The Hunkpapa ( Lakota : Húŋkpapȟa ) are a Native American group, one of the seven council fires of the Lakota tribe . The name Húŋkpapȟa is a Lakota word, meaning "Head of the Circle" (at one time, the tribe's name was represented in European-American records as Honkpapa ). By tradition, the Húŋkpapȟa set up their lodges at the entryway to the circle of the Great Council when the Sioux met in convocation. They speak Lakȟóta , one of the three dialects of the Sioux language .
41-698: Seven hundred and fifty mounted Yankton , Yanktonai and Lakota joined six companies of the Sixth Infantry and 80 fur trappers in an attack on an Arikara Indian village at Grand River (now South Dakota) in August 1823, named the Arikara War . Members of the Lakota, a part of them "Ankpapat", were the first Native Americans to fight in the American Indian Wars alongside US forces west of
82-547: A boy had been born near the expedition's encampment in southeastern South Dakota . He sent for the child and wrapped the newborn in an American flag during the council at Calumet Bluff in late August 1804. Lewis declared the baby an American. This boy grew up to become a headman (chief) of the Ihanktonwan Dakota (Yankton Sioux), known as Struck By-the-Ree . However, the journals of the expedition make no mention of this incident. In December 1862 Little Crow met for
123-596: A free-ranging bison herd. The tribe's headquarters are in Wagner, South Dakota , and it is governed by a democratically elected non- Indian Reorganization Act tribal council. Its original constitution was ratified in 1891. It is the only Dakota/Lakota tribe in South Dakota that did not agree to comply with the Indian Reorganization Act and retains its traditional government. Officially,
164-634: A land base of 36,741 acres (148.69 km ). Most of the tribe moved onto the reservation in the 1860s. The Yankton treaty of 1858 created a Yankton Sioux Reservation one mile square at the Pipestone quarry in Minnesota. The Yankton people are credited with protecting the quarry from white settlement and the creation of the Pipestone National Monument that now exists where the reservation once was. The tribe owns and operates
205-543: A month with the leaders of the Yankton and Yanktonai. Chief Struck By-the-Ree refused to join the Mdewakanton and sent warriors to protect Fort Pierre when Little Crow talked of attacking it. When Struck By-the-Ree learned that some of Sleepy eye's band and White Lodge's band had captives on Yankton land he paid their encampment a visit. He offered to trade a horse for each prisoner, two women, and five children, and
246-622: Is a federally recognized tribe of Yankton Western Dakota people , located in South Dakota . Their Dakota name is Ihaƞktoƞwaƞ Dakota Oyate , meaning "People of the End Village" which comes from the period when the tribe lived at the end of Spirit Lake just north of Mille Lacs Lake. Historically, the tribe is known for being the protectors of the sacred Pipestone Quarry for the Oceti Sakowin (Dakota). The tribe maintains
287-715: Is not certain whether they really understood the text in the document. The US representatives gave a medal to Little White Bear, who they understood was the principal Hunkpapa chief; they did not realize how decentralized Native American authority was. With the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 , the United States assumed responsibility for the inoculation of the Indians against smallpox . Some visiting Hunkpapa may have benefitted from Dr. M. Martin's inoculation of about 900 southern Lakota (no divisions named) at
328-534: Is recorded as Indian Treaty 226. By the late 1850s, pressure to open up what is now southeastern South Dakota to white settlement had become very strong. Struck-by-the-Ree and several other headmen journeyed to Washington, D.C., in late 1857 to negotiate a treaty with the federal government. Also in 1857 the Yankton secured the release of two captives taken by Ink-pa-du-tah 's band at the Spirit Lake Massacre . The Sisseton and Wahpeton tribes signed
369-436: Is useless to resist them. They are many more than we are. We could not hope to stop them. Many of our brave warriors would be killed, our women and children left in sorrow, and still we would not stop them. We must accept it, get the best terms we can get and try to adopt their ways." Despite having a treaty for the reservation at Pipestone white settlers over and over ignored it and even submitted land claims for some of it. In
410-476: Is very strong. The bowstring is two-ply sinew. "The sinew string is broken but well made and is permanently tied to the bottom limb with a slip knot. Arrows The Smithsonian has Yankton arrows also collected in 1869, that have metal arrowheads. The four arrows range from 23.75 inches (shortest) to 26.25 inches (longest). Unlike most Sioux arrows from the time and region, these were made from split hickory instead of shoots. With their iron broad-head arrowheads,
451-747: The Big Cheyenne up to the Yellowstone , and west to the Black Hills . He states that they formerly intermarried extensively with the Cheyenne ." He noted that they raided settlers along the Platte River . In addition to dealing with warfare, they suffered considerable losses due to contact with Europeans and contracting of Eurasian infectious diseases to which they had no immunity . The Hunkpapa gave some of their remote relatives among
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#1732780997508492-714: The Hidatsa and the Mandan as a mutual area north of Heart River, partly encircled by the Missouri (now North Dakota). Soon enough the Hunkpapa and other Sioux attacked the Arikara and the two other so-called village tribes, just as they had done in the past. By 1854, these three smallpox-devastated tribes called for protection from the U.S. Army, and they would repeatedly do so almost to the end of inter-tribal warfare. Eventually
533-703: The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux , ceding lands west to the Big Sioux River . The Yankton Sioux claimed the land east of the Big Sioux River past the Pipestone quarry . Both the Yankton and Yanktonai felt they Santee Sioux were collecting annuities that should have been theirs with the Yanktonai further claimed the Yankton tribe had sold Yanktonai land also. For more than three and a half months
574-416: The 1840s had doubled their number of tipis in 1849. From a height in 1855 with 360 lodges, the next decades were marked by a small decline. The decline was higher in percentage of the total Lakota population. In 1855, the total number of lodges were nearly 2,000. Fifteen years later only 315 tipis out of 2,400 were set up in Hunkpapa camps. Yankton Sioux Tribe The Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota
615-615: The 1858 treaty in the wake of the Dawes Act seven years earlier accepting an agreement with the Yankton Sioux to sell to the federal government all the lands not allotted to members of the tribe. In 1998 the case reached the Supreme Court , which unanimously held for the state, finding no evidence that Congress had intended to retain the reservation boundaries in existence as of 1894. In 2011, after years of litigation ,
656-486: The 1880s a ten-man cavalry troop from Fort Randall was sent to evict the squatters, but the problem continued and with little outside support, the Yankton people went to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1928 to protect their rights and land. A hundred acres of the reservation were taken for the construction of the Pipestone Indian school in 1894. Native American children were sent to the school until its closure in
697-859: The 1880s, most Hunkpapa have lived in the Standing Rock Indian Reservation (in North and South Dakota). It comprises land along the Grand River which had been used by the Arikara Indians in 1823; the Hunkpapa "won the west" half a century before the whites. During the 1870s, when the Native Americans of the Great Plains were fighting the United States , the Hunkpapa were led by Sitting Bull in
738-473: The 1950s. The Supreme Court ruled that when the Government took that land for the school it had actually taken the entire reservation and that the tribe should be compensated. At that point, the Pipestone reservation was on its path to becoming a National Monument. For about 11.5 million acres (47,000 km ), a payment of approximately $ 1.6 million ($ 43.9 million in modern dollars ) in annuities
779-460: The 1990s a dispute between the tribe and the state led to the reservation's reduction to its current size. The state had issued a permit for a new landfill to be built on land the tribe argued was on the reservation, based on its original boundaries, and thus the landfill had to meet federal standards, which it did not. It sued the state in federal court to block the project. In its defense, the state pointed to an 1894 act of Congress that had modified
820-727: The Fort Randall Casino and Lake Andes . There are a total of 17 stops, with three in Marty, one in Ravinia, seven in Wagner, one at the Fort Randall Casino and five in Lake Andes, while fares are set at $ 1. Demand-response service is also provided. The ridership and service statistics shown here are of fixed route services only and do not include demand response. According to local legend, when Meriwether Lewis learned that
861-548: The Fort Randall Casino and Hotel in Pickstown, South Dakota , and Lucky Lounge and Four Directions Restaurant. Other major employers include Indian Health Services , the tribe itself, Bureau of Indian Affairs , and Marty Indian School . The first treaty the United States signed with the Yankton people took place at Portage des Sioux on July 18, 1815. The second took place in Washington D.C., on October 21, 1837, and
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#1732780997508902-525: The Hunkpapa and other Lakota took control of the three tribes' area north of Heart River, forcing the village people to live in Like a Fishhook Village outside their treaty land. The Lakota were largely in control of the occupied area to 1876–1877. The United States Army General Warren estimated the population of the Hunkpapa Lakota at about 2920 in 1855. He described their territory as ranging "from
943-487: The Missouri. They may have formed as a tribe within the Lakota relatively recently, as the first mention of the Hunkpapa in European-American historical records was from a treaty of 1825. By signing the 1825 treaty, the Hunkpapa and the United States committed themselves to keep up the "friendship which has heretofore existed". With their x-mark, the chiefs also recognized the supremacy of the United States. It
984-620: The Santee Sioux armed support during a large-scale battle near Killdeer Mountain in 1864 with U.S. troops led by General A. Sully. The Great Sioux Reservation was established with a new treaty in 1868. The Lakota agreed to the construction of "any railroad" outside their reservation. The United States recognized that "the country north of the North Platte River and east of the summits of the Big Horn Mountains"
1025-479: The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Yankton people by determining that "the Yankton Reservation had not been disestablished" . Archery reached an equital technology with the Yankton Sioux. Made from local materials, the tribe used bows and arrows to hunt deer, antelope and small game. Reportedly, the Yankton could kill a bison with each arrow in a quiver. Bows Another example of a Yankton bow
1066-489: The Yankton Sioux Tribe is called "Ihanktonowan Dakota Oyate" in the local dialect. The Yankton Sioux, or Dakota people, adopted a unique tribal symbol on September 24, 1975. With minor alterations this symbol serves as seal, logo and flag. Crossing the yellow portions of the flag approximately one-third from the bottom is an undulating red line. This symbolizes a "prayer" to bind the home in love and safety. Red
1107-598: The Yellowstone. Custer's troops escorted a railroad surveying party here, due to similar attacks the year before. Battles such as Honsinger Bluff and Pease Bottom took place on land purchased by the United States from the Crow tribe on May 7, 1868. These continual attacks, and complaints from American Natives, prompted the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to assess the full situation on the northern plains. He said that
1148-438: The arrows could have deep penetration power with the thick hickory shafts. The feathers are two hawk feathers, and one turkey feather used as the cock feather. They are attached with animal glue and sinew string. Blue and green paint is evident underneath the feathers. The nocks are widely flared, Quivers and case A Sioux quiver and bow case was donated to the archives in 1892. It is brain tanned buckskin with beadwork at
1189-416: The commissioner who signed the 1858 treaty for the federal government.) The Senate ratified the treaty on February 16, 1859, and President James Buchanan authorized it ten days later. On July 10, 1859, the Yankton Sioux vacated the ceded lands and moved onto the newly created reservation. After then there are three cessions on record: cessions 410, 411, and 412, all reducing the size of the reservation. In
1230-759: The eastern part of the Crow Indian Reservation as far west as the Bighorn River, sometimes even raiding the Crow Agency , as they did in 1873. The Lakota pressed the Crow Indians to the point that they reacted like other small tribes: they called for the U.S. Army to intervene and take actions against the intruders. In the late summer of 1873, the Hunkpapa boldly attacked the Seventh Cavalry in United States territory north of
1271-569: The fighting, together with the Oglala Lakota . They were among the last of the tribes to go to the reservations. By 1891, the majority of Hunkpapa Lakota, about 571 people, resided in the Standing Rock Indian Reservation of North and South Dakota . Since then they have not been counted separately from the rest of the Lakota. The Hunkpapa population was estimated to be around 1,600 men, women and children in 1805, corresponding to 160 tipis. Shihasapa and Sans Arc migration to Hunkpapa camps in
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1312-474: The head of Medicine Creek that autumn. When smallpox struck in 1837, it hit the Hunkpapa as the northernmost Lakota division. The loss, however, may have been fewer than one hundred people. Overall, the Hunkpapa seem to have suffered less from new diseases than many other tribes did. The boundaries for the Lakota Indian territory were defined in the general peace treaty negotiated near Fort Laramie in
1353-471: The summer of 1851. Leaders of eight different tribes, often at odds with each other and each claiming large territories, signed the treaty. The United States was a ninth party to it. The Crow Indian territory included a tract of land north of the Yellowstone, while the Little Bighorn River ran through the heartland of the Crow country (now Montana). The treaty defines the land of the Arikara,
1394-426: The top and bottom. There is fringe as well at the top and bottom, and they are sewn with sinew. The quiver is 26.5 inches long, and the bow case is 46 3/8 inches long. YST Transit , short for Yankton Sioux Tribe Transit, and otherwise known as Ihanktowan Transit is the provider of mass transportation on the reservation. Nine scheduled bus services operate Monday through Friday between Marty , Ravinia , Wagner ,
1435-490: The tribal leaders worked on the terms of a treaty of land cession. The Yankton Treaty of Washington was signed April 19, 1858, with article 8 granting the Yankton a one-mile square reservation protecting the pipestone quarry. The treaty made Minnesota Territory free and clear to become a State in May 1858. Returning from Washington, Padaniapapi (Struck-by-The-Ree) told his people, "The white men are coming in like maggots . It
1476-788: The unfriendly Lakota roaming the land of other people should "be forced by the military to come in to the Great Sioux Reservation". That was in 1873, notably one year before the discovery of gold in the Black Hills, but the US government did not take action on this concept until three years later. The Hunkpapa were among the victors in the Battle of Little Bighorn in the Crow Indian Reservation in July 1876. Since
1517-596: Was chosen by designer Gladys L. Moore, a Yankton Sioux from Union Lake (Ibid), Michigan, because it is a symbol of life. The color red was painted around the lower parts of tepees to indicate that those that visited would be fed or that that particular tepee was one of several in which a feast was to be held. The tribe's reservation is the Yankton Indian Reservation , established in 1853 in Charles Mix County, South Dakota . The tribe has
1558-563: Was collected in 1869 and is kept by the Department of Anthropology at the National Archives . It is made from either ash or white oak and is sinew backed. The sinew is coated with a white, chalky material to prevent moisture from loosening the bands. There are remains of red pigment on the belly of the bow, and four red slashes are painted on the back of each limb. The bow is only 45.25 inches tip to tip, and with thick limbs
1599-476: Was scoffed at. The chief informed his visitors they were on Yankton land and would be attacked if they refused his generosity. One source says he was given the prisoners. However, warriors of the Two Kettle Lakota secured their release. In the spring of 1863, a member of Little Crow's band, Red Cloud, was captured. He reported that Little Crow had wanted to attack Fort Pierre, but had not because
1640-479: Was to be paid over the next 50 years. Specific provisions of the treaty called for educating the tribe to develop skills in agriculture , industrial arts and homemaking . This provided the purpose for construction of the school. The treaty stipulated that the tribe relocate to a 475,000-acre (192,000 ha) reservation on the north side of the Missouri River in what is now Charles Mix County , named for
1681-581: Was unsold or unceded Indian territory. These hunting grounds in the south and in the west of the new Lakota domain were used mainly by the Sicangu (Brule-Sioux) and the Oglala , living nearby. The "free bands" of Hunkpapa favored campsites outside the unsold areas. They took a leading part in the westward enlargement of the range used by the Lakota in the late 1860s and the early 1870s at the expense of other tribes. In search for buffalo, Lakota regularly occupied