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137-441: The ICD-11 is a large ontology consisting of about 85,000 entities, also called classes or nodes. An entity can be anything that is relevant to health care. It usually represents a disease or a pathogen , but it can also be an isolated symptom or (developmental) anomaly of the body. There are also classes for reasons for contact with health services, social circumstances of the patient, and external causes of injury or death. The ICD-11

274-806: A JAMA article from July 2023, implementation in the United States would at minimum require 4 to 5 years. The ICD-11 MMS can be viewed online on the WHO's website. Aside from this, the site offers two maintenance platforms: the ICD-11 Maintenance Platform, and the WHO-FIC Foundation Maintenance Platform. Users can submit evidence-based suggestions for the improvement of the WHO-FIC, i.e. the ICD-11,

411-753: A SNOMED CT to ICD-11 MMS map. The ICD-11 Foundation, and consequently the MMS, are updated annually, similarly to the ICD-10. Following the initial release of a stable version on 18 June 2018, the Foundation and the MMS have received six updates as of February 2024. Below is a table of all chapters of the ICD-11 MMS, the primary linearization of the Foundation Component. Unlike the ICD-10 codes,

548-500: A GD category would lock research into a confirmatory approach, noting that the ICD is regularly revised and characterized by permanent change. They wrote that moral panic around gamers does indeed exist, but that this is not caused by a formal diagnosis. Rumpf et al. (2018) noted that stigmatization is a risk not specific to GD alone. They agreed that GD could be a coping strategy for an underlying disorder, but that in this debate, " comorbidity

685-452: A bed. They often delegate such care to nursing assistants . Medication management and administration are common hospital nursing roles, although prescribing authority varies across jurisdictions. In many areas, RNs administer and manage medications prescribed by others. Nurses are responsible for evaluating patients throughout their care – including before and after medication administration – adjustments to medications are often made through

822-657: A collaborative effort between the prescriber and the nurse. Regardless of the prescriber, nurses are legally responsible for the drugs they administer. Legal implications may accompany an error in a prescription, and the nurse may be expected to note and report the error. In the United States, nurses have the right to refuse to administer medication that they deem to be potentially harmful. Some nurses take additional training that allows them to prescribe medications within their scope of practice. Effective patient/family education leads to better outcomes. Nurses explain procedure, recovery, and ongoing care, while helping everyone cope with

959-544: A different block or chapter, but are also listed elsewhere because of overlap. For example, Pneumonia ( CA40 ) has two parents in the Foundation: "Lung infections" (site) and "Certain infectious or parasitic diseases" ( etiology ). In the MMS, Pneumonia is categorized in the "Lung infections", with a gray node in "Certain infectious or parasitic diseases". The same goes for injuries , poisonings , neoplasms , and developmental anomalies, which can occur in almost any part of

1096-652: A few hundred municipal hospices to remain in operation in northern Europe. Nuns who had been serving as nurses were given pensions or told to marry and stay home. Nursing care went to the inexperienced as traditional caretakers, rooted in the Roman Catholic Church , were removed from their positions. The nursing profession in Europe was extinguished for approximately 200 years. During the Crimean War , Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna called for women to join

1233-647: A half century, over 5,000 deaconesses had surfaced in Europe. Formal use of nurses in the military began in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Nurses saw active duty in the First Boer War , the Egyptian Campaign (1882), and the Sudan Campaign (1883). In the 19th and early 20th century, nursing was considered a woman's profession, just as doctoring was a profession for men. With increasing expectations of workplace equality during

1370-403: A letter (A–Z, e.g. KA8A ). The WHO opted for a forced number as the third character to prevent the spelling of "undesirable words". In the ICD-10, each entity within a chapter either has a code (e.g. P35 ) or a code range (e.g. P35–P39 ). The latter is a block. In the ICD-11 MMS, blocks never have codes, and not every entity necessarily has a code, although each entity does have a unique id. In

1507-578: A narrower scope of practice. Nursing is a female-dominated profession in many countries; according to the WHO's 2020 State of the World's Nursing, approximately 90% of the nursing workforce is female. For instance, the male-to-female ratio of nurses is approximately 1:19 in Canada and the United States. This ratio is matched in many other countries. Notable exceptions include Francophone Africa , which includes

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1644-509: A process involving meiosis and fertilization . Meiosis involves the intimate pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination between them. Examples of eukaryotic pathogens capable of sex include the protozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum , Toxoplasma gondii , Trypanosoma brucei , Giardia intestinalis , and the fungi Aspergillus fumigatus , Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans . Viruses may also undergo sexual interaction when two or more viral genomes enter

1781-466: A sexual disorder, although they may have other mental health problems, such as anxiety or depression. Experiencing shame and guilt about sex is not a reliable indicator of a sex disorder, Kraus et al. stated. There was debate on whether CSBD should be considered a (behavioral) addiction. It has been claimed that neuroimaging shows overlap between compulsive sexual behavior and substance-use disorder through common neurotransmitter systems. Nonetheless, it

1918-600: A similar fashion". However, these modules have yet to be made public, and Singh & Rastogi (2018) noted that this "keeps the speculations open for what actually is encompassing under the current domain [of the ICTM]". The decision to include T(C)M in the ICD-11 has been criticized, because it is often alleged to be pseudoscience . Editorials by Nature and Scientific American admitted that some TM techniques and herbs have shown effectiveness or potential, but that others are pointless, or even outright harmful. They wrote that

2055-787: A source of free/inexpensive labor. Exploitation of nurses was not uncommon by employers, physicians, and education providers. Many nurses saw active duty in the First World War , but the profession transformed again during the Second World War . British nurses of the Army Nursing Service were part of every overseas campaign. More nurses volunteered for service in the US Army and Navy than any other occupation. The Nazis had their own Brown Nurses, numbering 40,000. Two dozen German Red Cross nurses were awarded

2192-437: A theorized equilibrium between a pathogen spreading to additional hosts to parasitize resources, while lowering their virulence to keep hosts living for vertical transmission to their offspring. Algae are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally non-pathogenic. Green algae from the genus Prototheca lack chlorophyll and are known to cause the disease protothecosis in humans, dogs, cats, and cattle, typically involving

2329-423: A variety of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens, cholera is only caused by some strains of Vibrio cholerae . Additionally, some pathogens may only cause disease in hosts with an immunodeficiency . These opportunistic infections often involve hospital-acquired infections among patients already combating another condition. Infectivity involves pathogen transmission through direct contact with

2466-413: A variety of immunodeficiency disorders caused by viruses related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), such as BIV and FIV . Humans can be infected with many types of pathogens, including prions, viruses, bacteria, and fungi, causing symptoms like sneezing, coughing, fever, vomiting, and potentially lethal organ failure . While some symptoms are caused by the pathogenic infection, others are caused by

2603-758: A wide array of pathogens and it has been estimated that only 3% of the disease caused by plant pathogens can be managed. Animals often get infected with many of the same or similar pathogens as humans including prions, viruses, bacteria, and fungi. While wild animals often get illnesses, the larger danger is for livestock animals. It is estimated that in rural settings, 90% or more of livestock deaths can be attributed to pathogens. Animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) involving prions include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease), chronic wasting disease , scrapie , transmissible mink encephalopathy , feline spongiform encephalopathy , and ungulate spongiform encephalopathy. Other animal diseases include

2740-412: A wide range of settings, including hospitals, private homes , schools , and pharmaceutical companies . Nurses work in occupational health settings (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics, physician offices, nurse-led clinics , long-term care facilities and camps. They work on cruise ships , military bases , and in combat settings. Nurses act as advisers and consultants to

2877-414: A wide variety of issues such as shorter plant height, growths or pits on tree trunks, root or seed rot, and leaf spots. Common and serious plant fungi include the rice blast fungus , Dutch elm disease , chestnut blight and the black knot and brown rot diseases of cherries, plums, and peaches. It is estimated that pathogenic fungi alone cause up to a 65% reduction in crop yield. Overall, plants have

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3014-475: Is Vulvodynia , which is in the ICD-9 ( 625.7 ), but not in the ICD-10. It has been re-added to the ICD-11 ( GA34.02 ). Sexual dysfunctions and Sexual pain-penetration disorder can be coded alongside a temporal qualifier, "lifelong" or "acquired", and a situational qualifier, "general" or "situational". Furthermore, the ICD-11 offers five aetiological qualifiers, or "Associated with..." categories, to further specify

3151-401: Is a health care profession that "integrates the art and science of caring and focuses on the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and human functioning; prevention of illness and injury; facilitation of healing; and alleviation of suffering through compassionate presence". Nurses practice in many specialties with varying levels of certification and responsibility. Nurses comprise

3288-458: Is a new chapter in the ICD-11. The WHO decided to put the sexual disorders in a separate chapter due to "the outdated mind/body split ". A number of ICD-10 categories, including sex disorders, were based on a Cartesian separation of "organic" (physical) and "non-organic" (mental) conditions. As such, the sexual dysfunctions that were considered non-organic were included in the mental disorder chapter, while those that were considered organic were for

3425-406: Is a top level entity of the hierarchy; the MMS contains 28 of them (see Chapters section below). A block is used to group related categories or blocks together. A category can be anything that is relevant to health care. Every category has a unique, alphanumeric code called an ICD-11 code, or just ICD code. Chapters and blocks never have ICD-11 codes, and therefore cannot be diagnosed. An ICD-11 code

3562-526: Is also an additional category called personality difficulty ( QE50.7 ), which can be used to describe personality traits that are problematic, but do not rise to the level of a PD. A personality disorder or difficulty can be specified by one or more Prominent personality traits or patterns ( 6D11 ). The ICD-11 uses five trait domains: (1) negative affectivity ( 6D11.0 ); (2) detachment ( 6D11.1 ), (3) dissociality ( 6D11.2 ), (4) disinhibition ( 6D11.3 ), and (5) anankastia ( 6D11.4 ). Listed directly underneath

3699-671: Is borderline pattern ( 6D11.5 ), a category similar to borderline personality disorder . This is not a trait in itself, but a combination of the five traits in certain severity. Described as a clinical equivalent to the Big Five model , the five-trait system addresses several problems of the old category-based system. Of the ten PDs in the ICD-10, two were used with a disproportionate high frequency: emotionally unstable personality disorder, borderline type ( F60.3 ) and dissocial (antisocial) personality disorder ( F60.2 ). Many categories overlapped, and individuals with severe disorders often met

3836-510: Is called microbiology , while parasitology refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them. There are several pathways through which pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen. Diseases in humans that are caused by infectious agents are known as pathogenic diseases. Not all diseases are caused by pathogens, such as black lung from exposure to

3973-489: Is called Gender incongruence in the ICD-11. In the ICD-10, the group Gender identity disorders ( F64 ) consisted of three main categories: Transsexualism ( F64.0 ), Dual-role transvestism ( F64.1 ), and Gender identity disorder of childhood ( F64.2 ). In the ICD-11, Dual-role transvestism was deleted due to a lack of public health or clinical relevance. Transsexualism was renamed Gender incongruence of adolescence or adulthood ( HA60 ), and Gender identity disorder of childhood

4110-736: Is commonly referred to as simply "the ICD-11". The "MMS" was added to differentiate the ICD-11 entities in the Foundation from those in the Classification. The ICD-11 MMS does not contain all classes from the Foundation ICD-11, and also adds some classes from the ICF . MMS stands for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. The abbreviation is variously written with or without a hyphen between 11 and MMS ("ICD-11 MMS" or "ICD-11-MMS"). The ICD-11 MMS consists of approximately 85,000 entities. Entities can be chapters, blocks or categories. A chapter

4247-537: Is defined and governed by law, and entrance to the profession is regulated at the national or state level. The nursing community worldwide aims for professional nurses to ensure quality care, while maintaining their credentials, code of ethics , standards, and competencies, and continuing their education. Multiple educational paths lead to becoming a professional nurse; these vary by jurisdiction; all involve extensive study of nursing theory and practice as well as training in clinical skills. Nurses provide care based on

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4384-533: Is described in many sources as "the first visiting nurse". These traditions were influential in the development of the ethos of modern nursing. Its religious roots remain in evidence in many countries. One example in the United Kingdom is the use of the historical title "sister" to refer to a senior nurse. During the Reformation , Protestant reformers shut down monasteries and convents, allowing

4521-406: Is further complicated by the numerous interpretations of nursing's defining essence. During the 1980s there was an increased focus on research utilization (RU). Nursing research took an interest in clinical issues and US nursing schools began teaching research methods to facilitate interpretation and integration of scientific findings in routine practice. Several RU initiatives were active during

4658-402: Is more often the rule than the exception". For example, a person can have an alcohol dependence due to PTSD . In clinical practice, both disorders need to be diagnosed and treated. Rumpf et al. also warned that the lack of a GD category might jeopardize insurance reimbursement of treatments. The DSM-5 (2013) features a similar category called Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). However, due to

4795-432: Is not the same as an entity id. The ICD-11 MMS takes the form of a "flat" hierarchical tree. As aforementioned, the entities in this linearization can only have a single parent, and therefore must be mutually exclusive of each other. To make up for this limitation, the hierarchy of the MMS contains gray nodes. These nodes appear as children in the hierarchy, but actually have a different parent node. They originally belong to

4932-507: Is part of the WHO-FIC , a family of medical classifications . The WHO-FIC contains the Foundation Component, which comprises all entities of all classifications endorsed by the WHO. The Foundation is the common core from which all classifications are derived. For example, the ICD-O is a derivative classification optimized for use in oncology . The primary derivative of the Foundation is called

5069-457: Is primarily intended for statistical purposes. The TM1 codes are recommended to be used in conjunction with the Western medicine concepts of ICD-11 chapters 1-25. Other notable changes in the ICD-11 include: Pathogen This is an accepted version of this page In biology , a pathogen ( Greek : πάθος , pathos "suffering", "passion" and -γενής , -genēs "producer of"), in

5206-600: Is resistant to the commonly prescribed beta-lactam antibiotics . A 2013 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that in the United States, at least 2 million people get an antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection annually, with at least 23,000 of those patients dying from the infection. Due to their indispensability in combating bacteria, new antibiotics are required for medical care. One target for new antimicrobial medications involves inhibiting DNA methyltransferases , as these proteins control

5343-406: Is selected based on the care setting and the population served. In providing nursing care, the nurse uses both nursing theory and best practice derived from nursing research . Many nursing theories are in use. Like other disciplines, the profession has developed multiple theories derived reflecting varying philosophical beliefs and paradigms or worldviews . In general terms, the nursing process

5480-410: Is that in the former, there is a reduced or absent desire for sexual activity. In the latter, there is insufficient physical and emotional response to sexual activity, even though there still is a desire to engage in satisfying sex. The WHO acknowledged that there is an overlap between desire and arousal, but they are not the same. Management should focus on their distinct features. The ICD-10 contains

5617-452: Is the common core on which all Reference and Derived Classifications are based. The WHO-FIC contains three Reference Classifications: the ICD-11 MMS (see below), the ICF , and the ICHI . Derived Classifications are based on the three Reference Classifications, and are usually tailored for a particular specialty. For example, the ICD-O is a Derived Classification used in oncology . Each node of

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5754-753: Is the method used to assess and diagnose needs, plan outcomes and interventions, implement interventions, and evaluate outcomes. The nursing process as defined by the American Nurses Association comprises five steps: 1) evaluate, 2) implement, 3) plan, 4) diagnose, and 5) assess. Digital health platforms connect nurses and nurse assistants with job openings in healthcare facilities such as skilled nursing homes, home health agencies, and hospitals. Platforms offer an app to facilitate communication and allow nurses to find work opportunities based on their preferences. Healthcare partners and facilities benefit from access to qualified nurses. In 2017,

5891-574: Is the most common cause of thrush , and Cryptococcus neoformans , which can cause a severe form of meningitis . Typical fungal spores are 4.7 μm long or smaller. Prions are misfolded proteins that transmit their abnormal folding pattern to other copies of the protein without using nucleic acids . Besides obtaining prions from others, these misfolded proteins arise from genetic differences, either due to family history or sporadic mutations. Plants uptake prions from contaminated soil and transport them into their stem and leaves, potentially transmitting

6028-408: Is the most diverse of all health care professions . Nurses practice in a wide range of settings, but generally follows the needs of their patients. The major specialties are: Nurses with additional degrees allow for specialization. Nursing professions can be separated into categories by care type, age, gender, certain age group, practice setting, individually or in combination. Nurses practice in

6165-637: The Baltimore classification separates viruses by seven classes of mRNA production: Protozoans are single-celled eukaryotes that feed on microorganisms and organic tissues. Many protozoans act as pathogenic parasites to cause diseases like malaria , amoebiasis , giardiasis , toxoplasmosis , cryptosporidiosis , trichomoniasis , Chagas disease , leishmaniasis , African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), Acanthamoeba keratitis , and primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (naegleriasis). Parasitic worms (helminths) are macroparasites that can be seen by

6302-546: The ICF , and the ICHI . The WHO Family of International Classifications ( WHO-FIC ), also called the WHO Family, is a suite of classifications used to describe various aspects of the health care system in a consistent manner, with a standardised terminology. The abbreviation is variously written with or without a hyphen ("WHO-FIC" or "WHOFIC"). The WHO-FIC consists of four components: the WHO-FIC Foundation,

6439-510: The Iron Cross for heroism under fire. The development of undergraduate and post-graduate nursing degrees came after the war. Nursing research and a desire for association and organization led to the formation of professional organizations and academic journals . Nursing became recognized as a distinct academic discipline, initially tasked to define the theoretical basis for practice. Nurses are perceived to be in short supply around

6576-439: The anthrax vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine . Many other bacterial pathogens lack vaccines as a preventive measure, but infection by these bacteria can often be treated or prevented with antibiotics . Common antibiotics include amoxicillin , ciprofloxacin , and doxycycline . Each antibiotic has different bacteria that it is effective against and has different mechanisms to kill that bacteria. For example, doxycycline inhibits

6713-405: The echinocandin family of drugs and fluconazole . While algae are commonly not thought of as pathogens, the genus Prototheca causes disease in humans . Treatment for protothecosis is currently under investigation, and there is no consistency in clinical treatment. Many pathogens are capable of sexual interaction. Among pathogenic bacteria , sexual interaction occurs between cells of

6850-418: The first schools of nursing to be connected to a hospital and medical school. It spread widely in Europe and North America after 1870. Nightingale included five factors that helped nurses in her time who worked amidst poor sanitation and little education. These factors included fresh air, clean water, a working drainage system, cleanliness, and good light. Nightingale believed that a clean working environment

6987-449: The tobacco mosaic virus which caused scientist Martinus Beijerinck to coin the term "virus" in 1898. Bacterial plant pathogens cause leaf spots, blight, and rot in many plant species. The most common bacterial pathogens for plants are Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum , which cause leaf browning and other issues in potatoes, tomatoes, and bananas. Fungi are another major pathogen type for plants. They can cause

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7124-422: The "Other specified" and "Unspecified" categories. The former can be used to code conditions that do not fit with any of the more specific MMS entities, the latter can be used when necessary information may not be available in the source documentation. The ICD-11 Reference Guide advises that health care workers always aim to include the most specific level of detail possible, either with one code or multiple codes. In

7261-558: The 19th century in the Crimea, Central America, and Jamaica. Her predecessors had great success as healers in the Colony of Jamaica in the 18th century, and they included Seacole's mother (Mrs. Grant), Sarah Adams, Cubah Cornwallis , and Grace Donne, the mistress and doctress to Jamaica's wealthiest planter, Simon Taylor . Other important nurses in the development of the profession include: Red Cross chapters, which began appearing after

7398-676: The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ( CRISPR ) associated with bacteriophages, removing the viral genes to avoid infection. This mechanism has been modified for artificial CRISPR gene editing . Plants can play host to a wide range of pathogen types, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and even other plants. Notable plant viruses include the papaya ringspot virus , which has caused millions of dollars of damage to farmers in Hawaii and Southeast Asia, and

7535-856: The DSM-5 are similar, but not identical. The ICD-11 CDDR is the successor to the ICD-10 CDDG, which was first released in 1992 and was also known as the "Blue Book". The CDDR is integrated into the ICD-11, and can be viewed in the ICD-11 Browser . On 8 March 2024, the CDDR was also released in book form. It can be downloaded for free from the WHO's website. The personality disorder (PD) section has been completely revamped. All distinct PDs have been merged into one: Personality disorder ( 6D10 ), which can be coded as mild ( 6D10.0 ), moderate ( 6D10.1 ), severe ( 6D10.2 ), or severity unspecified ( 6D10.Z ). There

7672-499: The Foundation has a unique entity id, which remains the same in all Reference and Derived Classifications, guaranteeing consistency. Related Classifications are complementary, and cover specialty areas not covered elsewhere in the WHO-FIC. For example, the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP), draws on terms from the Foundation Component, but also uses terms specific for nursing not found in

7809-512: The Foundation. A classification can be represented as a tabular list, which is a "flat" hierarchical tree of categories. In this tree, all entities can only have a single parent, and therefore must be mutually exclusive of each other. Such a classification is also called a linearization. The ICD-11 MMS is the main Reference Classification of the WHO-FIC, and the primary linearization of the Foundation Component. The ICD-11 MMS

7946-421: The ICD-10 ( Z73.0 ), albeit with a short, one-sentence definition only. The ICD-11 features a longer summary, and specifically notes that the category should only be used in an occupational context. Furthermore, it should only be applied when mood disorders ( 6A60–6A8Z ), Disorders specifically associated with stress ( 6B40–6B4Z ), and Anxiety or fear-related disorders ( 6B00–6B0Z ) have been ruled out. As with

8083-448: The ICD-10, burn-out is not in the mental disorders chapter, but in the chapter "Factors influencing health status or contact with health services", where it is coded QD85 . In response to media attention over its inclusion, the WHO emphasized that the ICD-11 does not define burn-out as a mental disorder or a disease, but as an occupational phenomenon that undermines a person's well-being in the workplace. Conditions related to sexual health

8220-407: The ICD-10, have remained in the mental disorders chapter, although they have gray nodes in the sexual health chapter. The ICD-10 categories Fetishism ( F65.0 ) and Fetishistic transvestism ( F65.1 ) were removed because, if they do not cause distress or harm, they are not considered mental disorders. Frotteuristic disorder ( 6D34 ) has been newly added. Gender dysphoria of transgender people

8357-412: The ICD-10, the next level of the hierarchy is indicated in the code by a dot and a single number (e.g. P35.2 ). This is the lowest available level in the ICD-10 hierarchy, causing an artificial limitation of 10 subcategories per code (.0 to .9). In the ICD-11 MMS, this limitation no longer exists: after 0–9, the list may continue with A–Z (e.g. KA62.0 – KA62.A ). Then, following the first character after

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8494-474: The ICD-11 Browser, residual nodes are displayed in a maroon color. Residual categories are not in the Foundation, and therefore don't have an entity ID. Thus, in the MMS, they are the only categories with derivative entity IDs: their IDs are the same as their parent nodes, with "/other" or "/unspecified" tagged at the end. Their ICD codes always end with Y for "Other specified" categories, or Z for "Unspecified" categories (e.g. 1C4Y and 1C4Z ). The ICD-11, both

8631-571: The ICD-11 Foundation and the MMS, can be accessed using a multilingual REST API . Documentation on the ICD API and some additional tools for integration into third-party applications can be found at the ICD API home page. The WHO has released spreadsheets that can be used to link and convert ICD-10 codes to those of the ICD-11. They can be downloaded from the ICD-11 MMS browser. In 2017, SNOMED International announced plans to release

8768-614: The ICD-11 MMS codes never contain the letters I or O, to prevent confusion with the numbers 1 and 0. Below is a summary of notable changes in the ICD-11 MMS compared to the ICD-10. The ICD-11 MMS features a more flexible coding structure. In the ICD-10; every code starts with a letter, followed by a two digit number (e.g. P35 )—creating 99 slots, excluding subcategories and blocks. This proved enough for most chapters, but four are so voluminous that their categories span multiple letters: Chapter I (A00–B99), Chapter II (C00.0–D48.9), Chapter XIX (S00–T98), and Chapter XX (V01–Y98). In

8905-471: The ICD-11 MMS, and it is this system that is commonly referred to as simply "the ICD-11". MMS stands for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. The ICD-11 is distributed under a Creative Commons BY-ND license . The ICD-11 officially came into effect on 1 January 2022. In February 2022, the WHO stated that 35 countries were actively using the ICD-11. On 14 February 2023, they reported that 64 countries were "in different stages of ICD-11 implementation". According to

9042-434: The ICD-11 MMS, there is a single first character for every chapter. The codes of the first nine chapters begin with the numbers 1 to 9, while the next nineteen chapters start with the letters A to X. The letters I and O are not used, to prevent confusion with the numbers 1 and 0. The chapter character is then followed by a letter, a number, and a fourth character that starts as a number (0–9, e.g. KA80 ) and may then continue as

9179-508: The ICD-11 also features Hazardous gaming ( QE22 ), an ancillary category that can be used to identify problematic gaming which does not rise to the level of a disorder. Although a majority of scholars supported the inclusion of Gaming disorder (GD), a significant number did not. Aarseth et al. (2017) stated that the evidence base which this decision relied upon is of low quality, that the diagnostic criteria of gaming disorder are rooted in substance use and gambling disorder even though they are not

9316-549: The ICD-11, and are not in the ICD-10-CM: Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder ( 6B83 ), Body integrity dysphoria ( 6C21 ), Catatonia ( 486722075 ), Complex post-traumatic stress disorder ( 6B41 ), Gaming disorder ( 6C51 ), Olfactory reference disorder ( 6B22 ), and Prolonged grief disorder ( 6B42 ). Other notable changes include: Following an extensive, years-long revision process involving nearly 15,000 clinicians from 155 countries,

9453-659: The ICD-11, but were already included in the American ICD-10-CM adaption: Binge eating disorder (ICD-11: 6B82 ; ICD-10-CM: F50.81 ), Bipolar type II disorder (ICD-11: 6A61 ; ICD-10-CM: F31.81 ), Body dysmorphic disorder (ICD-11: 6B21 ; ICD-10-CM: F45.22 ), Excoriation disorder (ICD-11: 6B25.1 ; ICD-10-CM: F42.4 ), Frotteuristic disorder (ICD-11: 6D34 ; ICD-10-CM: F65.81 ), Hoarding disorder (ICD-11: 6B24 ; ICD-10-CM: F42.3 ), and Intermittent explosive disorder (ICD-11: 6C73 ; ICD-10-CM: F63.81 ). The following mental disorders have been newly added to

9590-513: The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) are male. The number of male nurses in the United States doubled between 1980 and 2000. On average, male nurses in the US receive more pay than female nurses. Nursing practice is the actual provision of nursing care. In providing care, nurses implement a nursing care plan defined using the nursing process . This is based around a specific nursing theory that

9727-743: The Order of Exaltation of the Cross ( Krestodvizhenskaya Obshchina ) for a year of service in military hospitals. The first section of twenty-eight "sisters", headed by Aleksandra Petrovna Stakhovich, the Directress of the Order, reached Crimea early in November 1854. Florence Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing after the Crimean War , in light of a comprehensive statistical study she made of sanitation in India, leading her to emphasize

9864-723: The Reference Classifications, the Derived Classifications, and the Related Classifications. The WHO-FIC Foundation, also called the Foundation Component, represents the entire WHO-FIC universe. It is a collection of over hundred thousand entities, also called classes or nodes. Entities are anything relevant to health care. They are used to describe diseases, disorders, body parts, bodily functions, reasons for visit, medical procedures, microbes, causes of death, social circumstances of

10001-520: The UK's National Health Service began trialing such a platform. Platforms such as United States –based ConnectRN, Nomad Health, Gale Healthcare solutions or Lantum add resources, career development tools, and networking opportunities. Florence Nightingale's seminal epidemiological study examining mortality among British soldiers during the Crimean War was published in 1858. With the exception of her works, nursing practice remained an oral tradition until

10138-640: The WHO developed the ICD-11 CDDG (Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines), later renamed the ICD-11 CDDR (Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Requirements). The CDDR is a comprehensive diagnostic manual for identifying and measuring mental illnesses with a uniform terminology, similar to the DSM-5 . The ICD-11 CDDR was developed around the same time as the DSM-5, and the work groups of both projects regularly met to discuss their efforts. The CDDR and

10275-547: The WHO found it ill-advised to remove transgender health from the ICD-11 altogether. It was therefore decided to transpose the concept from the mental disorders chapter to the new sexual health chapter. The group related to coding antimicrobial resistance has been significantly expanded from ICD-10 to ICD-11. Also, the ICD-11 codes are more closely in line with the WHO's Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS). Launched in October 2015, this project aims to track

10412-509: The blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism", has been split in two: "Diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs" (chapter 3) and "Diseases of the immune system" (chapter 4). The other new chapters are "Sleep-wake disorders" (chapter 7), "Conditions related to sexual health" (chapter 17, see section ), and "Supplementary Chapter Traditional Medicine Conditions - Module I" (chapter 26, see section ). The following mental disorders have been newly added to

10549-508: The bodily fluids or airborne droplets of infected hosts, indirect contact involving contaminated areas/items, or transfer by living vectors like mosquitos and ticks . The basic reproduction number of an infection is the expected number of subsequent cases it is likely to cause through transmission. Virulence involves pathogens extracting host nutrients for their survival, evading host immune systems by producing microbial toxins and causing immunosuppression . Optimal virulence describes

10686-634: The body as mentioned before including the skin, cannot be correctly described by one who is not well versed in anatomy. Hence, anyone desirous of acquiring a thorough knowledge of anatomy should prepare a dead body and carefully, observe, by dissecting it, and examining its different parts." In the Middle Ages , members of religious orders such as nuns and monks often provided nursing-like care. Examples exist in Christian , Islamic , Buddhist , and other traditions. The biblical figure of Phoebe

10823-418: The body. They each have their own chapters, but their categories also have gray nodes in the chapters of the organs they affect. For instance, the blood cancers , including all forms of leukemia , are in the "Neoplasms" chapter, but they are also displayed as gray nodes in the chapter "Diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs". The ICD-11 MMS also contains residual categories, or residual nodes. These are

10960-408: The categories Vaginismus ( N94.2 ), Nonorganic vaginismus ( F52.5 ), Dyspareunia ( N94.1 ), and Nonorganic dyspareunia ( F52.6 ). As the WHO aimed to steer away from the aforementioned "outdated mind/body split", the organic and nonorganic disorders were merged. Vaginismus has been reclassified as Sexual pain-penetration disorder ( HA20 ). Dyspareunia ( GA12 ) has been retained. A related condition

11097-472: The category could be stigmatizing people who are simply engaging in a very immersive hobby. Bean et al. (2017) wrote that the GD category caters to false stereotypes of gamers as physically unfit and socially awkward, and that most gamers have no problems balancing their expected social roles outside games with those inside. In support of the GD category, Lee et al. (2017) agreed that there were major limitations of

11234-409: The controversy over its definition and inclusion, it is not included in its main body of mental diagnoses, but in the additional chapter "Conditions for Further Study". Disorders in this chapter are meant to encourage research and are not intended to be officially diagnosed. In May 2019, a number of media incorrectly reported that burn-out was newly added to the ICD-11. In reality, burn-out is also in

11371-567: The countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Djibouti , Guinea , Gabon , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , Senegal , and Togo , which all have more male than female nurses. In Europe, in countries such as Spain , Portugal , Czech Republic and Italy , over 20% of nurses are male. In the United Kingdom, 11% of nurses and midwives registered with

11508-483: The diagnosis. For example, a woman who experiences sexual problems due to adverse effects of an SSRI antidepressant may be diagnosed with "Female sexual arousal dysfunction, acquired, generalised" ( HA01.02 ) combined with "Associated with use of psychoactive substance or medication" ( HA40.2 ). Excessive sexual drive ( F52.7 ) from the ICD-10 has been reclassified as Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (CSBD, 6C72 ) and listed under Impulse control disorders. The WHO

11645-411: The dot, a second character may be used in the next level of the hierarchy (e.g. KA40.00 – KA40.08 ). This level is currently the lowest appearing in the MMS. The large amount of unused coding space in the MMS allows for updates to be made without having to change the other categories, ensuring that codes remain stable. The ICD-11 features five new chapters. The third chapter of the ICD-10, "Diseases of

11782-719: The establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863, offered employment and professionalization opportunities for nurses (despite Nightingale's initial objections). Catholic orders such as Little Sisters of the Poor , Sisters of Mercy , Sisters of St. Mary , St. Francis Health Services, Inc. and Sisters of Charity built hospitals and provided nursing services during this period. The modern deaconess movement began in Germany in 1836. Within

11919-543: The existing research, but that this actually necessitates a standardized set of criteria, which would benefit studies more than self-developed instruments for evaluating problematic gaming. Saunders et al. (2017) argued that gaming addiction should be in the ICD-11 just as much as gambling addiction and substance addiction, citing functional neuroimaging studies which show similar brain regions being activated, and psychological studies which show similar antecedents ( risk factors ). Király and Demetrovics (2017) did not believe that

12056-507: The following definitions: Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well, and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. The use of clinical judgment in

12193-501: The following years, based on this nomenclature, the group created the International Classification of Traditional Medicine, or ICTM. As of February 2023, Module I, also called TM1, is the only module of the ICTM to have been released. Morris, Gomes, & Allen (2012) have stated that Module II will cover ayurveda , that Module III will cover homeopathy , and that Module IV will cover "other TM systems with independent diagnostic conditions in

12330-567: The founding of the Cochrane Collaboration in 1993. The emerging area of evidence-based medicine also applies to nursing. Common barriers to the study and integration of research findings into clinical decision making include: a lack of opportunity, inexperience, and the rapid pace of evidence accumulation. Nurses manage and coordinate care to support activities of daily living (ADL). This includes assisting in patient mobility, such as moving an activity intolerant patient within

12467-442: The growing worldwide resistance of malicious microbes ( viruses , bacteria , fungi , and protozoa ) against medication. "Supplementary Chapter Traditional Medicine Conditions - Module I" is an additional chapter in the ICD-11. It consists of concepts that are commonly referred to as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), although the WHO prefers to use the more general and neutral sounding term traditional medicine (TM). Many of

12604-772: The highest disease burdens , killing 1.6 million people in 2021, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia. Bacterial pneumonia is primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Haemophilus influenzae . Foodborne illnesses typically involve Campylobacter , Clostridium perfringens , Escherichia coli , Listeria monocytogenes , and Salmonella . Other infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria include tetanus , typhoid fever , diphtheria , and leprosy . Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can function as pathogens. There are approximately 300 known fungi that are pathogenic to humans, including Candida albicans , which

12741-440: The host genome, and hijack the host's machinery to produce hundreds of new viruses until the cell bursts open to release them for additional infections. The lytic cycle describes this active state of rapidly killing hosts, while the lysogenic cycle describes potentially hundreds of years of dormancy while integrated in the host genome. Alongside the taxonomy organized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV),

12878-458: The immune system of the host, so that when the potential host encounters the virus in the wild, the immune system can defend against infection quickly. Vaccines designed against viruses include annual influenza vaccines and the two-dose MMR vaccine against measles , mumps , and rubella . Vaccines are not available against the viruses responsible for HIV/AIDS , dengue , and chikungunya . Treatment of viral infections often involves treating

13015-420: The immune system's efforts to kill the pathogen, such as feverishly high body temperatures meant to denature pathogenic cells. Despite many attempts, no therapy has been shown to halt the progression of prion diseases . A variety of prevention and treatment options exist for some viral pathogens. Vaccines are one common and effective preventive measure against a variety of viral pathogens. Vaccines prime

13152-466: The importance of sanitation. "After 10 years of sanitary reform, in 1873, Nightingale reported that mortality among the soldiers in India had declined from 69 to 18 per 1,000". Nightingale believed that nursing was a social freedom and mission for women. She believed that any educated woman could help improve the care of the ill. Her Notes on Nursing (1859) was a popular call to action. The Nightingale model of nursing education led to one of

13289-496: The inclusion of a borderline pattern category to be a "pragmatic compromise". The Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) included near the end of the DSM-5 is similar to the PD-system of the ICD-11, although much larger and more comprehensive. It was considered for inclusion in the ICD-11, but the WHO decided against it because it was considered "too complicated for implementation in most clinical settings around

13426-459: The inclusion of the TM-chapter is at odds with the scientific, evidence-based methods usually employed by the WHO. Both editorials accused the government of China of pushing the WHO to incorporate TCM, a global, billion-dollar market in which China plays a leading role. The WHO has stated that the categories of TM1 "do not refer to – or endorse – any form of treatment", and that their inclusion

13563-435: The individual's physical, emotional, psychological, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs. The profession combines physical science, social science, nursing theory, and technology. Nurses typically hold one or more formal credentials. Roles and responsibilities follow the level of education. For example, in the United States, Licensed Practical Nurses (LPN) have less education than Registered Nurses (RN) and accordingly,

13700-702: The largest component of most healthcare environments. There are shortages of qualified nurses in many countries. Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with physicians , therapists , patients, patients' families, and other team members that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life. In the United Kingdom and the United States, clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners diagnose health problems and prescribe medications and other therapies, depending on regulations that vary by state. Nurses may help coordinate care performed by other providers or act independently as nursing professionals. In addition to providing care and support, nurses educate

13837-464: The late 20th century, but the RU movement was superseded by evidence-based practice in the 1990s. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is about using research, but unlike RU it allows for the integration of research findings with clinical expertise and patient preferences. The EBP movement had originated in the field of medicine with Archie Cochrane publishing Effectiveness and Efficiency in 1972, leading up to

13974-412: The late 20th century, nursing became an officially gender-neutral profession, though in practice the percentage of male nurses remained well below that of female physicians in the 21st century. Hospital-based training became standard in the US in the early 1900s, with an emphasis on practical experience. The Nightingale-style school began to disappear. Hospitals and physicians saw women in nursing as

14111-400: The latter position. In the absence of more definitive data, there seemed to be little hope of accommodating these opposing views. However, the WHO took seriously the concerns being expressed that access to services for patients with borderline PD, which has increasingly been achieved in some countries based on arguments of treatment efficacy, might be seriously undermined." Thus, the WHO believed

14248-572: The levels of expression for other genes, such as those encoding virulence factors. Infection by fungal pathogens is treated with anti-fungal medication. Athlete's foot , jock itch , and ringworm are fungal skin infections that are treated with topical anti-fungal medications like clotrimazole . Infections involving the yeast species Candida albicans cause oral thrush and vaginal yeast infections . These internal infections can either be treated with anti-fungal creams or with oral medication. Common anti-fungal drugs for internal infections include

14385-461: The list. A 2023 American survey found that around 30% were considering leaving patient care. According to the traditional interpretation physicians are concerned with curing or treating medical conditions, while nurses focus on care. In healthcare settings this line is often blurred, complicating the task of distinguishing the professions. Although nursing practice varies both through its various specialties and countries, nursing organizations offer

14522-409: The medical situation. Many times, nurses are busy, leaving little time to educate patients. Patients' families needs similar education. Educating both patient and their families increases the chance for a better outcome. Nurses have to communicate in a way that can be understood by patients. Education techniques encompass conversations, visuals, reading materials, and demonstrations. Nursing

14659-424: The mid-20th century. The inaugural issue of Nursing Research , the first scientific journal specialized in nursing, came in in 1952. During the 1960s, interest in attaining PhDs increased among nurses in the US, but nursing remained a fledgling area of research, with few journals until the 1970s. Nursing research is increasingly presented as a valid discipline, although lacking a prevailing definition. The question

14796-894: The most part listed in the chapter on diseases of the genitourinary system. In the ICD-11, the brain and the body are seen as an integrate whole , with sexual dysfunctions considered to involve an interaction between physical and psychological factors. Thus, the organic/non-organic distinction was abolished. Regarding general sexual dysfunction, the ICD-10 has three main categories: Lack or loss of sexual desire ( F52.0 ), Sexual aversion and lack of sexual enjoyment ( F52.1 ), and Failure of genital response ( F52.2 ). The ICD-11 replaces these with two main categories: Hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction ( HA00 ) and Sexual arousal dysfunction ( HA01 ). The latter has two subcategories: Female sexual arousal dysfunction ( HA01.0 ) and Male erectile dysfunction ( HA01.1 ). The difference between Hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction and Sexual arousal dysfunction

14933-583: The naked eye. Worms live and feed in their living host, acquiring nutrients and shelter in the digestive tract or bloodstream of their host. They also manipulate the host's immune system by secreting immunomodulatory products which allows them to live in their host for years. Helminthiasis is the generalized term for parasitic worm infections, which typically involve roundworms , tapeworms , and flatworms . While bacteria are typically viewed as pathogens, they serve as hosts to bacteriophage viruses (commonly known as phages). The bacteriophage life cycle involves

15070-432: The nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. The practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as accountability mechanisms. In almost all countries, nursing practice

15207-651: The oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent , or simply a germ . The term pathogen came into use in the 1880s. Typically, the term pathogen is used to describe an infectious microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan , prion , viroid , or fungus . Small animals, such as helminths and insects, can also cause or transmit disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as parasites rather than pathogens. The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms,

15344-659: The patient, and much more. The Foundation Component is a multidimensional collection of entities. An entity can have multiple parents and child nodes. For example, pneumonia can be categorized as a lung infection , but also as a bacterial or viral infection (i.e. by site or by etiology ). Thus, the node Pneumonia (entity id: 142052508 ) has two parents: Lung infections (entity id: 915779102 ) and Certain infectious or parasitic diseases (entity id: 1435254666 ). The Pneumonia node in turn has various children, including Bacterial pneumonia (entity id: 1323682030 ) and Viral pneumonia (entity id: 1024154490 ). The Foundation Component

15481-453: The pollutant coal dust , genetic disorders like sickle cell disease , and autoimmune diseases like lupus . Pathogenicity is the potential disease-causing capacity of pathogens, involving a combination of infectivity (pathogen's ability to infect hosts) and virulence (severity of host disease). Koch's postulates are used to establish causal relationships between microbial pathogens and diseases. Whereas meningitis can be caused by

15618-600: The population depend on traditional medicine for primary health care". Also, "[i]n many developed countries, 70% to 80% of the population has used some form of alternative or complementary medicine (e.g. acupuncture )". From approximately 2003 to 2007, a group of experts from various countries developed the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region, or simply IST. In

15755-822: The prions to herbivorous animals . Additionally, wood, rocks, plastic, glass, cement, stainless steel, and aluminum have been shown binding, retaining, and releasing prions, showcasing that the proteins resist environmental degradation. Prions are best known for causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases like Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD), Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS), fatal familial insomnia (FFI), and kuru in humans. While prions are typically viewed as pathogens that cause protein amyloid fibers to accumulate into neurodegenerative plaques, Susan Lindquist led research showing that yeast use prions to pass on evolutionarily beneficial traits. Not to be confused with virusoids or viruses, viroids are

15892-515: The provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations. The unique function of

16029-524: The public and promote health and wellness. In the U.S., nurse practitioners are nurses with a graduate degree in advanced practice nursing, and are permitted to prescribe medications. They practice independently in a variety of settings in more than half of the United States. In the postwar period, nurse education has diversified, awarding advanced and specialized credentials , and many traditional regulations and roles are changing. Nursing historians face challenges of determining whether care provided to

16166-432: The requirements for multiple PDs, which Reed et al. (2019) described as "artificial comorbidity ". PD was therefore reconceptualized in terms of a general dimension of severity, focusing on five negative personality traits which a person can have to various degrees. There was considerable debate regarding this new dimensional model, with many believing that categorical diagnosing should not be abandoned. In particular, there

16303-448: The result of social rejection, discrimination, and violence toward individuals with gender variant appearance and behavior. Studies have shown transgender people to be at higher risk of developing mental health problems than other populations, but that health services aimed at transgender people are often insufficient or nonexistent. Since an official ICD code is usually needed to gain access to and reimbursement for gender-affirming care ,

16440-481: The same host cell. This process involves pairing of homologous genomes and recombination between them by a process referred to as multiplicity reactivation. The herpes simplex virus , human immunodeficiency virus , and vaccinia virus undergo this form of sexual interaction. These processes of sexual recombination between homologous genomes supports repairs to genetic damage caused by environmental stressors and host immune systems. Nursing Nursing

16577-589: The same species by the process of genetic transformation . Transformation involves the transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell and the integration of the donor DNA into the recipient genome through genetic recombination . The bacterial pathogens Helicobacter pylori , Haemophilus influenzae , Legionella pneumophila , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , and Streptococcus pneumoniae frequently undergo transformation to modify their genome for additional traits and evasion of host immune cells. Eukaryotic pathogens are often capable of sexual interaction by

16714-413: The same, that no consensus exist on the definition and assessment of GD, and that a pre-defined category would lock research in a confirmatory approach. Rooij et al. (2017) questioned if what was called "gaming disorder" is in fact a coping strategy for underlying problems, such as depression , social anxiety , or ADHD . They also asserted moral panic , fueled by sensational media stories, and stated that

16851-552: The sick or injured in antiquity is called nursing care. In the fifth century BC, for example, the Hippocratic Collection in places described skilled care and observation of patients by male "attendants," who may have provided care now provided by nurses. Around 600 BC in India, it is recorded in Sushruta Samhita , Book 3, Chapter V about the role of the nurse as "the different parts or members of

16988-530: The smallest known infectious pathogens. Viroids are small single-stranded, circular RNA that are only known to cause plant diseases, such as the potato spindle tuber viroid that affects various agricultural crops. Viroid RNA is not protected by a protein coat, and it does not encode any proteins, only acting as a ribozyme to catalyze other biochemical reactions. Viruses are generally between 20–200 nm in diameter. For survival and replication, viruses inject their genome into host cells, insert those genes into

17125-688: The soil-associated species Prototheca wickerhami . Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes that range in size from 0.15 and 700 μM. While the vast majority are either harmless or beneficial to their hosts, such as members of the human gut microbiome that support digestion, a small percentage are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases. Bacterial virulence factors include adherence factors to attach to host cells, invasion factors supporting entry into host cells, capsules to prevent opsonization and phagocytosis , toxins, and siderophores to acquire iron. The bacterial disease tuberculosis , primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , has one of

17262-537: The symptoms of the infection, rather than providing medication to combat the viral pathogen itself. Treating the symptoms of a viral infection gives the host immune system time to develop antibodies against the viral pathogen. However, for HIV, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is conducted to prevent the viral disease from progressing into AIDS as immune cells are lost. Much like viral pathogens, infection by certain bacterial pathogens can be prevented via vaccines. Vaccines against bacterial pathogens include

17399-461: The synthesis of new proteins in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria , which makes it a broad-spectrum antibiotic capable of killing most bacterial species. Due to misuse of antibiotics, such as prematurely ended prescriptions exposing bacteria to evolutionary pressure under sublethal doses, some bacterial pathogens have developed antibiotic resistance . For example, a genetically distinct strain of Staphylococcus aureus called MRSA

17536-478: The traditional therapies and medicines that originally came from China also have long histories of usage and development in Japan ( Kampo ), Korea ( TKM ), and Vietnam ( TVM ). Medical procedures that can be labeled as "traditional" continue to be used all over the world, and are an integral part of health services in some countries. A 2008 survey by the WHO found that "[i]n some Asian and African countries, 80% of

17673-420: The viruses injecting their genome into bacterial cells, inserting those genes into the bacterial genome, and hijacking the bacteria's machinery to produce hundreds of new phages until the cell bursts open to release them for additional infections. Typically, bacteriophages are only capable of infecting a specific species or strain. Streptococcus pyogenes uses a Cas9 nuclease to cleave foreign DNA matching

17810-406: The world", since an explicit aim of the WHO was to develop a simple and efficient method that could also be used in low-resource settings. Gaming disorder ( 6C51 ) has been newly added to the ICD-11, and placed in the group "Disorders due to addictive behaviours", alongside Gambling disorder ( 6C50 ). The latter was called Pathological gambling ( F63.0 ) in the ICD-10. Aside from Gaming disorder,

17947-466: The world, particularly in South East Asia and Africa. A global survey by McKinsey & Company in 2022 found that between 28% and 38% of nurse respondents in the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Japan, and France said they were likely to leave their role in direct patient care in the next year. The top five factors which they said would make them stay were: Pay ranked eighth on

18084-402: Was consequently considered a mental disorder, with distress or discomfort being a core diagnostic feature. In the 2000s and 2010s, this notion became increasingly challenged, as the idea of viewing transgender people as having a mental disorder was believed by some to be stigmatizing. It has been suggested that distress and dysfunction among transgender people should be more appropriately viewed as

18221-445: Was disagreement about the status of borderline personality disorder. Reed (2018) wrote: "Some research suggests that borderline PD is not an independently valid category, but rather a heterogeneous marker for PD severity. Other researchers view borderline PD as a valid and distinct clinical entity, and claim that 50 years of research support the validity of the category. Many – though by no means all – clinicians appear to be aligned with

18358-536: Was important in caring for patients. In the 19th century, this theory was ideal for helping patients, providing a guide for nurses to alter the environment around patients for the betterment of their health. Nightingale's recommendations built upon the successes of Jamaican "doctresses" such as Mary Seacole , who like Nightingale, served in the Crimean War. Seacole practised hygiene and the use of herbs in healing wounded soldiers and those suffering from diseases in

18495-563: Was renamed Gender incongruence of childhood ( HA61 ). In the ICD-10, the Gender identity disorders were placed in the mental disorders chapter, following what was customary at the time. Throughout the 20th century, both the ICD and the DSM approached transgender health from a psychopathological position, as transgender identity presents a discrepancy between someone's assigned sex and their gender identity . Since this may cause mental distress, it

18632-526: Was ultimately decided to place the disorder in the Impulse control disorders group. Kraus et al. wrote that, for the ICD-11, "a relatively conservative position has been recommended, recognizing that we do not yet have definitive information on whether the processes involved in the development and maintenance of [CSBD] are equivalent to those observed in substance use disorders, gambling and gaming". Paraphilic disorders , called Disorders of sexual preference in

18769-412: Was unwilling to overpathologize sexual behaviour, stating that having a high sexual drive is not necessarily a disorder, so long as these people do not exhibit impaired control over their behavior, significant distress, or impairment in functioning. Kraus et al. (2018) noted that several people self-identify as "sex addicts", but on closer examination do not actually exhibit the clinical characteristics of

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