Hunnselva is a river in Innlandet and Akershus counties in Norway . The 50.2-kilometre (31.2 mi) long river is located mostly in Innlandet county, but the headwaters are actually just over the border in Akershus county. The river generally flows north and it runs through the large lake Einavatnet as it passes through the municipalities of Hurdal , Vestre Toten , and Gjøvik . The mouth of the river is in the town of Gjøvik where it empties into the large lake Mjøsa . The main part of the river is about 23-kilometre (14 mi) long and it runs from the Einavatnet lake to the town of Gjøvik. Along the course, the river passes through the villages of Eina , Reinsvoll , Raufoss , and Hunndalen . At the town of Gjøvik, the river divides the town with the Nordbyen neighborhood on the north side and the Sørbyen neighborhood to the south. Hunnselva gets its water from bogs and small forest ponds in the west and calcareous streams on the east, meaning the water is rich with nutrients. Its watershed extends from Lynga in the south to Gjøvik and Vardal in the north.
42-574: Hunnselva is affected by runoff from the urban infrastructure and sewage in Gjøvik and at one time the river was considered "one of Northern Europe's most polluted rivers." This greatly affected the level of pollution in Lake Mjøsa and by the end of the 19th century, the wildlife had been decimated. Thanks to conservation efforts, however, it has since been restored. The river is now home to trout , perch , pike , whitefish , rudd , and minnows . There
84-410: A steelhead subspecies, generally accepted as coming from Sonoma Creek . The rainbow trout of New Zealand still show the steelhead tendency to run up rivers in winter to spawn. In Australia, the rainbow trout was introduced in 1894 from New Zealand and is an extremely popular gamefish in recreational angling. Despite severely impacting the distribution and abundance of native Australian fish, such as
126-451: A backbone like snails, worms, or insects. They also eat flies, and most people who try to use lures to fish trout mimic flies because they are one of trout's most fed on meals. Trout enjoy certain land animals, including insects like grasshoppers. They also eat small animals like mice when they fall in. (Although only large trout have mouths capable of eating mice.) They consume a diet of aquatic life like minnows or crawfish as well. Trout have
168-408: A condition known as physostome . Unlike many other physostome fish, trout do not use their bladder as an auxiliary device for oxygen uptake, relying solely on their gills . There are many species, and even more populations, that are isolated from each other and morphologically different. However, since many of these distinct populations show no significant genetic differences, what may appear to be
210-609: A diet based on just a small variety of food staples. Specific staples vary from place to place, but typically are inexpensive or readily available foods that supply one or more of the macronutrients and micronutrients needed for survival and health: carbohydrates , proteins , fats , minerals , and vitamins . Typical examples include grains ( cereals and legumes ), seeds , nuts and root vegetables ( tubers and roots ). Among them, cereals ( rice , wheat , oat , maize , etc.), legumes ( lentils and beans ) and tubers (e.g. potato , taro and yam ) account for about 90% of
252-595: A diverse diet they follow; they have plenty of different oppositions. Compared to other salmonids, trout are somewhat more bony , but the flesh is generally considered delicious, and the texture is often indistinguishable from that of salmon . The flavor of the flesh is heavily influenced by the diet of the fish. For example, trout that have been feeding on crustaceans tend to be more flavorful than those feeding primarily on insects and larvae . Because of their popularity, trout are often raised on fish farms and then stocked into heavily fished waters, in an effort to mask
294-600: A force the native salmon and trout have to reckon with. Not only do the non-native fish drive the native fish to occupy new niches, but they also try to hybridize with them, contaminating the native gene construction. As more hybrids between native and non-native fish are formed, the lineage of the pure fish is continuously being contaminated by other species and soon may no longer represent the sole native species. The Rio Grande cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis ) are susceptible to hybridization with other salmonids such as rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and yield
336-696: A good fight when caught with a hook and line . As trout are predatory fish , lure fishing (which use replica baits called lures to imitate live prey) is the predominant form of sport fishing involving trout, although traditional bait fishing techniques using floats and/or sinkers (particularly with moving live baits such as baitfish , crayfish or aquatic insects ) are also successful, especially against stocked trout that are hatchery / farm -raised and thus more accustomed to artificial feeds . Many species of trout, most noticeably rainbow trout and brown trout , have been widely introduced into waterbodies outside of their native ranges purely for
378-477: A large number of species is considered a much smaller number of distinct species by most ichthyologists . The trout found in the eastern United States are a good example of this. The brook trout , the aurora trout , and the (extinct) silver trout all have physical characteristics and colorations that distinguish them, yet genetic analysis shows that they are one species, Salvelinus fontinalis . Lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ), like brook trout, belong to
420-479: A large part of the diet. In general, trout longer than about 300 millimetres (12 in) prey almost exclusively on fish, where they are available. Adult trout will devour smaller fish up to one-third of their length. Trout may feed on shrimp , mealworms , bloodworms , insects , small animal parts, and eel . Trout who swim the streams love to feed on land animals, aquatic life, and flies. Most of their diet comes from macroinvertebrates, or animals that do not have
462-429: A new " cutbow " trout, which is a contamination of both lineages’ genes. One solution to this issue is implemented by New Mexico Department of Game and Fish hatcheries : stock only sterile fish in river streams. Hatcheries serve as a reservoir of fish for recreational activities but growing and stocking non-sterile fish would worsen the hybridization issue on a quicker, more magnified time scale. By stocking sterile fish,
SECTION 10
#1732790530898504-588: A source of nutrients for scavengers , detrivores and riparian florae , making trout keystone species across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems . The name "trout" is commonly used for many (if not most) species in three of the seven genera in the subfamily Salmoninae: Salmo ( Atlantic ), Oncorhynchus ( Pacific ) and Salvelinus ( circum - arctic ). Fish species referred to as trout include: Trout that live in different environments can have dramatically different colorations and patterns. Mostly, these colors and patterns form as camouflage , based on
546-419: Is a food that is eaten often and in such quantities that it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet for an individual or a population group, supplying a large fraction of energy needs and generally forming a significant proportion of the intake of other nutrients as well. For humans , a staple food of a specific society may be eaten as often as every day or every meal, and most people live on
588-451: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Trout Trout ( pl. : trout) is a generic common name for numerous species of carnivorous freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the genera Oncorhynchus , Salmo and Salvelinus , all of which are members of the subfamily Salmoninae in the family Salmonidae . The word trout is also used for some similar-shaped but non-salmonid fish, such as
630-559: Is a fly fishing zone along the river where one can do catch and release fishing during the legal fishing season. Historically, the river was known as the Hunn ( Old English : Húð ) which means "hunter", likely because the river was a good fishing river. The village of Hunn in nearby Vardal and the village of Hunndalen in Gjøvik Municipality are both named after this river. This Innlandet location article
672-465: Is growing. 2013 Rice is most commonly cooked and eaten as separate entire grains, but most other staple cereals are milled into a flour or meal that can be used to make bread , noodles , pasta , porridge and mushes like mealie pap (although both can be eaten either as grains or ground into flour). Root vegetables can be mashed and used to make porridge -like dishes such as poi and fufu . Pulses (such as chickpeas , from which gram flour
714-473: Is made) and starchy root vegetables (such as canna rhizomes) can also be made into flour. Consumed in isolation, staple foods do not provide the full range of essential nutrients . The nutrient-deficiency disease pellagra is associated with a diet consisting primarily of maize , while the disease beriberi is associated with a diet of refined white rice . Scurvy can result from a lack of vitamin C , also known as ascorbic acid. One author indicated that
756-661: Is much cheaper than the imported Atlantic salmon and the meat are indistinguishable to the untrained eyes, and the news of trout being sold as salmon triggered public scrutiny accusing seafood suppliers of bait-and-switch and unethical business practices . Also, many people believe freshwater trout are more prone to parasites than oceanic salmon (even though both live in freshwater for significant periods of their life cycles) and thus unsafe for raw eating . One fillet of trout (about 79 g or 2.8 oz) contains: Trout are very popular freshwater game fish highly prized especially by creek fishermen, because they generally put up
798-463: Is virtually impossible to define a particular color pattern as belonging to a specific breed; however, in general, wild fish are claimed to have more vivid colors and patterns. Trout have fins entirely without spines, and all of them have a small adipose fin along the back, near the tail. The pelvic fins sit well back on the body, on each side of the anus. The swim bladder is connected to the esophagus , allowing for gulping or rapid expulsion of air,
840-533: The Andes —were also staples centuries ago. Oca tubers, ulluku tubers and grain amaranth are other foods that may have been historical Andean staples. Pemmican made from dried meat and fat was a staple of the Plains Indians of North America . Most staple foods are currently produced using modern, conventional farming practices. However, the production of staple food using organic farming methods
882-663: The Prairies where the Sioux herded bison , and the Arctic , where the Sami people herd reindeer . The dominant staple foods in different parts of the world are a function of weather patterns, local terrain, farming constraints, acquired tastes and ecosystems . For example, the main energy source staples in the average African diet are cereals (46 percent), roots and tubers (20 percent) and animal products (7 percent). In Western Europe
SECTION 20
#1732790530898924-658: The climbing galaxias , millions of rainbow and other trout species are released annually from government and private hatcheries. The closest resemblance of seema trout and other trout family can be found in the Himalayan Region of India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and in Tian Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan . Trout generally feed on other fish, and soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates , such as flies , mayflies , caddisflies , stoneflies , mollusks and dragonflies . In lakes, various species of zooplankton often form
966-625: The developing world , accounting for roughly 40 percent of the food eaten by half the population of sub-Saharan Africa . Roots and tubers are high in carbohydrates , calcium , and vitamin C , but low in protein . Cassava root , for example, is a major food staple in the developing world, a basic food source for around 500 million people. With economic development and free trade, many countries have shifted away from low- nutrient-density staple foods to higher-nutrient-density staples, as well as towards greater meat consumption . Some foods like quinoa —a pseudocereal grain that originally came from
1008-647: The pith of the sago palm tree ), and large, fleshy fruits (e.g. breadfruit , breadnut , coconut and plantains ). Staple foods may also include processed food products (depending on the region) such as olive oil , coconut oil , and sugar . Generally, staple foods are those eaten in bulk that supply energy to humans, predominantly in the form of sugars and carbohydrates , and so are mainly plant-based, as meats and eggs are predominantly protein and fat , though dairy products provide all these. However, not all places are suitable for agriculture , and so pastoralism can be favoured instead, as it has
1050-632: The spotted seatrout/speckled trout ( Cynoscion nebulosus , which is actually a croaker ). Trout are closely related to salmon and have similar migratory life cycles . Most trout are strictly potamodromous , spending their entire lives exclusively in freshwater lakes , rivers and wetlands and migrating upstream to spawn in the shallow gravel beds of smaller headwater creeks . The hatched fry and juvenile trout, known as alevin and parr , will stay upstream growing for years before migrating down to larger waterbodies as maturing adults . There are some anadromous species of trout, such as
1092-994: The steelhead (a coastal subspecies of rainbow trout ) and sea trout (the sea-run subspecies of brown trout ), that can spend up to three years of their adult lives at sea before returning to freshwater streams for spawning, in the same fashion as a salmon run . Brook trout and three other extant species of North American trout, despite the names, are actually char (or charr) , which are salmonids also closely related to trout and salmon. Trout are classified as oily fish and have been important food fish for humans . As mid-level predators , trout prey upon smaller aquatic animals including crustaceans , insects , worms , baitfish and tadpoles , and themselves in turn are also important staple prey items for many wildlifes including brown bears , otters , raccoons , birds of prey (e.g. sea eagles , ospreys , fish owls ), gulls , cormorants and kingfishers , and other large aquatic predators. Discarded remains of trout also provide
1134-499: The advantage that animals can live off of land unsuitable for agricultural crops and consume the local plant matter that is otherwise inedible to humans and convert that into foods - meat , offal , fat , eggs and milk - that humans can eat. Animals can therefore provide staples to human diets in inhospitable ecosystems such as deserts , steppe , taiga , tundra , and mountainous terrains . Specific examples include herding in regions such as Mongolia where sheep are herded,
1176-485: The char genus. Lake trout inhabit many of the larger lakes in North America, and live much longer than rainbow trout , which have an average maximum lifespan of seven years. Lake trout can live many decades, and can grow to more than 30 kilograms (66 lb). As salmonids, trout are coldwater fish that are usually found in cool (50–60 °F or 10–16 °C), clear streams, wetlands and lakes, although many of
1218-576: The day and larger trout crowding in during morning and evening feeding periods. Fishing for trout under the ice generally occurs in depths of 4 to 8 feet (1.2 to 2.4 m). Because trout are cold water fish, during the winter they move from up-deep to the shallows, replacing the small fish that inhabit the area during the summer. Trout in winter constantly cruise in shallow depths looking for food, usually traveling in groups, although bigger fish may travel alone and in water that's somewhat deeper, around 12 feet (3.7 m). Rainbow, Brown, and Brook trout are
1260-554: The effects of overfishing . Farmed trout are also sold commercially as seafood , although they are not saltwater fish . Trout meat is typically prepared the same way as salmon, often by smoking . In Mainland China , farm-raised rainbow trout from Qinghai was officially sanctioned to be labeled and sold domestically as salmon, which caused much controversy regarding food safety and consumer rights violation , as raw fish dishes or yusheng using Atlantic salmon are gaining popularity in southern China . Farmed rainbow trout
1302-437: The main staples in the average diet are animal products (33 percent), cereals (26 percent), and roots and tubers (4 percent). Most of the human population lives on a diet based on one or more of the following staples: cereals ( rice , wheat , maize (corn), millet , and sorghum ), roots and tubers ( potatoes , cassava , yams and taro ), and animal products such as meat, milk, eggs, cheese and fish. Regional staples include
Hunnselva - Misplaced Pages Continue
1344-744: The most common trout species caught through the ice. By information from International Game Fish Association (IGFA), the most outstanding records are: Salmonid populations in general have been declining due to numerous factors, including invasive species , hybridization, wildfires, and climate change. Native salmonid fish in the western and southwestern United States are threatened by non-native species that were introduced decades ago. Non-native salmonids were introduced to enrich recreational fishing; however, they quickly started outcompeting and displacing native salmonids upon their arrival. Non-native, invasive species are quick to adapt to their new environment and learn to outcompete any native species, making them
1386-485: The native Gila trout will be evacuated from streams that are threatened by nearby fires and be reintroduced after the threat is resolved. Climate change is also dwindling native salmonid populations. Global warming continually affects various cold-water fish such as trout, especially as inland waterbodies are more prone to warming than oceans. With an increase of temperature along with changes in spawning river flow, an abundance of trout species are effected negatively. In
1428-532: The native salmonids can't share genes with the non-native hatchery fish, thus, preventing further gene contamination of the native trout in New Mexico. Fire is also a factor in deteriorating Gila trout ( Oncorhynchus gilae ) populations because of the ash and soot that can enter streams following fires. The ash lowers water quality, making it more difficult for the Gila trout to survive. In some New Mexico streams,
1470-461: The nutritional value of some staple foods are negatively affected by higher levels of carbon dioxide , as occurs in climate change . The following table shows the nutrient content of 10 major staple vegetable foods in raw form on a dry weight basis to account for their different water contents. Raw grains are not edible and cannot be digested, so they must be cooked, sprouted, or otherwise prepared for human consumption. In sprouted and cooked form,
1512-517: The past, a mere 8 °F (4.4 °C) increase was predicted to eliminate half of the native brook trout in the Southern Appalachian Mountains . Trout generally prefer streams with colder water (50–60 °F or 10–16 °C) to spawn and thrive, but raising water temperatures are altering this ecosystem and further deteriorate native populations. Staple food A staple food , food staple , or simply staple ,
1554-433: The plants rye , soybeans , barley , oats , and teff . Just 15 plant crops provide 90 percent of the world's food energy intake (exclusive of meat), with rice , maize , and wheat comprising 2/3 of human food consumption. These three are the staples of about 80 percent of the world population, and rice feeds almost half of humanity. Roots and tubers, meanwhile, are important staples for over one billion people in
1596-496: The sake of recreational fishing , and some of these introduced populations have even become invasive in the new habitats. While trout can be caught with a normal rod and reel , fly fishing is a distinctive lure fishing method developed for trout, and now extended to other species. Due to the high proportion of insects and small crustaceans within the trout's diet, small lures made of hand-tied hairs and threads are often used to imitate these aquatic invertebrates that
1638-527: The species have anadromous populations as well. Juvenile trout are referred to as troutlet, troutling or parr. They are distributed naturally throughout North America , northern Asia and Europe . Several species of trout were introduced to Australia and New Zealand by amateur fishing enthusiasts in the 19th century, effectively displacing and endangering several upland native fish species. The introduced species included brown trout from England and rainbow trout from California . The rainbow trout has
1680-501: The surroundings, and will change as the fish moves to different habitats. Trout in, or newly returned from the sea, can look very silvery, while the same fish living in a small stream or in an alpine lake could have pronounced markings and more vivid coloration; it is also possible that in some species, this signifies that they are ready to mate. In general, trout that are about to breed have extremely intense coloration and can look like an entirely different fish outside of spawning season. It
1722-551: The trout prey upon. These ultralight fly lures cannot be cast adequately by conventional techniques, and a specialized heavy line (i.e. fly line) is needed to launch the lure. Understanding how moving water shapes the stream channel makes it easier to find trout. In most streams, the current creates a riffle-run-pool pattern that repeats itself over and over. A deep pool may hold a big brown trout, but rainbow trout and smaller brown trout are likely found in runs. Riffles are where fishers will find small trout, called troutlet, during
Hunnselva - Misplaced Pages Continue
1764-1210: The world's food calorie intake. Early agricultural civilizations valued the crop foods that they established as staples because, in addition to providing necessary nutrition , they generally are suitable for storage over long periods of time without decay. Such nonperishable foods are the only possible staples during seasons of shortage, such as dry seasons or cold temperate winters, against which times harvests have been stored. During seasons of surplus, wider choices of foods may be available. Staple foods are derived from either plant or animal products that are digestible by humans and can be supplied in substantial quantities. Common plant-based staples include cereals (e.g. rice , wheat , maize , millet , barley , oats , rye , spelt , emmer , triticale and sorghum ), starchy tubers (e.g. potato , sweet potato , yam and taro ) or root vegetables (e.g. cassava , turnip , carrot , rutabagas ), and dried legumes ( lentils and beans ). Animal-based staples include various types of meat (typically livestock and poultry ), fish , eggs , milk and dairy products (e.g. cheese ). Other staple foods include sago (derived from
#897102