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65-492: Elinor Ostrom has defined huertas as "well-demarked irrigation areas surrounding or near towns" (emphasis added). This agriculture article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Spain -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Portugal -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Elinor Ostrom Elinor Claire " Lin " Ostrom (née Awan ; August 7, 1933 – June 12, 2012)

130-450: A "poor kid." Her major recreational activity was swimming, where she eventually joined a swimming team and swam competitively until she started teaching swimming to earn funds to help put herself through college. Ostrom grew up across the street from Beverly Hills High School , which she attended, graduating in 1951. She regarded this as fortunate, for the school had a very high rate of college admittance. During Ostrom's junior year, she

195-473: A $ 56 billion industry. Colliers International claims there are more dollar stores than drug stores. With stores of other types closing in large numbers, dollar stores often replace other types of stores in shopping centers. They succeed partly because of impulse purchases . The common term in North America for a small general merchandise store is general store . Frank Winfield Woolworth had seen

260-852: A 2010 interview, Ostrom noted that because they had no family to support, “I was not ever concerned about salary, so that’s never been an issue for me. For some colleagues who have big families, and all the rest, it’s a major issue.” Ostrom was a founding member and first president of the IASC (International Association for the Study of the Commons) . She was a lead researcher for the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM CRSP), managed by Virginia Tech and funded by USAID . Beginning in 2008, she and her husband Vincent Ostrom advised

325-534: A mil (referring to the one thousand Chilean pesos banknote). They are commonly located in middle-class neighbourhoods where big retail stores don't usually venture and in small commercial districts like the ones in Santiago . Variety stores in Colombia include Dollar City (Colombia version of Dollarama), D1, Ara, Miniso In South America, variety stores may be known as: In Egypt, a variety store may be called

390-444: A number of additional variables believed to affect the success of self-organized governance systems , including effective communication, internal trust and reciprocity , and the nature of the resource system as a whole. Ostrom and her many co-researchers have developed a comprehensive " Social-Ecological Systems (SES) framework", within which much of the still-evolving theory of common-pool resources and collective self-governance

455-470: A profit) that are: Not all variety stores are "single price-point" stores, even if their names imply it. For example, in the United States, Dollar General and Family Dollar sell items at more or less than a dollar. Some stores also sell goods priced at multiples of the named price and, conversely, multiple items for the price. The discrepancy with the nominal price is also compounded if sales tax

520-469: A university with lectures and a strict hierarchy. Late in her career, she held an affiliation with Arizona State University . Ostrom studied the interaction of people and ecosystems for many years and showed that the use of exhaustible resources by groups of people (communities, cooperatives, trusts, trade unions) can be rational and prevent depletion of the resource without either state intervention or markets with private property . Elinor Claire Awan

585-407: A visiting assistant professor. The first course she taught was an evening class on American government. Ostrom is probably best known for revisiting the so-called “ tragedy of the commons " – a theory proposed by biologist Garrett Hardin in 1968. "In an article by the same name published in the journal Science, Hardin theorized that if each herdsman sharing a piece of common grazing land made

650-452: A way that is both economically and ecologically sustainable. Ostrom's law is an adage that represents how Elinor Ostrom's works in economics challenge previous theoretical frameworks and assumptions about property , especially the commons . Ostrom's detailed analyses of functional examples of the commons create an alternative view of the arrangement of resources that are both practically and theoretically possible. This eponymous law

715-406: A year, she obtained a position as assistant personnel manager in a business firm that had never before hired a woman in anything but a secretarial position. This job inspired her to think about attending graduate-level courses and eventually applying for a research assistantship and admission to a Ph.D. program. Lacking any math from her undergraduate education and trigonometry from high school, she

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780-680: Is a retail store that sells general merchandise, such as apparel , auto parts , dry goods , toys , hardware , furniture , and a selection of groceries . It usually sells them at discounted prices, sometimes at one or several fixed price points, such as one dollar, or historically, five and ten cents. Variety stores, as a category, are different from general merchandise superstores, hypermarkets (such as those operated by Target and Walmart ), warehouse clubs (such as Costco ), grocery stores , or department stores . Dollar stores that sell food have been alleged to create food deserts : areas with limited access to affordable and healthy food. This

845-477: Is added at the point of sale . In many countries, stock can be imported from others with lower variable costs, because of differences in wages, resource costs or taxation. Usually, goods are imported by a general importer and then sold to the stores wholesale . Another source of stock is overruns, surplus items and out-of-date food products. Real Deals, a regional dollar store in the Syracuse , New York area,

910-417: Is alleged to occur when dollar stores outcompete local businesses, and soon become some of the only grocery store–like businesses available in some areas. Some items are offered at a considerable discount over other retailers, whereas others are at the same price point. There are two ways variety stores make a profit: Variety stores with single price points buy products to fit those price points (while making

975-497: Is considered an after-effect of a decade-long recession of the Japanese economy. Despite the emphasis on value, however, some items, such as chocolate bars, may be priced higher than they are at other stores. For a few years, 100-yen shops existed not as permanent stores, but as vendors under temporary, foldable tents. They were (and still are) typically found near the entrance areas of supermarkets. A major player in 100-yen shops

1040-692: Is not always true. For example, Atherton , California has a variety store within its city limits, even though it has a median household income of nearly $ 185,000 a year. Studies of food discounters in Great Britain show quite a varied demographic, and 99p Stores reported an increase in higher-income customers after the financial crisis of 2007–2008 . Dollar stores have been alleged by a number of studies, individuals, and organizations to proliferate food deserts : areas with limited access to healthy and affordable food. Dollar stores are alleged to outcompete local grocery stores, and end up being one of

1105-521: Is now located. According to the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research , "Ostrom cautioned against single governmental units at global level to solve the collective action problem of coordinating work against environmental destruction . Partly, this is due to their complexity, and partly to the diversity of actors involved. Her proposal was that of a polycentric approach, where key management decisions should be made as close to

1170-569: Is stated succinctly by Lee Anne Fennell as: A resource arrangement that works in practice can work in theory. After college, Ostrom married a classmate, Charles Scott, and worked at General Radio in Cambridge, Massachusetts , while Scott attended Harvard Law School . They divorced several years later when Ostrom began contemplating a Ph.D. Her postgraduate seminar was led by Vincent Ostrom , an associate professor of political science, 14 years her senior, whom she married in 1963. This marked

1235-537: Is stocked almost entirely with surplus goods such as these. The legality of selling out-of-date goods varies between jurisdictions: in general, most items (with a few exceptions, particularly certain perishable food items depending on the state) can be sold in the United States regardless of their sell-by date, but in the United Kingdom it is illegal to sell goods after their "Use by" date. Although some people may link variety stores with low-income areas, this

1300-619: Is the Daiso chain. The first store opened in 1991, and there are now around 2,400 stores in Japan. This number is increasing by around 40 stores per month. Daiso has also expanded into North America, Australia, Asia, and the Middle East. In China, ¥ 2 (or ¥3, depending on the area's economic prosperity) shops have become a common sight in most cities. In Hong Kong, major department stores have opened their own $ 10 shops (US$ 1.28) to compete in

1365-427: Is very difficult to manage a common-pool resource when it is used between individuals. The locals were pumping too much groundwater and salt water seeped into the basin. Ostrom was impressed with how people from conflicting and overlapping jurisdictions who depended on that source found incentives to settle contradictions and solve the problem. She made the study of this collaboration the topic of her dissertation, laying

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1430-519: The Utne Reader magazine included Ostrom as one of the "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World". She was named one of Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World" in 2012. The International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) awarded its Honorary Fellowship to her in 2002. Dime store A variety store (also five and dime (historic), pound shop , or dollar store )

1495-1027: The Ford Foundation , the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , U.S.A.I.D., the U.S. Geological Survey , the U.S. Department of Justice , and the National Institute of Mental Health . Ostrom has been involved in international activities throughout her long and productive career. She had experience in Kenya, Nepal and Nigeria, and also made research trips to Australia, Bolivia , India , Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines , Poland and Zimbabwe . During workshops and research grants, she and her husband supported many international students, and visited researchers and policymakers. They did not have children of their own and used personal funds and efforts to receive grants to help others. In

1560-937: The John J. Carty Award from the National Academy of Sciences in 2004, and, in 2005, received the James Madison Award by the American Political Science Association. In 2008, she became the first woman to receive the William H. Riker Prize in political science; and, the following year, she received the Tisch Civic Engagement Research Prize from the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service at Tufts University . In 2010,

1625-711: The tragedy of the commons (shared needs) was described in Elinor Ostrom's book Governing the Commons . Based on her fieldwork, the book demonstrates that there are practical algorithms for the collective use of a limited common resource, which solve the many issues with both government/regulation driven solutions and market-based ones. In 1973, Ostrom and her husband founded the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University. Examining

1690-486: The 1950s and 1960s, Americans shopped more and more in malls rather than downtown shopping districts and although Newberry's and Woolworth's stores did open in the malls, starting around the 1970s, variety stores lost business to other retail formats such as office stores, low-price shoe chains, fabric stores, toy stores and discount drug stores like Thrifty Drug Stores . Grocery stores and drug stores sold more and more candy. The last US Woolworth's closed in 1997. Newberry's

1755-454: The CPR must be clearly defined, as must the boundaries of the CPR itself. 2. Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions      Appropriation rules restricting time, place, technology, and/or quantity of resource units are related to local labor, material, and/or money. 3. Collective-choice arrangements      Most individuals affected by

1820-539: The College of Arts and Sciences, and professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis was meant to utilize diverse scholars throughout economics, political science, and other fields to collaborate and attempt to understand how institutional arrangements in a diverse set of ecological and social economic political settings affected behavior and outcomes. The goal

1885-711: The Commons , she draws on studies of irrigation systems in Spain and Nepal , mountain villages in Switzerland and Japan , and fisheries in Maine and Indonesia . In 1961, Vincent Ostrom , Charles Tiebout, and Robert Warren published "The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas," which would go on to be an influential article and introduced themes that would be central to the Ostroms' work. However,

1950-596: The Public Choice Society. In 1999, she became the first woman to receive the prestigious Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science . Ostrom was awarded the Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award for Political Economy in 1998. Her presented paper, on "The Comparative Study of Public Economies", was followed by a discussion among Kenneth Arrow , Thomas Schelling , and Amartya Sen . She was awarded

2015-541: The U.S. were Dollar General , Dollar Tree (which owns Family Dollar ), the 99 Cents Only Stores , and Five Below . Increasing revenue has led to growth for dollar store chains: by 2018, Dollar Tree had 14,000 locations in the U.S., and its expansion continued; in 2019, Dollar General had 15,000 locations in the US, and its expansion continued; and Five Below had 745 stores. In Japan, 100-yen shops (百円ショップ hyaku-en shoppu or 百均 hyakkin) have proliferated since around 2001. This

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2080-495: The US. US Dollar stores were founded by entrepreneur Gaurav Sahni, owner of Nanson Overseas Private Limited. Nanson, operated by Gaurav Sahni and his brother Gautam Sahni, has had an established sourcing and consolidation network for over two decades, with supply bases worldwide. Direct sourcing without intermediaries and stocking a large variety of merchandise as and when needed has given the company an advantage. In Russia, Fix Price started selling all its items at 30 roubles and as

2145-462: The article aggravated a conflict with UCLA's Bureau of Governmental Research because, counter to the Bureau's interests, it advised against centralization of metropolitan areas in favor of polycentrism . This conflict prompted the Ostroms to leave UCLA. They moved to Bloomington, Indiana , in 1965, when Vincent accepted a political science professorship at Indiana University. She joined the faculty as

2210-741: The beginning of a lifelong partnership named "love and contestation," as Ostrom put it in her dedication to her seminal 1990 book, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Ostrom was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences , a member of the American Philosophical Society , and president of the American Political Science Association and

2275-647: The behaviour of people faced with limited resources. In her Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University—set up with her husband Vincent, a political scientist, in 1973—her students were given shares in a national common. When they discussed what they should do before they did it, their rate of return from their "investments" more than doubled. Her later, and more famous, work focused on how humans interact with ecosystems to maintain long-term sustainable resource yields. Common pool resources include many forests, fisheries, oil fields, grazing lands, and irrigation systems. She conducted her field studies on

2340-492: The business grew, up to 55 roubles. It has now cancelled this practice and has become a typical discount store ). Marks & Spencer opened a stall in Kirkgate Market Leeds in 1884, proclaiming “Don’t ask the price, it’s a ’Penny”. Woolworth's opened its first store in the United Kingdom in 1909, when they were also colloquially known as " threepenny and sixpenny " stores, "3 d and 6d" being displayed on

2405-488: The few options available for purchasing food in some communities. Dollar Tree has disputed this claim; it claimed that in a number of cases it created food options in food deserts. In 2023, Dollar Tree reportedly stopped selling eggs when the price of eggs increased. In line with these allegations, a number of U.S. states have passed restrictions on where new dollar stores can be opened. According to IBISWorld , dollar stores have grown 43 percent since 1998 and have become

2470-570: The foundation for the study of "shared resources". Ostrom was informed by fieldwork, both her own and that of others. During her PhD at the University of California, Los Angeles, she spent years studying the water wars and pumping races going on in the 1950s in her own dry backyard. In contrast to the prevailing rational-economic predictions of Malthusianism and the tragedy of the commons , she showed cases where humans were not trapped and helpless amid diminishing supplies. In her book Governing

2535-428: The individually rational economic decision of increasing the number of cattle he keeps on the land, the collective effect would deplete or destroy the commons. In other words, multiple individuals—acting independently and rationally consulting their own self-interest—will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource, even when it is clear that it is not in anyone’s long-term interest for this to happen. Ostrom believes that

2600-650: The journal Transnational Corporations Review . Ostrom's early work emphasized the role of public choice on decisions influencing the production of public goods and services. Among her better known works in this area is her study on the polycentricity of police functions in Indianapolis . Caring for the commons had to be a multiple task, organised from the ground up and shaped to cultural norms. It had to be discussed face to face, and based on trust. Dr. Ostrom, besides poring over satellite data and quizzing lobstermen herself, enjoyed employing game theory to try to predict

2665-430: The long-term. Elinor Ostrom disproved this idea by conducting field studies on how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources, such as pastures, fishing waters and forests. She showed that when natural resources are jointly used by their users, in time, rules are established for how these are to be cared for and they become used in a way that is both economically and ecologically sustainable. Ostrom

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2730-455: The management of pasture by locals in Africa and irrigation systems management in villages of western Nepal (e.g., Dang Deukhuri ). Her work has considered how societies have developed diverse institutional arrangements for managing natural resources and avoiding ecosystem collapse in many cases, even though some arrangements have failed to prevent resource exhaustion. Her work emphasized

2795-452: The market, and there are now "$ 8 shops" (US$ 1.02) and even "$ 2 shops" (US$ 0.26) competing at lower prices, especially in poorer communities. Low prices are helped by Hong Kong's lack of a sales tax and its access to the mainland. In Taiwan , fixed price stores can be found in many locations, including night markets, regular shopping streets, regular market stalls, and department stores. Two typical price points are NT$ 39 and NT$ 49. Given that

2860-435: The multifaceted nature of human–ecosystem interaction and argues against any singular "panacea" for individual social-ecological system problems. In Governing the Commons , Ostrom summarized eight design principles that were present in the sustainable common pool resource institutions she studied: 1. Clearly defined boundaries      Individuals or households who have rights to withdraw resource units from

2925-812: The offense) by other appropriators, by officials accountable to these appropriators, or by both. 6. Conflict-resolution mechanisms      Appropriators and their officials have rapid access to low-cost local arenas to resolve conflicts among appropriators or between appropriators and officials. 7. Minimal recognition of rights to organize      The rights of appropriators to devise their own institutions are not challenged by external governmental authorities. For CPRs that fire parts of larger systems: 8. Nested enterprises   Appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises. These principles have since been slightly modified and expanded to include

2990-428: The operational rules can participate in modifying the operational rules. 4. Monitoring      Monitors, who actively audit CPR conditions and appropriator behavior, are accountable to the appropriators or are the appropriators. 5. Graduated sanctions      Appropriators who violate operational rules are likely to be assessed graduated sanctions (depending on the seriousness and context of

3055-541: The prevailing thought was an entire store could not maintain itself with all low-priced goods, but with Woolworth's success, many others followed their lead. Well-known dime store companies included: Of these, only Ben Franklin continues to exist in this form, while Kresge and Walton's became mega-retailers Kmart and Walmart , respectively. Beginning around the 1960s, others tried the larger " discount store " format, such as TG&Y Family Centers, W. T. Grant , and Woolworth's Woolco stores. With suburbanization in

3120-554: The retail environment in Taiwan is already highly competitive, it is not unusual to see such stores fail. In India, US Dollar Store , founded in 2003, is a pioneer of single price stores. The merchandise for pilot stores was sent from America. As sales grew over the years with more than 200 operational stores in India, the merchandise is now imported from China, Indonesia, Thailand, Spain, Portugal, UK and various other countries as well as

3185-653: The scene of events and the actors involved as possible." Ostrom helped disprove the idea held by economists that natural resources would be over-used and destroyed in the long run. Elinor Ostrom disproved this idea by conducting field studies on how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources, such as pastures, fishing waters in Maine and Indonesia, and forests in Nepal. She showed that when natural resources are jointly managed by their users, in time, rules are established for how these are to be cared for and used in

3250-504: The shops' frontages. More modern counterparts include B&M , Boyes , Home Bargains , OneBeyond , Poundland and Poundstretcher . Variety stores in Guatemala include Dollar City. In Argentina, variety stores are called todo por dos pesos (everything for 2 pesos). Brazilians sometimes use the expression um e noventa e nove ( R$ 1,99) to refer to cheap, low quality things or even people. In Chile , they are called todo

3315-433: The subject. No one in her immediate family had any college experience, but seeing that 90% of students in her high school attended college, she saw it as the "normal" thing to do. Her mother did not wish for her to attend college, seeing no reason for it. She attended UCLA, receiving a B.A. with honors in political science at UCLA in 1954. By attending multiple summer sessions and extra classes throughout semesters, she

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3380-638: The success in Michigan and western New York of so-called nickel stores , where everything cost five cents (the U.S. five cent coin is called a " nickel "). On February 22, 1879, Woolworth opened his Great Five Cent Store in Utica , New York, and it was his later success and expansion of that format as the F. W. Woolworth Company that would create the American institution of the "five and dime". There were many names for this type of store: Before Woolworth,

3445-526: The use of collective action , trust , and cooperation in the management of common pool resources (CPR), her institutional approach to public policy, known as the Institutional analysis and development framework (IAD), has been considered sufficiently distinct to be thought of as a separate school of public choice theory . She authored many books in the fields of organizational theory , political science , and public administration . Elinor Ostrom

3510-671: The very end, was heavily involved in our preparations for the Nobel laureate dialogues on global sustainability we will be hosting in Rio 17th and 18th of June during the UN Rio+20 Earth Summit. In the end, she decided she could not come in person, but was contributing sharp, enthusiastically charged, inputs, in the way only she could." It was long unanimously held among economists that natural resources that were collectively used by their users would be over-exploited and destroyed in

3575-426: The “tragedy” in such situations isn’t inevitable, as Hardin thought. Instead, if the herders decide to cooperate with one another, monitoring each other’s use of the land and enforcing rules for managing it, they can avoid the tragedy." Garrett Hardin believes that the most important aspect that we need to realize today is the need to abandon the principle of shared resources in reproduction. A possible alternative to

3640-684: Was a dedicated scholar until the very end of her life. Indeed, on the day before she died, she sent e-mail messages to at least two different sets of coauthors about papers that she was writing with them. She was the chief scientific advisor for the International Council for Science (ICSU) Planet Under Pressure meeting in London in March, and Johan Rockström of the Stockholm Resilience Centre wrote that "Lin, up until

3705-461: Was a faculty member at Indiana University in Bloomington for 47 years. Beginning in the 1960s, Ostrom was involved in resource management policy and created a research center, the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, which attracted scientists from different disciplines from around the world. Working and teaching at her center was created on the principle of a workshop, rather than

3770-480: Was able to graduate in three years. She worked at the library, dime store and bookstore in order to pay her fees which were $ 50 per semester. After graduation, she had trouble finding a job because employers presumed that she was only looking for jobs as a teacher or secretary. She began a job as an export clerk after taking a correspondence course for shorthand , which she later found to be helpful when taking notes in face-to-face interviews on research projects. After

3835-592: Was an American political scientist and political economist whose work was associated with New Institutional Economics and the resurgence of political economy . In 2009, she was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for her "analysis of economic governance, especially the commons ", which she shared with Oliver E. Williamson ; she was the first woman to win the prize. Trained in political science at UCLA , Ostrom

3900-609: Was appointed Professor of Political Science in 1974. She was the head of the department from 1980 to 1984, and then held the Arthur F. Bentley Chair of Political Science She was appointed Distinguished Professor in 2010 and held a partial appointment in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. She was senior research director of the Vincent and Elinor Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Distinguished Professor and Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science in

3965-470: Was born in Los Angeles, California as the only child of Leah Hopkins, a musician, and Adrian Awan, a set designer. Her parents separated early in her life, and Elinor lived with her mother most of the time. She attended a Protestant church with her mother and often spent weekends with her father's Jewish family. Growing up in the post-Depression era to divorced artisans, Ostrom described herself as

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4030-552: Was consequently rejected for an economics Ph.D. program at UCLA. She was admitted to UCLA's graduate program in political science, where she was awarded an M.A. in 1962 and a Ph.D. in 1965. The teams of graduate students she was involved with were analyzing the political economic effects of a group of groundwater basins in Southern California. Specifically, Ostrom was assigned to look at the West Basin. She found it

4095-410: Was encouraged to join the debate team. Learning debate tactics had an important impact on her ways of thinking. It allowed her to realize there are two sides to public policy and it is imperative to have quality arguments for both sides. As a high school student, Elinor Ostrom had been discouraged from studying trigonometry , as girls without top marks in algebra and geometry were not allowed to take

4160-621: Was not to fly around the world collecting data, rather it is to create a network of scholars who live in particular areas of the world and had strong interests in forest conditions and forest policy conducted the studies. Ostrom's innovative and ground-breaking research was supported by National Science Foundation , the Andrew Mellon Foundation , the Hynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation ,

4225-655: Was sold to McCrory (who maintained the brand) in 1972, McCrory itself went bankrupt in 1992 and all their brands disappeared in 2002. Starting in the late 1990s, dollar stores expanded enough to gain the attention of the national press. They were popular not only their value but because freestanding smaller stores were located in small towns, downtowns, and across the cities and suburbs, they were often more convenient than mall stores. They continued to grow and by 2019, for example, Dollar Tree had higher annual sales than Macy's . Dollar and variety store revenue reached $ 77 billion in 2018. As of 2018, main dollar store chains in

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