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74-582: Huesca celebrates its main festival, the Fiestas de San Lorenzo , in honor of Saint Lawrence , from 9 to 15 August. Huesca dates from pre-Roman times, and was once known as Bolskan ( Iberian : [REDACTED] ) in the ancient Iberian language . It was once the capital of the Vescetani , in the north of Hispania Tarraconensis , on the road from Tarraco (modern Tarragona ) and Ilerda (modern Lleida ) to Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza ). During Roman times,

148-604: A concentration camp at Meheri Zabbens . Defeated members of other branches of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces who escaped were arrested by French authorities and interned in concentration camps in Southern France, such as the Camp de concentration d'Argelès-sur-Mer which at one time held about 100,000 defeated Spanish Republicans. From there some managed to go into exile or went to join

222-505: A Latin, Basque and Catalan word osca , meaning notch or indentation, referring to the Salto de Roldán. Huesca has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ). with semi-arid influences. Winters are cool (with normal maximums from 8 to 16 °C and minimums from -2 to 6 °C) and summers are hot, with daily maximums reaching up to 35 °C (95 °F), while the rainiest seasons are autumn and spring. The average precipitation

296-568: A contemporary artist. There is an international film festival held annually. The writer Oscar Sipan, winner of several literary prizes, was born in Huesca in 1974. The celebrated illustrator Isidro Ferrer, though born in Madrid, lives in the city. Various streets in the centre of Huesca have recently been pedestrianised. Huesca lies on a plateau in the northern region of Aragón, with an elevation of 488 m (1,601 ft) above sea level. Close to

370-686: A monastery in Padula , Salerno, Italy . Saint Lawrence is one of Canada's patron saints. On his second voyage, French explorer Jacques Cartier , arriving in the river estuary of the North American Great Lakes on the Feast of St. Lawrence in 1535, named it the Gulf of St. Lawrence . The river emptying into the gulf was named the St. Lawrence River . Many names in what are now Québec and

444-484: A new branch of the military was created especially for Spain, most of the weapons and artillery sent to Spain were antiques. Stalin also used weapons captured in past conflicts. However, modern weapons such as BT-5 tanks and I-16 fighter aircraft were also supplied to Spain. Many of the Soviet deliveries were lost, or were smaller than Stalin had ordered. He only gave short notice, which meant many weapons were lost in

518-591: A potential transfer of French aircraft to Spanish Republican forces. The Blum government feared that the success of Francoist forces in Spain would result in the creation of an ally state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy that would allow German and Italian military forces to be based in the Canary and Balearic Islands . Right-wing politicians, however, heard of the French government's intention to send military support to

592-797: A small number of American-made aircraft such as the Bellanca CH-300 and Spartan Zeus that had previously served in the Mexican Air Force . Not all of these aircraft reached the Republicans. The Soviet Union primarily provided material assistance to the Republican forces. In total the USSR provided Spain with 806 planes, 362 tanks, and 1,555 artillery pieces. The Soviet Union ignored the League of Nations embargo and sold arms to

666-453: Is 480 mm per year. Frost is common and there is sporadic snowfall, with an average of three snowy days per year. A double line of ancient walls can still be seen in present-day Huesca. Nearby, in the territory of Quicena , lie the ruins of the Castle of Montearagón Monastery. Huesca is notable for the saying "Tomorrow we'll have coffee in Huesca", a running joke among militiamen of

740-450: Is in the writings of Gregory of Tours (538–594), who mentions the following: A priest named Fr. Sanctulus was rebuilding a church of St. Lawrence, which had been attacked and burnt, and hired many workmen to accomplish the job. At one point during the construction, he found himself with nothing to feed them. He prayed to St. Lawrence for help, and looking in his basket he found a fresh, white loaf of bread. It seemed to him too small to feed

814-488: Is named the " Quartiere San Lorenzo ". Because the Perseid Meteor Shower typically occurs annually in mid-August on or proximate to his feast day, some refer to the shower as the "Tears of St Lawrence". His intercession to God is invoked by librarians , archivists , comedians , cooks and tanners as their patron. He is the patron saint of Ampleforth Abbey , whose Benedictine monks founded one of

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888-511: Is the patron of many Anglican parish churches, including 228 in England . A major church in Sydney , Australia, in the former civil parish of St Laurence, is known as " Christ Church St Laurence ". The Anglican charitable society, Brotherhood of St Laurence also bears his name. According to Francesco Moraglia the role of deacon is distinguished by service of the poor. He is destined both to

962-461: The Autovía A-22 also connects Huesca to Lleida . The two highways will eventually connect. Huesca has been served by Huesca–Pirineos Airport since 1930, but the airport does not currently have any scheduled commercial passenger services. Huesca railway station is served by regional and AVE trains to destinations including Zaragoza, Canfranc, Madrid and Jaca. In 2018, SD Huesca , became

1036-681: The Holy Mass as celebrated in the Latin Church . Lawrence is especially honoured in the city of Rome , of which he is considered the third patron after St. Peter and St. Paul . The church built over his tomb, the Papal Minor Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura , became one of the seven principal churches of Rome and a favourite place of Roman pilgrimages. The area proximate to the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura

1110-654: The Maritime Provinces of Canada are references to this important seaway, e. g., the Laurentian mountains north of the city of Montreal , Saint-Laurent (borough) , Saint Lawrence Boulevard which spans the width of the Island of Montreal , and St. Lawrence County, New York , United States near Lake Ontario . In the province of Ontario, St. Lawrence is a prominent, historic neighbourhood in old centre of Toronto (formerly named York), now most known for

1184-771: The Spanish Civil War (1936–39) the " Huesca Front " was the scene of some of the worst fighting between the Republicans and Franco's army. Held by the Nationalists , the city was besieged by the Republicans , with George Orwell among them, but did not fall. Huesca celebrates its most important annual festival in August: the festival (or fiesta) of San Lorenzo (Saint Lawrence) , a native of Huesca martyred in 268 AD. The anniversary of his martyrdom falls on August 10. The fiesta starts on 9 August and finishes on

1258-640: The Spanish Civil War . In February 1937, George Orwell was stationed near the falangist -held Huesca as a member of the POUM militia. In Homage to Catalonia , Orwell writes about this running joke, originally a naïvely optimistic comment made by one of the Spanish Republican generals: Months earlier, when Siétamo was taken, the general commanding the Government troops had said gaily: "Tomorrow we'll have coffee in Huesca." It turned out that he

1332-629: The University of Zaragoza . The university was abolished in 1845. Historically, Huesca was home to one of the most important Jewish communities in Aragon, third after Zaragoza and Calatayud . The Jewish community flourished until the 1492 expulsion of the Jews . During the First Carlist War , Huesca was the site of a battle between Spanish Constitutionalists and Carlists . During

1406-507: The monastery built by King Philip II of Spain , commemorates his victory at the Battle of St. Quentin (1557) on the Feast of St. Lawrence. The monastery and the attached palace, college, and library are laid out in a pattern that resembles the gridiron of Lawrence's martyrdom. The gridiron of Lawrence is also thought the basis of the design of the Certosa di San Lorenzo di Padula , which is

1480-740: The persecution of the Christians that the Roman emperor Valerian ordered in 258. Lawrence is thought to have been born on 31 December AD 225, in Huesca (or less probably, in Valencia ), the town from which his parents came in the later region of Aragon that was then part of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis . The martyrs Orentius (Modern Spanish: San Orencio ) and Patientia (Modern Spanish: Santa Paciencia ) are traditionally held to have been his parents. Lawrence encountered

1554-515: The purge of the communists that were anti-Stalinist. The Stalinist Communist Party of Spain subsequently exterminated the POUM (Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), as well as the anarchists in Catalonia . The Mexican government maintained good relations with the Spanish republic at the beginning of the conflict, and President Lázaro Cárdenas assured that he was fully in solidarity with

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1628-503: The 15. Many of the inhabitants dress in green and white for the duration. San Lorenzo, born in Huesca, was a deacon in Rome and a martyr who, according to legend, was burned on a grille by the Romans. The grille is the symbol of San Lorenzo and can be seen in a number of decorative works in the city. Huesca is also the birthplace of film director Carlos Saura and his brother Antonio Saura,

1702-749: The Balearic Islands, and Spanish Morocco. Towards the end of the Civil War, most seagoing vessels of the Spanish Republican Navy were evacuated to Bizerte in the French protectorate of Tunisia where the fleet was impounded by the French authorities and later handed over to the Francoist faction. Except for a few crewmen who were put on guard duty on the ships, the Spanish Republican seamen and their officers were interned in

1776-481: The Church's crown." The prefect was so angry that he had a great gridiron prepared with hot coals beneath it and had Lawrence placed on it, hence Lawrence's association with the gridiron. After the martyr had suffered pain for a long time, the legend concludes, he cheerfully declared: "I'm well done on this side. Turn me over!" From this, St. Lawrence derives his patronage of cooks , chefs , and comedians . Lawrence

1850-639: The Emirate. In the mid-10th century, Wasqah was transferred to the Banu Tujib , who governed the Upper March from Zaragoza , and it became part of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1018 when they successfully freed themselves from the disintegrating Caliphate . In 1094 Sancho Ramirez built the nearby Castle of Montearagón with the intention of laying siege to Wasqah but was killed by a stray arrow as he reached

1924-581: The Feast of St. Lawrence, and sometimes on other occasions, the blood in the ampulla miraculously liquefies during the Feast and re-coagulates by the following day. Due to his conspiring to hide and protect the written documents of the Church, Lawrence is known as the patron saint of archivists and librarians. Lawrence is one of the most widely venerated saints of the Roman Catholic Church . Legendary details of his death were known to Damasus, Prudentius, Ambrose, and Augustine. Devotion to him

1998-912: The Minor Basilica of San Lorenzo in Panisperna was erected over the site of his martyrdom. The gridiron of the martyrdom was placed by Pope Paschal II in the Minor Basilica of San Lorenzo in Lucina . The Roman Catholic Church erected six churches on the sites in Rome traditionally associated with his martyrdom: Also in Rome are three other significant churches that are dedicated to Saint Lawrence but not associated with his life: The life and miracles of Lawrence were collected in The Acts of St Lawrence but those writings have been lost. The earliest existing documentation of miracles associated with him

2072-615: The Republic when few other nations would do so; thus it was the Republic's only important source of major weapons. Joseph Stalin had signed the Non-Intervention Agreement but decided to break the pact. However, unlike Hitler and Mussolini who openly violated the pact, Stalin tried to do so secretly. He created a section X of the Soviet Union military to head the operation, coined Operation X . However, while

2146-625: The Republic, especially since the major Latin American governments—those of Argentina , Brazil, Chile , and Peru —sympathized more or less openly with the Nationalists. But Mexican aid could mean relatively little in practical terms if the French border were closed and if Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy remained free to supply the Nationalists with a quality and quantity of weapons far beyond the power of Mexico. Mexico furnished $ 2,000,000 in aid and provided some material assistance, which included

2220-533: The Republican side. The vast majority of these, an estimated 32,000 men and women, served in the International Brigades , organized in close conjunction with the Comintern . About another 3,000 foreign volunteers fought as members of militias belonging to the anarcho-syndicalist labor/trade union CNT and the anti-Stalinist Marxist POUM . Those fighting with POUM included one of

2294-530: The Saint, to honor a devotional promise made by Spanish settlers during the 1692 Pueblo Revolt . Among the festivities are a set of dances performed by matachines . An image of the saint is kept in the house of a local family throughout the year, and a vigil and feast are held from 9–11 August. It is one of the oldest dancing processions in the New World. In Fargo , season 1, episode 3, Lorne Malvo notes

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2368-563: The Spanish Republicans at the same time as right-wing politicians attacked Blum for supporting the Republic and being responsible for provoking Fascist Italian intervention on the side of Franco. Nazi Germany informed the French ambassador in Berlin that Germany would hold France responsible if it supported what it described as "the maneuvers of Moscow" by supporting the Spanish Republicans. Finally, on 21 August 1936, France,

2442-552: The Spanish Republicans in the war and opposed the French government's actions by means of a vicious campaign against the Blum government for its alleged support of the Republicans. On 27 July 1936, British officials had discussed with Prime Minister Blum their position on the war and convinced Blum not to send arms to the Republicans. Therefore, on 27 July, the French government declared that it would not send military aid, technology, or forces. However Blum made clear that France reserved

2516-711: The Spanish socialist government in the face of the disloyalty of the army. Besides that the workers' solidarity with Spain was immediate; workers and unions made donations to the Spanish ambassador. The Cárdenas government, unlike the other countries, did not sign the International Non-Intervention Committee, and therefore, it was the only country that officially gave aid in the Spanish Civil War. He sent some 28 million rounds of ammunition, 28,000 rifles, 70 antiaircraft guns, some 55 planes (mainly French) and food to Spain, and after

2590-898: The UK, and Italy (under pressure from both France and the UK) signed the Non-Intervention proposals involving the Spanish Civil War. However, the Blum government provided military assistance to the Spanish Republicans through covert means by supplying obsolete Potez 54 , Dewoitine and Loire 46 aircraft to the Spanish Republican Air Force from 7 August 1936 to December of that year. Often with their weapons removed, these almost useless and vulnerable planes rarely survived three months of air missions. Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they were bought in other countries. Although

2664-746: The beginning of the war, Mexico, France, and Poland contributed large amounts of military material and advisers to the Republicans. The support of what came to be called the International Brigades was also noteworthy. The Soviet Union was the main ally of the Second Spanish Republic, contributing tanks and armored cars (especially the T-26 tank, BA-6 armoured car and BT-5 tank), hundreds of airplanes, several hundred thousand firearms and artillery pieces, as well as sending huge amounts of ammunition and several hundred Soviet professional pilots, tankers and sailors. Joseph Stalin would later order

2738-567: The care of the treasury and riches of the Church and the distribution of alms to the indigent. St. Cyprian , Bishop of Carthage , noted that at the time the norm was that Christians who were denounced were executed and all their goods confiscated by the Imperial treasury. At the beginning of August 258, the Emperor Valerian issued an edict that all bishops , priests , and deacons should immediately be put to death. Pope Sixtus II

2812-684: The city came to be called Washqah (وشقة in Arabic ), falling within the Upper March of the Emirate of Córdoba . It was ruled by a local governor appointed from Córdoba, but was repeatedly subject to political turmoil, rebellion and assassination as the Banu Qasi , Banu Amrus and Banu al-Tawil clans, as well as the Arista dynasty of Pamplona , struggled for control, autonomy and independence from

2886-658: The city lie the Sierra de Guara mountains, which reach 2,077 m. The geographical coordinates of the city are: 42° 08´ N, 0° 24´ W. Its municipal area is 161.02 km and borders the municipalities of Almudévar , Vicién , Monflorite-Lascasas Tierz , Quicena , Loporzano , Nueno , Igriés , Banastás , Chimillas , Alerre , Barbués and Albero Bajo . The city lies 71 kilometres (44 miles) from Zaragoza , 160 kilometres (99 miles) from Pamplona , 118 kilometres (73 miles) from Lleida , 380 kilometres (240 miles) from Madrid and 273 kilometres (170 miles) from Barcelona . Both

2960-474: The city was known as Osca , and was a Roman colony under the rule of Quintus Sertorius , who made Osca his base. The city minted its own coinage and was the site of a prestigious school founded by Sertorius to educate young Iberians in Latin and Roman customs. After Sertorius, it is thought that it was renamed Ileoscan ( Ἰλεόσκαν ) by Strabo . It appears to have been situated on silver mines. Eighteenth-century Spanish historian Enrique Flórez has pointed out

3034-404: The city's walls. It was conquered in 1096 by Peter I of Aragon and moved his royal capital to Huesca from the ancient capital of Jaca . In 1118 the Aragonese capital was moved to Zaragoza . In 1354, King Peter IV of Aragon founded the University of Huesca  [ es ] , which initially had a faculty of theology. The school expanded, but by the end of the 16th century was eclipsed by

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3108-422: The civil war gave asylum to thousands of exiled veterans and intellectuals from the Republican side. However, many of the Mexican citizens and a group of peasants called the Cristeros favored Franco and the Nationalists. At the beginning of the war, France, also with a popular front government, made the decision to send war materiel to the Second Spanish Republic (in part because of the agreements signed for

3182-428: The corresponding local variant), so one might also occasionally encounter something named after one of them. More information on these topics can currently be accessed through disambiguation articles like: Republican faction (Spanish Civil War) The Republican faction ( Spanish : Bando republicano ), also known as the Loyalist faction ( Bando leal ) or the Government faction ( Bando gubernamental ),

3256-576: The delivery process. Lastly, when the ships did leave with supplies for the Republicans, the journey was extremely slow. Stalin ordered the builders to include false decks in the design of ships. Then, once the ship left shore it was required to change its flag and change the color of parts of the ship to avoid capture by the Nationalists. However, in 1938, Stalin withdrew his troops and tanks as Republican government policy floundered. Historian Hugh Thomas comments "had they been able to purchase and transport good arms from US, British, and French manufacturers,

3330-479: The expansive St. Lawrence Market. The Laurentian Mountains gave rise to the name for the Laurential Plateau, or the Canadian Shield. In Switzerland , Saint Lawrence is represented on the coat of arms of the city of Bülach with a gridiron. The rescue operation for the miners trapped in the 2010 Copiapó mining accident in Chile was named Operacíon San Lorenzo after Lawrence, patron saint of miners. Bernalillo, New Mexico celebrates three days of devotions to

3404-427: The fourth-largest in the world. The remaining 27%, or 176 tonnes, was transferred to France. The Soviet Union also sent a number of military advisers to Spain (2,000 –3,000 ). While Soviet troops amounted to no more than 500 men at a time, Soviet volunteers often operated Soviet-made Republican tanks and aircraft, particularly at the beginning of the war. In addition, the Soviet Union directed Communist parties around

3478-418: The future Pope Sixtus II , a famous teacher born in Greece, in Caesaraugusta ( Zaragoza ), and they travelled together from Hispania to Rome. When Sixtus became the pope in 257, he ordained the young Lawrence who was only 32, as a deacon , and later appointed him as " archdeacon of Rome", the first among the seven deacons who served in the cathedral church . This was a position of great trust that included

3552-400: The half-hearted and largely ineffective support by France to the Republicans ended in December 1936, German intelligence reported to Franco and his faction that the French military was engaging in open discussions about intervention in the war. Allegedly in 1938 Franco feared an immediate French intervention against a potential Francoist victory in Spain through French occupation of Catalonia ,

3626-403: The impossibility of one city supplying such vast quantities of minted silver as has been recorded by ancient writers under the terms argentum Oscense , signatum Oscense ; and is of the opinion that "Oscense" meant "Spanish", being a corruption of " Eus-cara ". The Romanised city was made a municipium by decree of Augustus in 30 BC. The Arabs conquered the city in the late 8th century, and

3700-456: The left-wing government of French Prime Minister Léon Blum was sympathetic to the Republic. Blum considered both sending military aid and technology to the Republicans including aircraft and utilizing the French Navy to blockade the Franco-led Spanish Army of Africa from crossing from Spanish Morocco to Spain. Also upon the outbreak of civil war the Spanish Republican government and the government of France in diplomatic messages discussed

3774-445: The modern Coat of Arms of Huesca ( es ) (which date from the 16th century) and its mediaeval predecessor (from the 13th) include at their top the device of a block having a V-shaped notch. It is commonly said that it symbolises Salto de Roldán (' Roland 's Leap'), a natural rock formation about 25 km (16 mi) north of the city. Some writers have suggested that the official Spanish name of Huesca ( Catalan : Osca ) derives from

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3848-443: The most famous veterans of the war, George Orwell . The Mexican government supported fully and publicly the claim of the Madrid government and the Republicans. Mexico refused to follow the Anglo-French non-intervention proposals. President Lázaro Cárdenas saw the war as similar to Mexico's own revolution, although a part of Mexican society and the people wanted a Nationalist victory. Mexico's attitude gave immense moral comfort to

3922-423: The prefect. On the third day, at the head of a small delegation, he presented himself to the prefect. When ordered to deliver the treasures of the Church, he presented the city's indigent, crippled, blind, and suffering, and declared that these were the true treasures of the Church: "Here are the treasures of the church. You see, the church is truly rich, far richer than your emperor!" As a deacon in Rome, Lawrence

3996-468: The republican government in Vitoria began a reorganization process of the fragmented army. The self-denominated People's Republican Army ( Spanish : Ejército Popular de la República , EPR) consisted of those Spanish Republican Army units that had remained loyal to the Republic and militia members who were integrated into the new structure. At least 40,000 individual volunteers from 52 nations, usually socialists, communists or anarchists, fought for

4070-428: The right to provide aid should it wish, and indicated also indicated his support for the Republic, saying: We could have delivered arms to the Spanish Government [(Republicans)], a legitimate government...We have not done so, in order not to give an excuse to those who would be tempted to send arms to the rebels. On 1 August 1936, a pro-Republican rally of 20,000 people confronted Blum demanding that he send aircraft to

4144-425: The sale of weapons, because of the friendships between the governments and to get rid of the obsolete material from World War I). On July 30, the first consignment of arms for the Republic arrived from France through the Pyrenees . It consisted of several hundred rifles with ammunition, six Renault FT tanks, and several bombers and fighters. In August 1936 the no-intervention pact ended this support. In October 1936

4218-411: The same term it uses for Pope Sixtus II, who was martyred by decapitation during the same persecution 4 days earlier. Emperor Constantine I is held to have erected a small oratory in honour of Lawrence, which was a station on the itineraries of the graves of the Roman martyrs by the seventh century. Pope Damasus I rebuilt or repaired the church, now the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura , while

4292-567: The service of the table ( corporal works of mercy ) and to the service of the word ( spiritual works of mercy ). "The beauty, power and the heroism of [d]eacons such as Lawrence help to discover and come to a deeper meaning of the special nature of the diaconal ministry." Many churches, schools, parishes, towns, and geographic features throughout the world are named for Lawrence of Rome. Depending on locality they are named St. Lawrence , St. Laurence , San Lorenzo , St. Laurent , St. Lorenz or similarly in other languages. San Lorenzo del Escorial ,

4366-408: The socialist and republican members of the Spanish government might have tried to cut themselves loose from Stalin ". The Republic paid for Soviet arms with the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain , in an affair that would become a frequent subject of Francoist propaganda afterward (see Moscow Gold ). The cost of Soviet arms was more than US$ 500 million (in 1936 prices); 72% of Spain's gold reserve,

4440-488: The stained glass window of St Lawrence in Stavros' office, in response to which Stavros narrates his martyrdom, in " A Muddy Road ". In a scene in the 1992 film Lorenzo's Oil , Augusto, Michaela, and Lorenzo tell a story about St Lawrence and refer to his Feast Day as "The Night of The Shooting Stars". Marc-Antoine Charpentier , Motet de Saint Laurent , H.321, for one voice, two treble instruments and contino, 1677-78 Several other saints were also named "Lawrence" (or

4514-410: The support it received from the Soviet Union . At the beginning of the war, the Republicans outnumbered the Nationalists by ten-to-one, but by January 1937 that advantage had dropped to four-to-one. The Republican faction hardly received external support from the Allied powers of World War II , due to the International Non-Intervention Committee . The support of the USSR stands out, fundamentally. At

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4588-430: The town's first football team to be promoted to La Liga . They became the 63rd team to play in the league, and their stadium's maximum capacity was the smallest in the 2018–19 La Liga . Saint Lawrence Saint Lawrence or Laurence ( Latin : Laurentius , lit. " laurelled "; 31 December 225 – 10 August 258) was one of the seven deacons of the city of Rome under Pope Sixtus II who were martyred in

4662-480: The tradition arose is proposed that as the result of a mistake in transcription, the omission of the letter "p" – "by which the customary and solemn formula for announcing the death of a martyr – passus est ["he suffered," that is, was martyred] – was made to read assus est [he was roasted]." The Liber Pontificalis , which is held to draw from sources independent of the existing traditions and Acta regarding Lawrence, uses passus est concerning him,

4736-459: The workmen, but in faith he began to serve it to the men. While he broke the bread, it so multiplied that his workmen fed from it for ten days. The mediaeval Church of St Mary Assumed (Chiesa di Santa Maria Assunta) in the small commune of Amaseno , Lazio , Italy houses the famous reliquary of the ampulla containing relics of Lawrence, namely a quantum of his blood, a fragment of his flesh, some fat and ashes. Tradition holds that annually, on

4810-438: The world to organize and recruit the International Brigades. The French position towards the Spanish Republic was characterized by its hesitant attitude and its ambivalence. Thus the government of France did not send direct support to the Spanish Republicans and towards the end of the beleaguered republic ended up turning against it, instead recognizing the Francoist State. President Albert Lebrun opposed direct assistance, but

4884-428: The world's leading public schools for British (and other) Roman Catholics, located in North Yorkshire . The Festival of San Lorenzo is a religious celebration occurring every year in Tarapacá , Chile. Within Anglicanism Lawrence's name is traditionally spelled Laurence or Lawrence . His feast is on 10 August which is in the calendar of the Book of Common Prayer , the volume of prayers which, in its 1662 format,

4958-438: Was captured on 6 August 258, at the cemetery of St. Callixtus while celebrating the liturgy and was executed immediately. After the death of Sixtus, the prefect of Rome demanded that Lawrence turn over the riches of the Church, and St. Ambrose wrote that Lawrence asked for three days to gather the wealth. He worked swiftly to distribute as much Church property to the indigent as possible to prevent it from being seized by

5032-447: Was mistaken. There had been bloody attacks, but the town did not fall, and [the phrase] had become a standing joke throughout the army. If I ever go back to Spain I shall make a point of having a cup of coffee in Huesca. Huesca is also famous for the legend of the Bell of Huesca . The following are Sister cities of Huesca: The Autovía A-23 runs through Huesca, connecting the city with Zaragoza . While under construction as of 2018,

5106-457: Was responsible for the material goods of the Church and the distribution of alms to the poor. Ambrose of Milan related that when the treasures of the Church were demanded of Lawrence by the prefect of Rome, he brought forward the poor, to whom he had distributed the treasure as alms. "Behold in these poor persons the treasures which I promised to show you; to which I will add pearls and precious stones, those widows and consecrated virgins, which are

5180-427: Was sentenced at San Lorenzo in Miranda and imprisoned in San Lorenzo in Fonte, where he baptized fellow prisoners. He was martyred in San Lorenzo in Panisperna and was buried in San Lorenzo fuori le Mura . The Almanac of Filocalus for 354 states that he was buried in the Catacomb of Cyriaca on the Via Tiburtina by Hippolytus and Justin the Confessor , a presbyter. One of the early sources for his martyrdom

5254-487: Was the description of Aurelius Prudentius Clemens in his Peristephanon , Hymn 2. Despite the Church being in possession of the actual gridiron, historian Patrick J. Healy opines that the traditional account of how Lawrence was martyred is "not worthy of credence," as the slow, lingering death cannot be reconciled "with the express command contained in the edict regarding bishops, priests, and deacons ( animadvertantur ) which ordinarily meant decapitation." A theory of how

5328-556: Was the founding liturgical document of a majority of Anglican provinces. In the Book of Common Prayer the feast is titled "S Laurence, Archdeacon of Rome and Martyr". His feast on 10 August has been carried into the contemporary calendars of most Anglican provinces, Laurence is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival under the title "Laurence, deacon, martyr, 258" on 10 August. Anglo-Catholics venerate Lawrence, who

5402-571: Was the side in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939 that supported the government of the Second Spanish Republic against the Nationalist faction of the military rebellion. The name Republicans ( republicanos ) was mainly used by its members and supporters, while its opponents used the term Rojos (Reds) to refer to this faction due to its left-leaning ideology, including far-left communist and anarchist groups, and

5476-592: Was widespread by the fourth century. His liturgical celebration on 10 August has the rank of feast in the General Roman Calendar , consistent with the oldest of Christian calendars, e. g. the Almanac of Philocalus for the year 354, the inventory of which contains the principal feasts of the Roman martyrs of the middle of the fourth century. He remains one of the saints enumerated in the "Roman Canon" of

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