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71-651: Located 40 kilometres (24.85 mi) to the south of Kaikōura , Hundalee Hills are known largely for a notorious stretch of State Highway 1 between Kaikōura and Christchurch . The road winds sharply around the edge of several hills, as does the Conway River , which reaches the Pacific Ocean close to the Hundalees. Within the Hundalee Hills is the rural locality of Hundalee . This was briefly

142-500: A 6.7 metres (22 ft) boat to start up a whale watching business to see the local sperm whales. In the first year of business, 3,000 tourists took the opportunity to see whales. This has greatly expanded to more than 100,000 per annum. On 14 November 2016, a 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck the South Island just after midnight. It left two people dead (one near the town and one in the adjacent Hurunui District ) and triggered

213-497: A common fossil . These fossils can be analyzed for information on shark evolution and biology ; they are often the only part of the shark to be fossilized. Fossil teeth comprise much of the fossil record of the Elasmobranchii , extending back to hundreds of millions of years. A shark tooth contains resistant calcium phosphate materials. The most ancient types of shark-like fish date back to 450 million years ago, during

284-414: A day. Identification of most sharks are found through a combination of tooth counts and tooth shapes. Teeth can even lead to the identification of shark species like the requiem shark . The fossilized records of teeth helps illustrate evolutionary history, and isolated teeth are used to study and analyze specific linear measurements of the species. In order to identify teeth and specific information about

355-520: A decline in the numbers of crayfish ( spiny lobsters ). By 1975 the decline in crayfish numbers had extended to other fish species. In 1975 there were 97 registered fishing vessels operating out of Kaikōura. There are reports that between 1963 and 1964, 248 sperm whales in Kaikoura waters were killed during the last of the whaling activity in New Zealand. Kaikōura struggled economically during

426-428: A depiction of a shark's head bearing such teeth. He mentioned his findings in a book, The Head of a Shark Dissected , which also contained an illustration of a C. megalodon tooth, previously considered to be a tongue stone. In Oceania and America , shark teeth were commonly used for tools, especially on weapons such as clubs and daggers, but also as blades to carve wood and as tools for food preparation, such as

497-417: A lifetime, replacing those that fall out. There are four basic types of shark teeth: dense flattened, needle-like, pointed lower with triangular upper, and non-functional. The type of tooth that a shark has depends on its diet and feeding habits. Sharks are a great model organism to study because they continually produce highly mineralized tissues. Sharks continually shed their teeth and replace them through

568-691: A local conservation perspective, particularly notable seabirds in the Kaikōura region include the Hutton's shearwater, the Red-billed gull, and the Little penguin. The Hutton's shearwater ( Puffinus huttoni ) or Kaikōura tītī is an endangered seabird in the family Procellariidae . It is found in waters around Australia and New Zealand but it only breeds in the Seaward Kaikōura Range in New Zealand. It

639-603: A popular tourist destination, mainly for whale watching and swimming with or near dolphins . The town is the seat of the territorial authority of the Kaikōura District , which is part of the Canterbury region. Local governance for Kaikōura is provided by the Kaikōura District Council (Ko te kaunihera ā rohe o Kaikōura). The council consists of a mayor and seven councillors. Elections for positions on

710-554: A recent survey of 75   km of Kaikōura coastline, the only breeding colony located was in fragmented areas around the southern part of the Kaikōura peninsula. The double-banded plover , known in New Zealand as the banded dotterel or pohowera , is a species of bird in the plover family that nests on stony beaches around the Kaikōura peninsula and South Bay. The species is listed as Nationally Vulnerable. Breeding success of banded dotterels at Kaikōura has been severely affected by predation from cats. A community-driven action plan

781-595: A remedy or cure for various poisons and toxins; they were used in the treatment of snake bites . Due to this ingrained belief, many noblemen and royalty wore these "tongue stones" as pendants or kept them in their pockets as good-luck charms. This interpretation was corrected in 1611 by the Italian naturalist Fabio Colonna , who recognized them as ancient shark teeth, and, in 1667, by the Danish naturalist Nicolaus Steno , who discussed their composition and famously produced

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852-448: A sex ratio of 0.99 males per female. The median age was 47.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 318 people (14.3%) aged under 15 years, 354 (15.9%) aged 15 to 29, 981 (44.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 573 (25.8%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 83.3% European/ Pākehā , 19.6% Māori , 0.8% Pasifika , 5.0% Asian , and 3.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas

923-446: A small tsunami. One thousand tourists and hundreds of residents were stranded in Kaikōura after the earthquake cut off train and vehicle access. New Zealand Air Force helicopters ferried many people out of Kaikoura initially with the New Zealand navy sending HMNZS Canterbury to ferry many hundreds of tourists out. 1700 construction workers completed two million man hours to repair the quake-damaged route along State Highway 1 after

994-606: A terminus of the Main North Line railway that winds its way through the Hundalee Hills, and it was also the home of World War II hero Charles Upham after he returned from combat. 42°33′37″S 173°24′37″E  /  42.56028°S 173.41028°E  / -42.56028; 173.41028 This Canterbury Region -related geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kaik%C5%8Dura Kaikōura ( / k aɪ ˈ k ɔː r ə / ; Māori pronunciation: [kaiˈkoːuɾa] )

1065-608: A tooth replacement system. Through this system, sharks replace their teeth relatively quickly with replacement teeth that are ready to rotate because their teeth often get damaged while catching prey. They will replace teeth that are broken and young sharks can even replace their teeth weekly. Although sharks constantly shed their teeth, factors such as water temperature affect the turnover rate. While warmer water temperatures produced faster rates, cold water temperatures slowed tooth replacement rates in nurse sharks. They are only shed once new teeth are formed underneath and push them out of

1136-436: Is a marine reserve off the Kaikōura coast, covering an area of 10,416 hectares (25,740 acres) south of the township, and including part of the Kaikōura canyon. The reserve was established in 2014, and is the largest and deepest marine reserve adjacent to any of New Zealand's three main islands. No fishing, harvesting or mining is allowed in the reserve. The Kaikōura (Te Tai o Marokura) Marine Management Act 2014 established

1207-488: Is a southern branch of the Hikurangi Trough that extends northwards up the New Zealand east coast. The canyon has been described as a "bio-diversity hotspot", where upwelling of currents from the deep ocean provide feeding grounds along the Kaikōura coast for a diverse range of seabirds and marine mammals . An incorporated society, Te Korowai o Te Tai o Marokura, Kaikōura Coastal Marine Guardians (Te Korowai)

1278-453: Is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, located on State Highway 1 , 180 kilometres (110 mi) north of Christchurch . The town has an estimated permanent resident population of 2,470 as of June 2024. Kaikōura is the seat of the territorial authority of the Kaikōura District , which is part of the Canterbury region. Kaikōura was first inhabited by the Māori , with

1349-493: Is being developed to protect the habitat of nesting shorebirds at South Bay, with support from Environment Canterbury , Kaikōura District Council, University of Canterbury and Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura . An initiative was launched in 2022 to achieve international recognition of a dark-sky preserve in the Kaikōura area. The intention was to reduce the problems that lighting causes for Hutton's shearwaters. The Kaikōura District Council had already modified streetlighting, to reduce

1420-482: Is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a small urban area and covers 9.28 km (3.58 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 2,470 as of June 2024, with a population density of 266 people per km . Kaikōura had a population of 2,223 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 213 people (10.6%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 21 people (1.0%) since the 2006 census . There were 873 households, comprising 1,107 males and 1,116 females, giving

1491-405: Is the evolution of Isurus hastalis , the extinct giant mako, into the great white shark , Carcharodon carcharias . There exist teeth that are believed to represent the transition between the two species. These teeth, from Carcharodon sp. are characterised by the wider, flatter crowns of the extinct giant mako. However, they also exhibit partial, fading serrations, which are more pronounced near

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1562-570: Is the only seabird in the world that breeds in an alpine environment. Nests have been found at elevations from 1200 to 1800   metres. The Kowhai Valley and Shearwater Stream Important Bird Area contains the only two remaining alpine breeding colonies. An artificial colony was established in a protected area on the Kaikōura peninsula as a conservation measure, after six other colonies were wiped out by feral pigs. The birds fly at night, but can become disoriented by bright lights. Fledglings are particularly vulnerable, and can crash-land on roads in

1633-642: Is very little coastal plain, with the Seaward Kaikōura Range , a branch of the Southern Alps , rising straight from the ocean. The town of Kaikōura has the Seaward Kaikōuras as a backdrop. One of the walking tracks for visitors is the Mt. Fyffe track, which winds up Mt. Fyffe, and gives a panoramic view of the Kaikōura peninsula from the summit. The Kaikōura Peninsula extends into the sea south of

1704-541: The māripi of the Māori . For example, various weapons edged with shark teeth were used by the Native Hawaiians (see example here ), who called them leiomano . Some types were reserved for royalty . The Guaitaca (Weittaka) of coastal Brazil tipped their arrows with shark teeth. The remains of shark tooth-edged weapons, as well as chert replicas of shark teeth, have been found in the Cahokia mounds of

1775-516: The 2016 Kaikōura earthquake , with one of the two deaths near the town. The bay and surrounding region were uplifted by as much as 2 metres (6 ft 7 in). In 2023, Kaikōura was named as one of the "most beautiful small towns in the world". Kaikōura is known for its biodiversity, a wide variety of marine mammals can be seen in the sea, including whales and dolphins . Māori have long been resident in Kaikōura and archaeological evidence of moa bones indicates that they hunted moa there. After

1846-577: The Late Ordovician period , and are mostly known by their fossilized teeth and dermal denticles . However, the most commonly found fossil shark teeth are from the Cenozoic era (the last 66 million years). Though sharks often are highly specialized, as a category they have ranged widely in their adaptations. Their teeth reflect this, ranging widely in form and function. There are a number of common types of shark teeth, that vary according to

1917-528: The Ngāi Tahu iwi occupying the area since at least 1670. Europeans began to settle in Kaikōura in the mid 1840s. By the 1850s, land that had been acquired was sold to European settlers who most often started sheep farms in the area. Mount Fyffe in the Kaikōra Range is named in honour of Robert Fyffe and his family, the first European settlers in the area. The infrastructure of Kaikōura was heavily damaged in

1988-477: The proposed railway and "scenic" purposes. From the 1850s, land that had been acquired was sold to European settlers who most often started sheep farms in the area. Many small blocks were sold around the Kaikōura Peninsula and in the 1870s roads and bridges were built. A small wharf was completed in 1863. The Inland Kaikōura Road to Rotherham was completed by 1888. The road that became State Highway 1

2059-459: The 1970s. In 1975 there were 304 motel beds and a further 500 camp ground beds and hotel beds. The Marlborough Regional Development Council noted that there was investment in accommodation but not in tourist attractions at this time. The restructuring of the economy following the election of the Labour government in 1984 also affected Kaikōura adversely. Farm incomes dropped. Public sector employment

2130-549: The 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. It reopened on 15 December 2017. The repairs included fixing almost 200 kilometres (120 mi) of damaged road and a similar length of railway line. The repairs cost NZ$ 1.1 billion. The stretch of coastline stretching roughly between the mouths of the Conway and Waiau Toa / Clarence Rivers is generally known as the Kaikōura coast. This coast is unusual for the South Island east coast, as there

2201-467: The Fyffe family. The cottage that the Fyffe family lived in, built in 1842, still stands. The area surrounding the house, including Avoca Point, has been listed as a Historic Area by Heritage New Zealand . The construction of the cottage is unusual in that the supporting foundations of the house are made of whalebone . The New Zealand government purchased land north of Kaikōura from Ngāti Toa in 1847. This

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2272-536: The Kaikōura District, excluding the Kaikōura township. The Trust plans to apply for the Kaikōura township to be recognised with international dark sky community status. The rebuild after the 2016 earthquake replaced or upgraded many of Kaikoura District Council's assets. These included replacing the oldest water mains built in the 1920s and many roads. This has left Kaikōura better placed financially in 2021 than many councils, as they do not have to replace these in

2343-541: The Maru Kaitatea wharenui (meeting house). Cliff Whiting was one of many Māori and Pākehā artists who contributed carving and artworks for the wharenui. The economy of the town now has a significant reliance on the visitors who come to experience the biodiversity of the local region, particularly the ocean. The Kaikōura canyon is a submarine canyon located southwest of the Kaikōura Peninsula. It

2414-487: The North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui) up from the depths of the sea. The tangata whenua of Kaikōura and all of the Kaikōura District are Te Runanga o Ngāi Tahu , and they hold customary tribal authority over this entire area ( rohe ). Takahanga Marae, a marae (tribal meeting ground) of Ngāi Tahu and its Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura branch, is located in Kaikōura. The current marae building was opened in 2001. It includes

2485-629: The Te Rohe o Te Whānau Puha Whale Sanctuary covering 4,686 square kilometres (1,809 sq mi), and extending 45 kilometres (28 mi) north and south of the Kaikōura peninsula and 56 kilometres (35 mi) out to sea, to provide additional protection for marine mammals in this area. A wide variety of marine mammals can be seen in the Kaikōura region, including whales, dolphins, and New Zealand fur seals . The Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 provides legal protection for these animals, and regulations set conditions that govern human behaviour in

2556-817: The bottom of the ocean floor. This was the first common style of shark tooth, present in the Devonian , four hundred million years ago. Sharks with needle-like teeth commonly feed on small to medium-sized fish, sometimes including small sharks. These teeth are especially effective for such prey because they can easily grip their slippery and narrow bodies. Modern examples include the blue shark and bull sharks . These sharks specifically use their teeth to feed on small prey like squid , flounder , stingrays , and even hammerhead sharks . This combination of pointed lower teeth, with triangular upper teeth are especially useful for cutting prey that consist of large mammals and fish. The combination of teeth entails serrated edges to cut

2627-513: The caries-reducing effect in sharks, studies are done on the fluorine atoms that are bound covalently to calcium atoms in the teeth. Each tooth has a complex fluorapatite structure enameloid. In order to reduce effects of deterioration in the teeth, it is useful to sample only the surface of the enameloid of the tooth for this specific research. Studying and researching shark teeth betters our understandings of shark feeding behaviors, evolutionary changes, and mechanisms. This helps us to identify

2698-482: The connective tissue that was holding them in place. The sex of the shark also plays a role in the development of teeth and the differences in teeth in species due to gender is called sexual heterodonty. Usually, females have larger teeth because on average they are usually larger than males. Also, age can change the shape of teeth in which "juvenile teeth start out more narrow and robust, while adult teeth are broader and thinner". In some formations, shark's teeth are

2769-672: The council are held every three years in conjunction with nationwide local elections . Kaikōura was the first local authority in the Southern Hemisphere to achieve recognition by the EarthCheck Community Standard. For national elections, Kaikōura is part of the Kaikōura electorate . Stuart Smith of the National Party was the current member of parliament after the 2020 election. Kaikōura

2840-427: The diet of the shark. Examples include dense flattened teeth for crushing; long needle-like teeth for gripping; pointed lower teeth for gripping combined with serrated, triangular upper teeth for cutting, and teeth that are tiny, greatly reduced, and non-functional. Dense flattened teeth are used to crush prey like bivalves and crustaceans. These sharks include nurse sharks and angel sharks. They are typically found at

2911-683: The economy of the district. There was a significant downturn in visitors caused by 2016 earthquake, with the COVID-19 pandemic creating a further impact in 2020–21. However, by 2024, tourism activity in the town had rebounded. Tourism contributed $ 57 million to total GDP in Kaikoura District in 2020, and was the top overall category, contributing 24.8% of district GDP. In 2023, tourism provided 27.6% of jobs in Kaikōura District in 2023, with accommodation and food services representing another 18.5%. In addition to ecotourism activities in

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2982-716: The food when passing water through their gills. Basking sharks feed by swimming towards their prey with their mouth open and straining their food. Through this process the shark is able to successfully eat hundreds of pounds of zooplankton each day. Whale sharks feed by using rakers on their gill bars and strain them from their gill slits after sweeping krill and other prey into their mouths. As one species evolves into another, its teeth may become difficult to classify, exhibiting characteristics of both species. (Example: teeth from Otodus auriculatus as it evolved into O. angustidens ) are difficult to definitively identify as coming from either species. A commonly referred to transition

3053-456: The hills survived. The name of the battle comes from a threat made by Rerewaka, one of the Kaikōura chiefs, who said he would slit Te Rauparaha's belly with a shark tooth ( niho maaka ) if he came south. A whaling station was first established by Robert Fyffe in 1842 at Kaikōura. The Fyffe family was the first European family to settle in Kaikōura. John Guard and his family joined Fyffe sometime between 1844 and 1846. 40 men were employed at

3124-541: The larger prey into smaller portions in order to easily swallow the pieces. The most famously known shark with these teeth is the great white shark , which feeds on animals such as sea lions , dolphins , other sharks, and even small whales. The teeth of plankton-feeders, such as the basking shark and whale shark , are greatly reduced and non-functional. These sharks filter feed on prey by opening their mouths to let tiny organisms get sucked into their mouths to feed without using their teeth at all, instead filtering

3195-613: The largest teeth are in excess of 17.7 cm (7.0 in). The smaller teeth ranging from 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 " and 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 " are more common finds, while teeth over 5", 6", and 7" are more rare. These teeth are in extremely high demand by collectors and private investors, and they can fetch steep prices according to their size and deterioration. The larger teeth can cost as much as 3,000 dollars. Shark teeth cannot be collected from just any type of rock. Any fossils, including fossil shark teeth, are preserved in sedimentary rocks after falling from their mouth. The sediment that

3266-451: The local population is in significant decline. In contrast, there has been an increase in the population of Red-billed gulls at the breeding colony at Otago Peninsula, where there is control of mammalian predators. The Little penguin or kororā is found along the Kaikōura coastline. These birds are vulnerable to becoming entangled in fishing nets, and while on land are vulnerable to vehicle impact and predation by rats and domestic dogs. In

3337-533: The moa numbers declined, Kaikōura was still an attractive place to live because of its abundance of sea food. The Ngāi Tahu iwi have been resident in the Kaikōura area since at least 1670. Numerous pā sites are located around Kaikōura. The numbers vary between 14 and 40. Captain James Cook saw Kaikōura in 1770 but did not land there. He reported seeing four double hulled canoes approaching HMS Endeavour containing 57 Māori. In 1827–1828, Kaikōura

3408-465: The most notable phosphate mines is in Central Florida, Polk County, and is known as Bone Valley . Most of the teeth found here range from 3 to 10 million years old. Near New Caledonia , up until the practice was banned, fishermen and commercial vessels used to dredge the sea floor for megalodon teeth. In the state of Georgia, shark teeth are found so often that they decided to make shark teeth

3479-562: The next 30 years as part of their long term planning. Funding was announced in 2013 to rebuild the 100 year old Kaikoura Hospital. It was completed in April 2016. The new building provides space for general practice, physiotherapy, dental, optometry as well as maternity, radiology and medical/trauma stabilisation and resuscitation facilities. It cost $ 13.4 million to complete. Shark tooth Sharks continually shed their teeth ; some Carcharhiniformes shed approximately 35,000 teeth in

3550-425: The official state fossil in 1976. In taxonomy , shark teeth are counted as follows: rows of teeth are counted along the line of the jaw, while series of teeth are counted from the front of the jaw inward. A single tooth row includes one or more functional teeth at the front of the jaw, and multiple replacement teeth behind this. For example, the jaws of a bull shark can have 50 rows of teeth in 7 series, with

3621-426: The outermost series functional, but most sharks have five series with the average shark having about 15 rows of teeth in each jaw. The small teeth at the symphysis, where the two halves of the jaw meet, are usually counted separately from the main teeth on either side. Sharks are also known to lose at least one tooth per week. Due to their specific arrangement of rows and series however, lost teeth can be replaced within

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3692-615: The risk to the birds. In April 2022, the Mayor of Kaikōura said that the dark-sky reserve initiative had the full support of the council, and would be a boost to tourist numbers, especially during the winter period. The Kaikōura Dark Sky Trust applied to DarkSky International for designation of an International Dark Sky Sanctuary in August 2024, and the designation was announced on 11 September 2024. The sanctuary covers an area of 2,039 km (787 sq mi), representing around 98% of

3763-499: The root, and disappear towards the tip of the tooth - serrations being found in great whites but not extinct giant makos. Otodus megalodon teeth are the largest of any shark, extinct or living, and are among the most sought after types of shark teeth in the world. This shark lived during the late Oligocene epoch and Neogene period, about 28 to 1.5 million years ago, and ranged to a maximum length of 60 ft. The smallest teeth are only 1.2 cm (0.5 in) in height, while

3834-500: The teeth were found in is used to help determine the age of the shark tooth due to the fossilization process. Shark teeth are most commonly found between the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary periods . Only after about 10,000 years will a shark tooth fossilize. The teeth commonly found are not white because they are covered with sediment from fossilization. The sediment prevents oxygen and bacteria from attacking and decaying

3905-532: The teeth, and even the species. The oldest known records of fossilized shark teeth are by Pliny the Elder , who believed that these triangular objects fell from the sky during lunar eclipses . According to Renaissance accounts, large, triangular fossil teeth often found embedded in rocky formations were believed to be petrified tongues of dragons and snakes and so were referred to as "tongue stones" or "glossopetrae". Glossopetrae were commonly thought to be

3976-504: The teeth, research can be done on a shark tooth. This research may uncover many different aspects about the tooth itself, and the shark species. This proves complicated, however, due to the fact that most fossilized teeth are found mixed and scattered. To collect information on basic-life history and get dispersal estimates of a shark tooth, molecular-based technology is very efficient. To further shark population studies, collection of mtDNA can be extracted from shark jaws and teeth. To study

4047-553: The tooth. Fossilized shark teeth can often be found in or near river bed banks, sand pits, and beaches. These teeth are typically worn, because they were frequently moved and redeposited in different areas repeatedly before settling down. Other locations, however, yield perfect teeth that were hardly moved during the ages. These teeth are typically fragile, and great care should be taken while excavating them. Phosphate pits, containing mostly fossil bones and teeth, or kaolin pits, are ideal places to look for fossil shark teeth. One of

4118-498: The town such as whale, seal and bird watching, further tourism opportunities are under development. These include astrotourism, following the accreditation of the Kaikōura District as an International Dark Sky Sanctuary, and the construction of a long-distance trail from Picton to Kaikōura known as the Whale Trail . In Māori mythology , Kaikōura Peninsula (Te Taumanu-o-te-waka-a-Māui) was the seat where Māui sat when he fished

4189-426: The town, and the resulting upwelling currents bring an abundance of marine life from the depths of the nearby Kaikōura Canyon . The town owes its origin to this effect, since it developed as a centre for the whaling industry. The name Kaikōura means 'meal of crayfish ' ( kai – food/meal, kōura – crayfish) and the crayfish industry still plays a role in the economy of the region. However Kaikōura has now become

4260-435: The town. They are usually unable to take off again, making them vulnerable to being run over by vehicles or succumbing to predation by dogs or cats. Conservation organisations in Kaikōura rescue stranded birds for later release, and advocate for reduced lighting. The Red-billed gull also known as tarāpunga , is native to New Zealand. The Kaikōura peninsula has one of the three largest breeding colonies of these gulls, but

4331-576: The vicinity of marine mammals. Permits are required for commercial tourist operations associated with marine mammals. Whale watching is a popular tourist attraction for Kaikōura, and is an important contributor to the local economy. Sperm whales can be observed all year, typically around 23 km offshore, but sometimes closer to shore. Humpback whales are often seen in June and July during their winter migration, and orca can be seen from December to March. Several species of dolphin can be seen in

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4402-781: The waters off Kaikōura, including Dusky dolphins , and the endangered Hector's dolphin . New Zealand has an unusually high diversity of shags, penguins, petrels and albatross species, leading to claims that the country is the "seabird capital of the world". Some of these seabird species are in significant decline, and many are critically endangered. Notable seabirds that are seen off Kaikōura include: Other notable seabirds observed off Kaikōura include: Antarctic fulmar , Fairy Prion , Grey Phalarope , Black-billed gull , Arctic tern , Black-fronted tern and Common diving petrel . Also regularly seen are Pied shags , Little shag , Spotted shag , Australasian gannet , Southern black-backed gull , Red-billed gull , White-fronted tern . From

4473-465: The whaling station initially. In 1845, he purchased a second whaling station at South Bay. This second whaling station (Fyffe's Village) became the commercial centre of Kaikōura until 1867. Fyffe diversified into shipping and farming due to the decline in whale numbers. The Marlborough Express newspaper commented in 1866 that "whales seemed to have abandoned coming to Kaikōura". The whaling stations continued until 1922. Mount Fyffe owes its name to

4544-463: Was $ 30,200, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 189 people (9.9%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 969 (50.9%) people were employed full-time, 315 (16.5%) were part-time, and 30 (1.6%) were unemployed. In 2020, the GDP of the Kaikōura District was $ 232 million, with an annual growth for the region of 1.6%. Tourism is a major contributor to

4615-467: Was 18.2, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 48.2% had no religion, 40.6% were Christian , 1.3% had Māori religious beliefs , 0.3% were Hindu , 0.3% were Muslim , 0.5% were Buddhist and 2.0% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 231 (12.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 447 (23.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income

4686-438: Was affected badly. There were 170 jobs lost in a town of 3,000. In 1985 a group of local Kaikōura people established a tourist centre, and began promoting Kaikōura as a tourist destination. The focus at that stage was on the walking opportunities and the scenery. Whale-watching was established as a tourist venture in Kaikōura in 1987. Local Māori leaders were concerned about local unemployment, and mortgaged their houses to buy

4757-577: Was challenged by Ngāi Tahu who said that Ngāti Toa had no right to sell land that did not belong to them. In 1857, the New Zealand Government made an offer for land between the Ashley and Waiau Uwha rivers for 200 pounds which was signed by Ngāi Tahu. Other land deals were completed in the area leaving small reserves for local Māori. These reserves were reduced after 1900 when the New Zealand government compulsorily acquired further land for

4828-570: Was formed in 2005 to develop use and protection strategies and actions for the Kaikōura coast. The work of the society led to the passing of the Kaikōura (Te Tai o Marokura) Marine Management Act in August 2014. This Act established the Kaikōura marine management area, including a new marine reserve , sanctuaries and protections for whales and fur seals, and established new fishing regulations. It also recognised taiapure (traditional Māori fishing grounds which include areas of special cultural or spiritual significance). The Hikurangi Marine Reserve

4899-468: Was officially opened at Kaikōura. 5,000 people came out to celebrate the occasion. The population fell slightly after the railway was completed. In 1962 the roll-on/roll-off car ferry between Wellington and Picton increased travel between the North and South Islands, bringing more visitors to Kaikōura. There was only one motel (with 40 beds) prior to 1962. Between 1945 and 1960, over-fishing led to

4970-679: Was started in the 1890s across the Hundalee Hills with bridges across the rivers completed in 1914. From around 1900, a total of 59 Norfolk pines were planted along the Esplanade. These trees now have "protected trees" status from the Kaikōura District Council. The population increased as a result of the extensive works required to build the railway in 1935. In December 1945, the Christchurch to Picton railway line

5041-563: Was the site of the battle of Niho Maaka, between musket-armed Ngāti Toa (led by Te Rauparaha ) and the Ngāti Kurī people of Ngāi Tahu. Several hundred Ngāi Tahu were killed or captured. Ngāi Tahu were surprised by the Ngāti Toa raiding party, as they were expecting a visit from the Ngāti Kahungunu sub-tribe Tū-te-pākihi-rangi, with whom they were friends. Only those Ngāti Kurī who fled to

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