Misplaced Pages

#173826

40-544: It was believed lost since the 13th century, resurfaced in 1989 when two handwritten manuscripts were publicly unveiled. These manuscripts, owned by Park Chang-hwa and later by his student Kim Jong-jin, were revealed in two parts: a 32-page extract in 1989 and a 162-page "mother text" in 1995. Both texts, written by Park, detail the lives of the hwarang leaders from the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. The manuscripts' authenticity has been rejected by most of scholars considering it as fictional works by Park. Regardless of their origin,

80-532: A lay monk ( keosa ). Worship of native spirits and guardian spirits (animism) was widely practiced by populace and part of the royal rituals prescribed by the Ten Injunctions of Taejo . During the Myo Cheong rebellion in 1135–1136 Kim Bu-sik is recorded as swearing an oath "by the heaven and the earth, the mountains and streams and the gods and spirits". He made a sacrifice to the guardian deities of

120-473: A lecture hall and making a number of appointments to the position of a royal lecturer. Under him and his successor Injong the lectures were held regularly. Such a lecture was a Confucian ritual in which the ruler paid homage to Confucian teachings. Many of the royal lecturers belonged to the Han An-in faction that opposed Yi Cha-gyŏm . Both Kim Bu-cheol and Kim Bu-sik delivered royal lectures, expounding

160-459: A manuscript of the original "Hwarang segi," or a reprint of the original manuscript in later years. The manuscript known as the Hwarang Segi extract is made of 16 parts; one for the introduction and the fifteen for the biographies of fifteen pungwolju leaders of the hwarang . They are: Kim Busik Kim Pu-sik ( Korean :  김부식 ; Hanja :  金富軾 ; 1075–1151)

200-564: A person of Silla himself, and it is free from Confucian dogma and morality. If the Hwarang segi manuscripts are authentic, later historians have based their understanding of Three Kingdoms era on Goryeo Dynasty sources like Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa . However, even if it turns out to be Park Chang-hwa's novel, its value as a historical source is likely to be recognized. For instance, Lee Do Heum from Hanyang University suggested that "Hwarang segi," written by Park Chang-hwa, could be

240-564: A pragmatic approach both domestically and internationally. At the beginning of the century the Liao Dynasty appeared strong and Kim Bu-il congratulated Emperor Tianzuo of Liao as a ruler who "developed and enlarged [his] territory and made both Chinese and barbarians follow [him] peacefully." In a letter to the Song court Kim Bu-sik derived the Goryeo legitimacy as successors of Jizi (Giji,

280-460: A semi-legendary sage who is said to have ruled Gojoseon in the 11th century BCE), who was enfeoffed by the Chinese Son of Heaven . After a long and mutually complementary discourse Bu-sik "concluded by stating that it was the barbarians who stood between Goryeo and the Song, literally and figuratively." This letter was written just before Kim Bu-sik finally ensured the recognition by Goryeo of

320-628: A text titled Hwarang segi were suddenly made public in 1989. It had been owned by a man named Park Chang-hwa, who worked at the Japanese Imperial Household Library during the Japanese Colonial period. The manuscript was kept by his student, Kim Jong-jin, and Kim's wife, Kim Kyung-ja, made it public to the media in 1989. The 32-page excerpt was released at the time and when Hwarang Segi was unveiled, Park had already died. (1889~1962) The first manuscript, which

360-518: The Jin dynasty ruler as the Son of Heaven in 1126. Jurchen leader Wanyan Aguda started a successful rebellion against Liao in 1114. While a majority of the Goryeo officials were anti-Jurchen, both the king's father-in-law Yi Cha-gyŏm and Kim Bu-sik aimed to keep Goryeo out of the fray and benefit from the changing geopolitical situation. For example, the first Liao request for help was debated (8th month of

400-570: The state examination . Kim himself passed the civil service examination in 1096 on the Book of Documents and was appointed as an official in the Anseo prefecture. Subsequently he was selected for a position at the Hallimwon (Academy of Letters), that was also responsible for drafting foreign correspondence. The Kim brothers steadily raised through the ranks of the civil service. In 1115, Kim Bu-sik

440-478: The 'elder brother' of the Goryeo king in 1117. A majority of the officials opposed this request and even considered beheading the envoy. The factions of Yi Cha-gyŏm and Kim Bu-sik stalled the rash moves, but the formal submission of Goryeo to Jin was made only during the reign of Injong . In fact, Kim Bu-cheol (voicing a position of Kim Bu-sik who was at the time in China) submitted a memorandum proposing to accede to

SECTION 10

#1732765340174

480-483: The 10th year of Yejong's reign, July 1115) at the extended meeting of the Privy Council that included also the top military commanders. The majority of officials supported sending the troops. The opposition was voiced by a relatively junior associate of Yi Cha-gyŏm and by Kim Bu-il and Kim Bu-sik, who argued that `sending troops for another country could be the cause of trouble and would undoubtedly be dangerous for

520-459: The Colonial period. The historical validity of these Hwarang Segi manuscripts is still in controversy among many scholars of early Korea and Korean studies . Most scholars think of this as a novel although some argue for its authenticity. For those who argue for the authenticity of the manuscripts, the importance of Hwarang segi is that is one of the scarce historical works about Silla by

560-570: The Hwarang segi is significant for its unique perspective on early Korean history. The Hwarang segi survived to the time that Kim Busik 金富軾 (1075–1151) compiled the Samguk sagi , but is believed to have been lost since the 13th century, because no reference to the Hwarang segi was made after reference to the text found in monk Gakhun's 覺訓 Haedong goseung jeon 海東高僧傳 (Lives of Eminent Korean Monks, ca. 1215). However, two handwritten manuscripts of

600-640: The Ministry of Rites ( Yebu Sirang ), typically an appointment of the 3rd junior rank. The years 1114–1128 saw a major change in the balance of power in North-East Asia . Around the year 1100 the dominant regional power was the Khitan state of Liao . Emperors of Liao and of Song China were officially considered equals. However, Song had to pay an annual tribute (that was not named as such) of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk, that

640-598: The Western Capital following its capture from the rebels. Gyeongsun of Silla Gyeongsun (897–978), personal name Kim Pu , was the 56th and final ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla . A sixth-generation descendant of King Munseong , he was the son of Kim Hyo-Jong by Princess Gyea, who was the daughter of King Heongang . His wife was Lady Jukbang ( 죽방부인 ) of the Juksan Park clan, his eldest son

680-520: The appropriateness of calling Yi's birthday Insujel (Celebrating Humaneness and Longevity), and a planned performance of the ritual music at the Yi's family graves. Nevertheless, after a failed coup against Yi in early 1126 Kim Bu-sik not only remained in power, but was promoted to the position of the Chief Censor. The role of Kim Bu-sik in toppling Yi Cha-gyŏm is unknown. Kim Bu-il, on the other hand,

720-536: The compilation of the Samguk Sagi , a chronicle of events in the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla. Using Chinese histories (particularly Shiji by Sima Qian), Kim Bu-sik at the head of the fourteen-author team compiled the oldest extant source on Korean history. It was submitted to Injong in late 1145 or early 1146. The ideological and religious opinions of Kim Bu-sik fell into the spectrum of practices of

760-518: The correspondence with the suzerains. On the other hand, many aspects of the government were fashioned after following the imperial conventions. A majority view of the scholars-officials, including the Kim brothers, was that Goryeo was a realm in itself and thus "a possible center of the world". During this period Kim Bu-sik drafted a significant portion of the diplomatic correspondence with both Liao and Song. Throughout their careers Kim brothers demonstrated

800-564: The demands of Emperor Taizu of Jin , giving the following rational: "Now even the great Song calls itself the younger brother of the Khitan and they have gotten along peacefully for generations. And although there is nothing under heaven that can measure up to the dignity of the Son of Heaven [of Goryeo], submitting to and obeying the barbarians like this is the proper policy, one that the sages called 'the temporarily putting aside of one's principles as circumstances demand it' and 'the protection of

840-600: The future'. They succeeded in stalling the motion. At approximately the same time Kim Bu-sik acknowledged the increasing strength of the Jurchen in the official letters to the Liao court, but swore that Goryeo was loyal to Liao ; if not, "may the gods destroy it". Wanyan Aguda scored a number of victories over Liao; and proclaimed the establishment of the Jin dynasty with himself as its first emperor in 1115. In 1116–1117, Kim Bu-sik

SECTION 20

#1732765340174

880-566: The officials of the first and second rank during 981-1069. Kim's father, Kim Kun, was an official (reached the junior 3rd rank ) and a famous poet. When he was a member of an embassy to the Song court, he and the fellow envoy Pak Illyang published a collection of poems that made a deep impression on Song scholars. "The allusions in the poems were so intricate that the most renowned court scholars had to study them in detail before being able to understand them." The oldest son Kim Bu-pil (? -?) reached

920-550: The reign of King Yejong . Basic tenets of Goryeo's political theory were expressed in the Ten Injunctions of Taejo . This document advised a cautious following of the Chinese practices, and expressed abhorrence of Khitan , and by extension, other nomadic "barbarians". The status of Goryeo rulers can be roughly summarized as naeje oewang (emperor at home and king abroad). They were titled kings, were vassals of Khitan Liao dynasty , and were careful to keep these conventions in

960-470: The senior 5th rank in 1102, but these were the three younger sons, Kim Bu-il (1071–1132), Kim Bu-sik, and Kim Bu-cheol, also known as Kim Puǔi, (1079–1136) that played an important role in politics and culture of Goryeo. Kim Kun died when Kim Bu-sik was about thirteen, and his widow raised and supervised the education of her younger sons. Later King Yejong rewarded her with a yearly allowance, noting in particular her merit in assisting each of her sons to pass

1000-556: The teachings of Confucius and Mencius . Kim Bu-sik lectured on the Book of History and the Book of Changes . These lectures became a scene of rivalry between Kim Bu-sik and Yun Ŏn-i ( 윤언이 ; 尹彦頤 ), son of the famous general Yun Kwan . Yun was an influential Confucian scholar and a future supporter of the Pyongyang faction and Myo Cheong . His attacks on Kim may have roots in Yun Kwan 's fall and disgrace (1108–1109) that

1040-400: The throne, Kim was an executive, and in 1124 was promoted to the position of the deputy minister of the Ministry of Rites ( 예부시랑 ; 禮部侍郞 ; yebu sirang ) . Using his position Kim opposed Yi Cha-gyŏm hold on power, aiming at Yi's attempts to enhance his public image. Already in 1122 Kim argued against giving special recognition to Yi Cha-gyŏm as king's grandfather. Later he questioned

1080-523: The upper strata of the Goryeo society. Confucianism was primarily a state ideology, aimed at social cohesion and state administration. Kim was one of the most prominent Confucian scholars of his time. By the twelfth century Buddhism was a religion of both elites and common people. It enjoyed royal and aristocratic patronage and the Buddhist hierarchy was integrated into the state bureaucracy. Kim Bu-sik

1120-420: The whole country.'" Later Kim Bu-sik himself provided an example of temporizing in the correspondence with the Jin, arguing why Goryeo cannot be its vassal. In his book Gaoli tujing Xu Jing (1091–1153), a member of the Song mission to Goryeo in 1122–1123, mentions Kim Bu-sik. Early years of the reign of Injong (1122–1126) were dominated by Yi Cha-gyŏm , his maternal grandfather. Shortly after Injong took

1160-557: Was Crown Prince Maui, and his youngest son was Beomgong. Gyeongsun was placed on the throne by the Later Baekje king Kyŏn Hwŏn after the Hubaekje forces sacked Gyeongju in 927. The kingdom was already in an extremely weakened state, so Gyeongsun reigned over a tiny remnant of the former Silla territory until finally abdicating in favour of Taejo of Goryeo in 935. He remarried Taejo's daughter Princess Nangrang ( 낙랑공주 ) and

1200-617: Was a Korean calligrapher, military general, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Goryeo period. He was a scion of the Silla royalty and a member of the Gyeongju Kim clan . Later he was the supreme chancellor from 1136 to 1142 and was in charge of the suppression of the Myocheong rebellion. Kim is best known for supervising the compilation of the Samguk sagi , the oldest extant written Korean history . The Gyeongju Kim clan

1240-498: Was a direct descendant of the last Silla king, Kim Pu . The clan seat ( bongwan ) name derives from Kim's great grandfather, a member of the royal Kim clan, who became the administrator in charge of the former Silla capital (renamed Gyeongju at the beginning of the Goryeo period). The first Goryeo king Taejo married into the Gyeongju Kim, and the clan played a leading role in early Goryeo politics. Three of its members were

Hwarang Segi - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-500: Was a practicing Buddhist. He established a family temple complex Kwallan-sa. This temple also inspired Kim's poem At Kwallan . Kim is an author of the inscription honoring a Buddhist monk Uicheon (the son of King Munjong and the National Preceptor, one of the three highest Buddhist hierarchs of the country). There he recalls their only meeting, when as a boy he visited his brother in a monastery. In retirement Kim became

1320-509: Was appointed sasim-gwan (사심관, inspector-general) of Gyeongju , becoming the first of Goryeo 's sasim-gwan system. He lived out the remainder of his life near the Goryeo capital (modern-day Kaesong ). He died in 978 and his tomb lies in Jangnam-myeon, Yeoncheon County , Gyeonggi Province , South Korea. According to the Samguk sagi , Gyeongsun's son, Crown Prince Maui objected to his father's submission to Goryeo and became

1360-594: Was appointed to the Office of Remonstrance. Despite their relatively junior ranks, both Kim Bu-sik (senior 6th rank) and Kim Bu-il (junior 5th rank) participated in the meetings of the Privy Council ( Chae Chu ). The increasing literary and scholarly reputation of the Kim brothers made them popular teachers of the Confucian classics . In 1116, King Yejong instituted the royal lecture ( kyeongyeon ) by designating

1400-430: Was at least partially precipitated by the court machinations, or in an incident when Kim Bu-sik rewrote a memorial plaque written by the general. During Kim's lessons on various historical topics Yun Ŏn-i posed difficult questions, apparently trying to embarrass him and discredit his scholarship. After 1121 Kim Bu-sik was appointed as Royal Diarist, or ji , to the court of Yejong . By 1122 Kim Bu-sik became an executive at

1440-533: Was damaged and missing, it begins with a fragmented but fuller account of the fourth pungwolju , continues with more detailed accounts of the first fifteen pungwolju , and concludes after an account of the thirty-second and final pungweolju . Both manuscripts are in the handwriting of Park Chang-hwa 朴昌和(1889–1962), who was skilled in literary Chinese and also worked for the Imperial Library in Tokyo during

1480-438: Was equivalent to several percent of the Song government revenues. Goryeo was a vassal state of Liao, even if the tribute was not paid after 1054. Jurchen tribes were vassals of Liao, that exercised a variable degree of control over their tribal groupings. Jurchen had complicated relationships with Goryeo . These ranged from a tributary status and mercenary service to cross-border warfare and informal alliances, particularly during

1520-405: Was made public in 1989, is typically called the "extract" ( balchwebon , 발췌본, 拔萃本), and contains a preface and short accounts of the first fifteen pungwolju (풍월주, 風月主) or leaders of the hwarang . The second manuscript, which was revealed by Park Chang hwa's son in 1995, is usually called "the mother text" ( mobon , 모본， 母本) and contains a 162-page manuscript. Because the first part of the manuscript

1560-589: Was one of the intermediaries between Injong and Yi's military supporters, inducing them to defect. After 1126 the Kim brothers advanced through the Security Council into the highest offices. In 1135–1136 Kim Bu-sik was in charge of suppressing the rebellion of Myo Cheong and rooting out his adherents in Kaesong . He became the supreme chancellor in 1136 and dominated the Goryeo government till his official retirement in 1142. In 1142, Injong ordered

1600-536: Was part of the embassy to the Song court. Goryeo consistently refused any military help to Liao and in the wake of the Jurchen advances recaptured the Uiju (Poju) area and once again established the Yalu River as its border. While the majority of Yenjong's officials believed in the eventual Liao downfall, a crisis in the relationship with the Jurchen was precipitated by the request of Taizu of Jin to be recognized as

#173826