50-723: Admiral Sir Hugh Palliser, 1st Baronet (26 February 1723 – 19 March 1796) was a Royal Navy officer. As captain of the 58-gun HMS Eagle he engaged and defeated the French 50-gun Duc d'Aquitain off Ushant in May 1757 during the Seven Years' War . He went on to serve as Commodore Governor of Newfoundland , then Controller of the Navy and then First Naval Lord . During the American Revolutionary War he came into
100-476: A ball entered his back and exited his groin; another ball struck his right hip; a third ball struck his left shoulder. Two other men were killed in the explosion. Palliser returned to England to recover, but remained lame in his left leg, and suffered perpetual and sometimes excruciating pain to which his death was eventually attributed. He returned to active service in December 1748 and was appointed to command
150-582: A biography, which states: PALLISER (Pallisser), Sir HUGH , "b. 22 Feb. 1722/23". Contemporary scholarship by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography places his birth date as 26 February 1723. Admiral (Royal Navy) Admiral is a senior rank of the Royal Navy , which equates to the NATO rank code OF-9 , outranked only by the rank of admiral of the fleet . Royal Navy officers holding
200-511: A broad band with three narrower bands. In 2001 the number of stars on the shoulder board was increased to four, reflecting the equivalence to the OF-9 four-star ranks of other countries. Prior to 1864 the Royal Navy was divided into coloured squadrons which determined his career path. The command flags flown by an Admiral changed a number of times during this period, there was no Admiral of
250-544: A court martial be held to try Keppel on charges of "misconduct and neglect of duty" (which carried a death sentence if proved). Keppel's court martial was held at Portsmouth in January 1779, and he was acquitted after 27 days, the court finding that the charges against him had been brought with malicious intent and were unfounded. The court-martial outcome meant ruin for Palliser. He was defended by Lord Sandwich , but still had to resign from Parliament and as Lieutenant-General of
300-520: A famous dispute with Augustus Keppel over his conduct as third-in-command of the Channel Fleet at the inconclusive Battle of Ushant in July 1778; the dispute led to Palliser being court-martialled, although he was subsequently acquitted. In retirement Palliser became Governor of Greenwich Hospital . Palliser was the only son of Hugh Palliser and Mary Robinson and was born at Kirk Deighton , in
350-551: A four-ship armada dispatched to retake St. John's , Newfoundland , but the area was already in British control when he arrived following the Battle of Signal Hill . In 1764 Palliser was named Governor and Commander-in-Chief at Newfoundland . He had under his command the 50-gun HMS Guernsey , and several frigates. His forces encountered a similar French force which was ostensibly regulating their remaining fishing grounds in
400-565: A memorial to Cook at the Vache , his estate near Chalfont St Giles in Buckinghamshire . Palliser died on 19 March 1796 at the Vache, and was buried on 26 March 1796 at the parish church of St Giles where there is a memorial to him. The Palliser Baronetcy passed to his great-nephew Hugh Palliser Walters who assumed by Royal Licence dated 18 January 1798 the surname and arms of Palliser. Palliser's illegitimate son George Thomas inherited
450-592: Is general ; and in the Royal Air Force , it is air chief marshal . The title admiral was not used in Europe until the mid-13th century and did not reach England before the end of that century. Similarly, although some royal vessels are attested under King John , the English long depended upon levies of their subjects' vessels for any major naval expeditions. Nonetheless, historians have sometimes extended
500-802: Is commonly known as Palliser's Act ( 15 Geo. 3 . c. 31), but also called the Newfoundland Fisheries Act 1775 ; its long title is An act for the encouragement of the Fisheries carried on, from Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Dominions in Europe, and for securing the return of the fishermen, sailors, and others employed in the said fisheries, to the ports thereof, at the end of the fishing season . Historian Sean Cadigan, author of Hope and Deception in Conception Bay (1995), has since linked Palliser's Act with
550-686: The Board of Admiralty as First Naval Lord in April 1775 and received the sinecure of Lieutenant-General of Marines. Palliser was promoted to vice-admiral on 29 January 1778. He stood down from the Admiralty Board in September 1779. With his involvement in fisheries and seamen training, in 1775 Palliser initiated legislation to encourage and regulate ship fisheries in Newfoundland. The act
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#1732772670539600-582: The Dano-Norwegian ship of the line HDMS Grønland , in a shrewd operation, where no shots were fired. It was a precarious operation, as Denmark-Norway was neutral in the war, but Palliser had intelligence information informing him that the Danish ships were in fact shipping goods from the Levant to Marseilles for French merchants, a practice, which ended after the incident. In 1762 Palliser commanded
650-663: The Thames to Scotland. This was part of an effort by Edward I to establish a permanent official staff, even if a permanent naval force was not yet considered necessary. Leybourne's immediate purview was subsequently divided into the roles of Admiral of the West and Admiral of the South while Botetourt's became the Admiral of the North ; the first and last merged as the Admiral of
700-743: The Tolbooth Jail in Edinburgh . He was eventually released by order of the Scottish Lords of Session , who invoked their authority to supersede that of the judge of the vice-admiralty court in Edinburgh who had sought to commit Palliser for trial. In early 1753 he was appointed captain of the 50-gun HMS Bristol , but soon afterwards returned to command a convoy comprising Seahorse and Nightingale , with orders to protect transports being used to move two British Army regiments to
750-683: The West Riding of Yorkshire (now in North Yorkshire ). The family had estates in Yorkshire and Ireland. His parents died when he was still young, so he and his sisters were (probably) raised by relatives on his mother's side. He entered the navy in 1735 as a midshipman on HMS Aldborough commanded by his uncle Nicholas Robinson. He followed his uncle to HMS Kennington in 1737, and then to HMS Tiger and HMS Essex . Palliser passed his lieutenant's examination on 12 May 1741 and
800-429: The guardship at Chatham . Shortly afterwards he was moved to the much smaller 20-gun HMS Seahorse , A difficulty arose when Scottish authorities accused a sailor from Seahorse of circulating a forged letter of indenture, in order to receive greater pay. The sailor took refuge aboard the ship, and Palliser refused to hand him over. Palliser was thereupon arrested in the sailor's place and held for several days in
850-505: The 18th century, the original nine ranks began to be filled by more than one man per rank, although the rank of admiral of the red was always filled by only one man and was known as Admiral of the Fleet . After the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 the rank of admiral of the red was introduced. The number of officers holding each rank steadily increased throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1769 there were 29 admirals of various grades; by
900-778: The Colonies immediately prior to what would become the Seven Years' War against France. Palliser sailed in January 1755, directing the convoy in a long southern arc across the Atlantic, as far as the Tropic of Cancer . This represented a substantial deviation from the traditional and more direct easterly route, but enabled the convoy to travel in calmer weather and avoid the risk of losing transports to storms. The unorthodox navigation won Palliser some praise from British authorities. The ongoing friction between Britain and France ignited into open warfare in 1755. In October of that year Palliser
950-415: The Fleet rather than Algernon Frederick Rous de Horsey , who as senior active admiral nearing the age limit would customarily have received the promotion; John Baird became an Admiral; James Erskine a vice-admiral; and Harry Rawson a rear-admiral. Ironically, all these younger men would die at least a decade before de Horsey. In the time before squadron distinctions were removed or age limits instituted,
1000-491: The Marines. He then demanded that a court martial be convened against him so that he could present his version of events during his defence. The court martial was convened, and he was acquitted after 21 days. However, he was censured in that he had failed to inform his superior officer of the battle damage in a timely manner. After his acquittal Palliser hoped to be reinstated as Lieutenant-General of Marines. Instead, in 1780 he
1050-580: The Navy , and in that same year was elected an elder brother of the Trinity House , which oversees British lighthouses and provides general expertise to the government on naval matters. In 1773 Palliser was made Baronet . In 1774 he was elected to Parliament for the Borough of Scarborough . On 31 March 1775 he achieved flag rank when promoted to rear-admiral . Under the Earl of Sandwich he joined
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#17327726705391100-419: The Navy. Palliser was forced to resign from Parliament and his other posts. The July 1778 Battle of Ushant came about when the British fleet found that it had become located between the French ships and their home ports. Seeing the sudden advantage, Keppel ordered that a battle line be formed and an attack made. Palliser's ship HMS Formidable was badly damaged in the ensuing fray, and when Keppel hoisted
1150-565: The North and West in 1364; and from 1408–1414 they were all reunited as the High Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine , the forerunner to the present Lord High Admiral . (During this process, the short-lived post of Admiral of the Narrow Seas was used in 1412 and 1413. It was subsequently revived from 1523 to 1688.) The first royal commission as Admiral to a naval officer was granted in 1303 to Gervase Alard . By 1344, it
1200-641: The Red rank until that post was introduced in 1805 prior to this the highest rank an admiral could attain to was Admiral of the White who then flew the Cross of St George . The next promotion step up from that was to Admiral of the Fleet. [REDACTED] Media related to Admirals of the United Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons Heart of Midlothian (Royal Mile) Too Many Requests If you report this error to
1250-414: The action. Palliser heard rumours that Keppel had intimated in private conversations that Palliser's absence had been the cause of the inconclusive outcome, so Palliser wrote a paper defending his actions. An anonymous letter to a London newspaper accused Palliser of disobedience in the battle, and he called on Keppel to refute the allegation. When no public refutation was forthcoming, Palliser demanded that
1300-549: The approach to the city and the landing area. Following the Treaty of Paris , Cook was charged with surveying Newfoundland. As Governor, Palliser actively supported Cook's work and assisted in the publication of his acclaimed map of Newfoundland. During his term as Comptroller, Palliser supported Cook's first command of exploration in 1768, and his subsequent voyages. Cook named Cape Palliser , Palliser Bay and Palliser Isles after his "worthy friend". On Cook's death, Palliser erected
1350-487: The area, but Palliser perceived that they had altered their maps to show they controlled more area than had been agreed upon in the negotiations which ended the conflict in this area. The French minister in London used this clash to complain to the British government against Palliser, but he was able to produce sufficient maps and supporting material to convince his superiors of his correct actions. Palliser actively supported
1400-528: The close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1816 there were 190 admirals in service. Thereafter the number of admirals was reduced and in 1853 there were 79 admirals. Although admirals were promoted according to strict seniority, appointments to command were made at the discretion of the Board of Admiralty . As there were invariably more admirals in service than there were postings, many admirals remained unemployed, especially in peacetime. The organisation of
1450-469: The concept of yellow admirals (formally known as granting an officer the position of "Rear-Admiral without distinction of squadron"), being captains promoted to flag rank on the understanding that they would immediately retire on half-pay . This was the navy's first attempt at superannuating older officers. During the Interregnum , the rank of admiral was replaced by that of general at sea . In
1500-503: The concept of an English navy and its supposed admirals and lord high admirals back as far as Alfred the Great , counting several kings as themselves admirals, along with various dukes and earls who commanded fleets at prominent engagements such as Hubert de Burgh off Sandwich in 1217 . Other lists begin their count at King Henry III 's appointment of Sir Richard de Lucy on 28 August 1223 or 29 August 1224. A similar commission
1550-499: The death of James Hawkins-Whitshed resulted in ten men moving up to higher ranks. In 1996, the rank of admiral of the fleet was put in abeyance in peacetime, except for members of the Royal family but was resurrected on an honorary basis in 2014 for the appointment of Lord Boyce . Admirals of the fleet continue to hold their rank on the active list for life. The current ranks are rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and admiral of
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1600-532: The estate of the Vache. a. Some sources use the Old Style dating system, in use in Britain until 1752, for Palliser's birth. As under this system the new year did not begin until 25 March, Palliser's birth was recorded as being in 1722. The article Admiral Sir HUGH PALLISER, Bt 1723–1796 , taken from Charnock, J. Biographia navalis . . from 1660 to the present time (6 volumes), states that Palliser
1650-490: The fisheries as a source of trained seamen for the Royal Navy. As such he took active steps to enforce the provisions of Treaty of Paris (1763) restricting French access to their specific fishing rights. He also sought to restrict further settlement of Newfoundland, so to encourage the British-based industry. Palliser remained Governor of Newfoundland until 1768. In 1770 Commodore Palliser was appointed Comptroller of
1700-519: The fleet his deputy, the vice admiral , would be in the leading portion or van . Below him was another admiral at the rear of the fleet, called rear admiral . Promotion up the ladder was in accordance with seniority in the rank of post-captain , and rank was held for life, so the only way to be promoted was for the person above on the list to die or resign. In 1747 the Admiralty restored an element of merit selection to this process by introducing
1750-596: The fleet into coloured squadrons was finally abandoned in 1864. The Red Ensign was allocated to the Merchant Navy , the White Ensign became the flag of the Royal Navy, and the Blue Ensign was allocated to the naval reserve and naval auxiliary vessels. The 18th- and 19th-century Royal Navy also maintained a positional rank known as port admiral . A port admiral was typically a veteran captain who served as
1800-417: The fleet, also known as flag ranks because admirals, known as flag officers , are entitled to fly a personal flag . An admiral of the fleet flies a Union Flag at the masthead, while an admiral flies a St George's cross (red cross on white). Vice admirals and rear admirals fly a St George's cross with one or two red discs in the hoist, respectively. The rank of admiral itself is shown in its sleeve lace by
1850-673: The frigate HMS Sheerness , sailing her to the East Indies to bring news of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle which concluded Britain's role in the War of the Austrian Succession . Palliser was then part of Edward Boscawen 's squadron on the Coromandel coast from July 1749, returning to Britain to pay off Sheerness in April 1750. As an alternative to half-pay he took up appointment as captain of HMS Yarmouth ,
1900-405: The high-valuation of women's labour in 18th Century Newfoundland. Given that Palliser's Act required producers to pre-pay their labourers for the fishing season, producers developed little incentive to hire outside of their families: hired labour was high risk because pre-paid wages reduced producers' margin for gain (or loss). As such, Palliser's Act inspired the merger of household labour with
1950-561: The market, making women's work essential to the economic success of the colony. In 1778 Palliser was appointed to the Channel Fleet under Admiral Augustus Keppel . On 27 July 1778 in the First Battle of Ushant , the Channel Fleet fought an inconclusive battle with the French fleet. The battle's outcome led to personal acrimony between Palliser and Keppel, resulted in their individual courts martial and increased divisiveness in
2000-411: The official ranks became admiral of the white and so forth, however each admiral's command flags were different and changed over time. The Royal Navy has had vice and rear admirals regularly appointed to the post since at least the 16th century. When in command of the fleet, the admiral would be in either the lead or the middle portion of the fleet. When the admiral commanded from the middle portion of
2050-481: The ranks of rear admiral , vice admiral and admiral of the fleet are sometimes considered generically to be admirals. The rank of admiral is currently the highest rank to which a serving officer in the Royal Navy can be promoted, admiral of the fleet being in abeyance except for honorary promotions of retired officers and members of the royal family. The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines
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2100-471: The shore commander of a British naval port and was in charge of supplying, refitting, and maintaining the ships docked at harbour. The problem of promoting strictly by seniority was well illustrated by the case of Provo Wallis who served (including time being carried on the books while still a child) for 96 years. When he died in 1892 four admirals under him could immediately be promoted. By request of Queen Victoria , John Edmund Commerell became Admiral of
2150-426: The signal to reform the battle line, Palliser's division was some distance away, so a frigate was dispatched to give the instruction. Due to the battle damage, Palliser's division was unable to comply until later in the evening, when it was too late to continue the battle, and the French withdrew to Brest. Both sides later claimed victory, and Keppel issued a dispatch which commended all his officers for their conduct in
2200-527: The successful British capture of Quebec City , commanding the seamen who landed and took possession of Lower Town. In 1760 Palliser was sent to the Mediterranean Sea to chase a small French squadron which had slipped out of the port at Toulon . He bottled the French boats up at several ports in Turkey. In 1761 Palliser captured a Danish merchant ship from a small convoy off Sardinia , escorted by
2250-427: Was appointed Governor of Greenwich Hospital by Lord Sandwich, and was again elected to Parliament for Huntingdon (1780–1784). On 24 September 1787 he was promoted to full admiral . James Cook , a fellow Yorkshireman, first served under Palliser as Master's Mate of HMS Eagle from 1755 to 1758. Palliser would have supported his elevation to Master in 1757. Both were present at the siege of Quebec where Cook charted
2300-519: Was born "on 26 February 1722" (although the title of the article indicates he was born in 1723). The Royal Naval Museum website, accessed 6 August 2009 , provides a biography, Biography: Hugh Palliser , which states that Palliser "was born on 26th February 1723". The Government House website, accessed 6 August 2009 , provides a biography, Palliser, Sir Hugh (1722–1796) . It states that Palliser "was born ... on February 22, 1722. The Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online , accessed 6 August 2009 provides
2350-615: Was given to Sir Thomas Moulton in 1264, who held the formal title of Keeper of the Sea and the Sea Ports. On 8 March 1287, Sir William de Leybourne was specifically commissioned as the Admiral of the Seas of England ( Latin : Admirallus Maris Angliae ) and, in 1294, captain of all sailors and mariners of the king's dominions. Sir John de Botetourt served under him as warden at sea from
2400-424: Was only used as a rank at sea for a captain in charge of one or more fleets. In Elizabethan times the fleet grew large enough to be organised into squadrons . The squadron's admiral flew a red ensign , the vice admirals white , and the rear admirals blue on the aft mast of his ship. As the squadrons grew, each was eventually commanded by an admiral (with vice admirals and rear admirals commanding sections) and
2450-437: Was placed in command of the 58-gun HMS Eagle . That ship engaged and defeated the French 50-gun Duc d'Aquitain off Ushant on 30 May 1757. After that battle Eagle returned to port for repairs, and Palliser moved to command of the 74-gun HMS Shrewsbury , part of the Channel Fleet under George Anson . In that ship in July 1758 he grounded and captured several French ships near Brest . In 1759 Palliser participated in
2500-760: Was promoted to the rank on 18 September 1741. He continued to serve aboard Essex , at first under Robinson, and after he was superseded, under Captain Richard Norris, the son of Sir John Norris . In February 1746 he was placed in command of HMS Weazel . On 25 November 1746 he was appointed post-captain in HMS Captain , sailing for the West Indies with the broad pennant of Commodore Edward Legge . Legge died on 19 September 1747, and Palliser transferred to HMS Sutherland . Six months later an accidental fire in that ship's arms chest wounded Palliser;
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