Cretaceous , but currently there is no active volcanism near any part of the Chatham Rise. Prominent columnar basalt can be seen at Ohira Bay (one of the indentations in the north coast of Petre Bay ) between Te Roto and Port Hutt . The Chatham Islands have an oceanic climate ( Koppen : Cfb ) characterised by a narrow temperature range and relatively frequent rainfall. Their isolated position far from any sizeable landmass renders
1280-674: The Hutt County Council . One of the elected councillors was appointed as chairman of the council. Hutt County was administered by the Hutt County Council , which was first established in 1876, but it was eventually dissolved in 1989 when local government was reformed and the few remaining constituent ridings were amalgamated into adjacent cities. Between 1908 and 1962 the Makara Riding was separately administered as Makara County . During its time, several towns , boroughs , districts , and eventually cities developed within
1344-606: The Jean Bart was run aground at Ocean Bay, to be ransacked and burned by Ngāti Mutunga. When word of the incident reached the French naval corvette Heroine in the Bay of Islands in September 1838, it set sail for the Chathams, accompanied by the whalers Adele and Rebecca Sims . The French arrived on 13 October and, after unsuccessfully attempting to entice some Ngāti Tama aboard, proceeded to bombard Waitangi. The next morning about
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#17327800452891408-539: The Native Land Court in 1870: "We took possession ... in accordance with our custom, and we caught all the people. Not one escaped. Some ran away from us, these we killed; and others also we killed – but what of that? It was in accordance with our custom. I am not aware of any of our people being killed by them." After the killings, Moriori were forbidden to marry Moriori, or to have children with each other. Māori kept Moriori slaves until 1863, when slavery
1472-594: The Pacific Ocean about 800 km (430 nmi) east of New Zealand's South Island , administered as part of New Zealand , and consisting of about 10 islands within an approximate 60 km (30 nmi) radius, the largest of which are Chatham Island and Pitt Island ( Rangiauria ) . They include New Zealand's easternmost point, the Forty-Fours . Some of the islands, formerly cleared for farming, are now preserved as nature reserves to conserve some of
1536-541: The Trewartha climate classification , the Chatham Islands have a humid subtropical climate (Cf) for the lack of cold weather during the winter and a daily mean temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) for 8 months or more. The International Date Line lies to the east of the Chathams, even though the islands lie east of 180° longitude . The Chathams observe their own time, which is 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand time , including during periods of daylight-saving time ;
1600-520: The Zealandia continent that stretches east from near the South Island. The Chatham Islands, which emerged only within the last 4 million years, are the only part of the Chatham Rise showing above sea level. The islands are hilly, with coastal areas including cliffs, dunes , beaches, and lagoons. Pitt is more rugged than Chatham; its highest point (299 m (981 ft)) is on a plateau near
1664-442: The akeake trees, with branches trailing almost horizontally in the lee of the wind. The ferns in the forest understory include Blechnum discolor . The islands are home to a rich bio-diversity including about 50 endemic plants adapted to the cold and the wind, such as the Chatham Islands forget-me-not ( Myosotidium hortensia ), the Chatham Islands sow-thistle ( Embergeria grandifolia ) , rautini ( Brachyglottis huntii ),
1728-466: The black robin (IUCN classification EN), both of which came perilously close to extinction before drawing the attention of conservation efforts. Other endemic species are the Chatham oystercatcher , the Chatham gerygone , the Chatham pigeon , Forbes' parakeet , the Chatham snipe and the shore plover . The endemic Chatham shag (IUCN classification CR), the Pitt shag (IUCN classification EN) and
1792-545: The unitary authorities Nelson, Tasman, and Marlborough. Auckland Regional Council was subsumed into the Auckland Council on 1 November 2010. Many of the city councils resulting from the 1989 reforms continue in operation. Seven territorial authorities ( Auckland City Council , Manukau City Council , Waitakere City Council , North Shore City Council , Papakura District Council , Rodney District Council and Franklin District Council ) were amalgamated into
1856-533: The 1880s, only rebounding with the building of fish freezing plants at the island villages of Ōwenga and Kaingaroa in 1910. Construction of the first wharf at Waitangi began in 1931 with completion in 1934. On 25 November 1940, during the Second World War, a German raider captured and then sank the Chatham Islands supply ship, the Holmwood , so the wharf saw little use by ships. A flying-boat facility
1920-589: The British Crown had never included the Chatham Islands as being under its control, and proposed selling it to the Germans to be a German colony. In 1841, a contract was drawn up for the sale of the islands for £10,000, (equivalent to approximately £860,000 in 2023), but the sale failed and the Chatham Islands officially became part of the Colony of New Zealand in 1842. In 1863 the resident magistrate declared
1984-404: The Chatham Islands is linked to the harsh environmental conditions to which the islands are exposed, such as generally low annual temperatures, constant strong winds and high acidity in the habitats where their larvae develop. Xanthocnemis tuanuii is endemic to the Chatham Islands, but close to Xanthocnemis zealandica (McLachlan, 1873) from mainland New Zealand and genetic studies suggest that
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2048-501: The Chatham Islands kakaha ( Astelia chathamica ), soft speargrass ( Aciphylla dieffenbachii ), and the Chatham Island akeake or Chatham Island tree daisy ( Olearia traversiorum ). The islands are a breeding ground for huge flocks of seabirds and are home to a number of endemic birds, some of which are seabirds and others which live on the islands. The best known species are the magenta petrel ( IUCN classification CR) and
2112-443: The Chatham Islands, Cape Turnagain in North Island , is 650 km (350 nmi) distant. The two largest islands, Chatham Island and Pitt Island (Rangiaotea) , constitute most of the total area of 793.87 km (307 sq mi), with 12 scattered islets making up the rest. The islands sit on the Chatham Rise , a large, relatively shallowly submerged (no more than 1,000 m or 3,281 ft deep at any point) part of
2176-586: The Hauhau, followers of Pai Mārire who had murdered missionaries and fought against government forces mainly on the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The rebel prisoners were paid one shilling a day to work on sheep farms owned by the few European settlers. Sometimes they worked on road and track improvements. They were initially guarded by 26 guards, half of whom were Māori. They lived in whare along with their families. The prisoners helped build
2240-586: The Moriori released from slavery. The Chatham Islands had a resident population of 720 as of June 2024. Waitangi is the main port and settlement. The local economy depends largely on conservation, tourism, farming, and fishing. The Chatham Islands Council provides local administration – its powers resemble those of New Zealand's unitary authorities . The Chatham Islands have their own time zone , 45 minutes ahead of mainland New Zealand. The islands lie roughly 840 km (455 nmi) east of Christchurch , New Zealand. The nearest New Zealand mainland point to
2304-424: The Moriori. It was formerly believed that the Moriori migrated directly from the more northerly Polynesian islands. However, linguistic research in the early 2000s instead concluded that the ancestral Moriori were Māori wanderers from New Zealand: Scholarship over the past 40 years has radically revised the model offered a century earlier by Smith: the Moriori as a pre-Polynesian people have gone (the term Moriori
2368-419: The Māori called Whangaroa ) and Waitangi from Ngāti Mutunga and also large areas of land from Ngāti Tama. This did not stop Ngāti Mutunga from trying to get revenge for the death of one of their chiefs. They were satisfied after they killed the brother of a Ngāti Tama chief. The tribes agreed to an uneasy peace which was finally confirmed in 1842. Reluctant to give up slavery, Matioro and his people chartered
2432-574: The Wainuiomata valley east of Lower Hutt, and Heretaunga–Pinehaven in the southern part of the Upper Hutt basin. Small coastal communities on the Kāpiti Coast were established early on, though major development around Paraparaumu and Waikanae was not significant until the 1970s and 1980s after land closer to Wellington had been developed. By 1989, Hutt County had become so fragmented that
2496-607: The county that had been the Makara Riding later was, after Porirua became a borough in 1961 and a city in 1965. In the Hutt Valley towns developed into boroughs at Eastbourne, Petone, Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, with the latter two eventually becoming cities. As these urban areas developed and grew, the urbanised areas of Hutt County were incorporated into these cities and boroughs. Despite this, significant communities also developed in Stokes Valley north-east of Lower Hutt,
2560-443: The county. While the town of Wellington was already a separately incorporated local body at the time the county was established, its jurisdiction did not then extend beyond the town belt on the hills around Lambton Harbour. The boroughs of Melrose, Onslow , Karori, Miramar, Johnsonville and Tawa Flat initially developed in parts of Hutt County just outside Wellington. Those boroughs were eventually incorporated into Wellington city, as
2624-458: The indigenous birds and reptiles, whereas on Mangere and Rangatira, livestock has been removed and native wildlife is recovering. Most lakes have been affected by agricultural run-off, but water quality has improved and river quality is generally classed as 'A'. The first human inhabitants of the Chathams were Polynesian tribes who probably settled the islands around 1500 CE (though possibly as late as 1550 CE), and in their isolation became
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2688-417: The island on 29 November 1791 and claimed possession for Great Britain. Following a misunderstanding, Broughton's men shot and killed a Moriori resident of Kaingaroa, named Torotoro (or Tamakororo). Chatham Islands date their anniversary on 29 November, and observe it on the nearest Monday to 30 November. Sealers and whalers soon started hunting in the surrounding ocean with the islands as their base. It
2752-606: The late 1960s and early 1970s. From the early 2000s cattle became a major component of the local economy. The Moriori community is organised as the Hokotehi Moriori Trust . The Moriori have received recognition from the Crown and the New Zealand government and some of their claims against those institutions for the generations of neglect and oppression have been accepted and acted on. Moriori are recognised as
2816-424: The local Moriori . Soon, Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama began to takahi , or walk the land, to lay claim to it. When it became clear that the visitors intended to stay, the Moriori withdrew to their marae at te Awapatiki. There, after holding a hui (consultation) to debate what to do about the Māori settlers, the Moriori decided to keep with their policy of non-aggression. Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama in turn saw
2880-483: The meeting as a precursor to warfare on the part of Moriori and responded. The Māori attacked and in the ensuing action killed over 260 Moriori. A Moriori survivor recalled: "[The Māori] commenced to kill us like sheep... [We] were terrified, fled to the bush, concealed ourselves in holes underground, and in any place to escape our enemies. It was of no avail; we were discovered and killed – men, women and children – indiscriminately". A Māori chief, Te Rakatau Katihe, said in
2944-409: The next 113 years, with as many as 129 counties existing at once. Note that the designation of an area as a county often predated the formation of a county council. In the interim there was often a roads board as the only form of local administration. Fiord and Sounds counties never formed county councils, due to insufficient population to govern. From the 1970s onwards some local authorities created by
3008-506: The now largely submerged continent of Zealandia . This location positions the Chatham Islands far from the Australian-Pacific plate boundary that dominates the geology of mainland New Zealand . The islands' stratigraphy consists of a Mesozoic schist basement, typically covered by marine sedimentary rocks. Both these sequences are intruded by a series of basalt eruptions. Volcanic activity has occurred multiple times since
3072-419: The only inhabited islands; the remaining smaller islands function as conservation reserves with restricted or prohibited access. The livelihoods of the inhabitants depend on agriculture – the islands export coldwater crayfish – and, increasingly, on tourism . The names of the main islands, in the order of occupation are: The Chatham Islands – the only part of the Chatham Rise above sea level – form part of
3136-558: The only reasonable reform (as part of the abolition of all mainland counties) was to incorporate the various remaining communities into adjoining cities. List of former territorial authorities in New Zealand#Counties This is a list of former territorial authorities in New Zealand . " Territorial authority " is the generic term used for local government entities in New Zealand. Local government has gone through three principal phases with different structures:
3200-479: The original people of Rekohu . The Crown also recognised the Ngāti Mutunga Māori as having indigenous status in the Chathams by right of around 160 years of occupation. The population of the islands is around 600, including members of both ethnic groups. In January 2005, the Moriori celebrated the opening of the new Kopinga Marae (meeting house). Modern descendants of the 1835 Māori conquerors claimed
3264-595: The population numbered about 2,000 prior to European contact. The name "Chatham Islands" comes from the name for the main island, which itself gets its name from John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham , who was the First Lord of the Admiralty in 1791, when HMS Chatham reached the island. The ship, whose captain was William R. Broughton , was part of the Vancouver Expedition . The crew landed on
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#17327800452893328-683: The present-day population can trace their ancestry back to those missionary families. On 19 November and 5 December 1835, about 900 Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama previously resident in Te Whanganui-A-Tara (Wellington) and led by the chief Pōmare Ngātata arrived on the brig Lord Rodney . The first mate of the ship had been 'kidnapped and threatened with death' unless the captain took the Māori settlers on board. The group, which included men, women and children, brought with them 78 tonnes of seed potato, 20 pigs and seven large waka . The incoming Māori were received and initially cared for by
3392-667: The process of bringing urban, mixed, and rural councils into the same legislative framework. Substantial reorganisations under that Act resulted in a shake-up in 1989, which abolished all the counties except for the Chatham Islands County, which survived under that name for a further 6 years but then became a "Territory" under the "Chatham Islands Council". New Zealand formerly used the term borough to designate self-governing towns of more than 1,000 people, although 19th century census records show many boroughs with populations as low as 200. Prior to 1989, any borough with
3456-524: The provincial era, from 1853 to 1876; the counties and boroughs system from 1876 until 1989; and the current system of regions, cities and districts. This article attempts to list all territorial authorities which have been disestablished. The original three provinces were established in 1841 by Royal Charter. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 reduced the number of provinces to two. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 re-divided New Zealand into six provinces, and four additional provinces emerged during
3520-570: The record high temperature for the main settlement (Waitangi) just 23.8 °C (74.8 °F). The climate is cool, wet and windy, with average high temperatures between 15 and 20 °C (59 and 68 °F) in summer, and between 5 and 10 °C (41 and 50 °F) in July (in the Southern Hemisphere winter). Snowfall is extremely rare, the fall recorded near sea level in July 2015 marking the first such reading for several decades. Under
3584-571: The remainder of the Provincial Era. This era came to end with the Abolition of Provinces Act 1876 . After New Zealand abolished its provinces in 1876, a system of counties similar to other countries' systems was instituted, lasting with little change (except mergers and other localised boundary adjustments) until 1989 when they were reorganised into district councils within a system of larger regions . The Local Government Act 1974 began
3648-432: The southernmost point of the main island, 1.5 km ( 7 ⁄ 8 mi) south of Lake Te Rangatapu . The plateau is dotted with numerous lakes and lagoons, flowing mainly from the island's nearby second-highest point, Maungatere Hill , at 294 m (965 ft). Notable are the large Te Whanga Lagoon , and Huro and Rangitahi. Chatham has a number of streams, including Te Awainanga and Tuku. Chatham and Pitt are
3712-668: The two species cohabitate on the Chatham Islands Nolan & al (2007). According to Marinov & McHugh (2010), Chatham Island population of Austrolestes colensonis differs genetically from the populations on New Zealand’s main islands, but these differences seem too weak to separate them into two distinct species. Much of the natural forest of these islands has been cleared for farming, but Mangere and Rangatira Islands are now preserved as nature reserves to conserve some of these unique flora and fauna. Another threat to wildlife comes from introduced species which prey on
3776-555: The unique flora and fauna. The islands were uninhabited when the Moriori people arrived around 1500 CE and developed a peaceful way of life . In 1835 members of the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama Māori iwi from the North Island of New Zealand invaded the islands and nearly exterminated the Moriori, enslaving the survivors. Later during the period of European colonisation, the New Zealand Company claimed that
3840-482: Was Christchurch , proclaimed by royal charter in 1856. Cities continued to exist in the Auckland Region until 2010, when Auckland City , North Shore City , Waitakere City , Manukau City were merged with the surrounding districts into a single unitary authority. When the provinces were abolished in 1876 , 63 counties were established to govern rural areas. There were subdivisions and amalgamations over
3904-520: Was a major reform of local government in New Zealand. The numerous borough and county councils were amalgamated into larger districts, while the number of cities was reduced. The lists above should include all local authorities that existed prior to 1989. 13 regional councils were established through the passing of the Local Government Act 1987. Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council was disestablished in 1992, when its functions went to
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#17327800452893968-445: Was abolished by proclamation of the resident magistrate . Many Moriori women had children by their Māori masters . A number of Moriori women eventually married either Māori or European men. Some were taken away from the Chathams and never returned. Ernst Dieffenbach , who visited the Chathams on a New Zealand Company ship in 1840, reported that the Moriori were the virtual slaves of Māori and were severely mistreated, with death being
4032-402: Was built soon after at Te Whanga Lagoon and a flying boat service continued till 1966 when it was replaced with conventional aircraft. After the Second World War, the island economy suffered again from its isolation and government subsidies became necessary. This led to many young Chatham Islanders leaving for the mainland. There was a brief crayfish boom which helped stabilize the economy in
4096-480: Was set at £10,000. However, when the Colonial Office stated that the islands were to be part of the Colony of New Zealand and any Germans settling there would be treated as aliens , Joseph Somes claimed that Ward had been acting on his own initiative. The proposed leader John Beit and the expedition went to Nelson instead. The company was then able to purchase large areas of land at Port Hutt (which
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